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Carnivore guilds are charismatic and have vital and irreplaceable roles in their native ecosystems, yet many of these species are threatened and remain understudied. Borneo is a biodiversity hotspot that hosts a rich diversity of endemic wildlife but is threatened by deforestation and habitat loss. Using cameras placed by the Smithsonian Institution in Sabah, Borneo, we assessed the detection rates and diel activity patterns of the native felid species. Across 51 camera trap sites between 2016 and 2019, felids were detected 55 times across a combined 9958 trap nights, including 20 independent detection events for Sunda leopard cats, 15 for Sunda clouded leopards, 12 for Borneo bay cats, and 5 for marbled cats, with no detections of flat‐headed cats. Collectively, this demonstrates the challenge of sampling cryptic species that have declined due to habitat loss and conflict with humans. Despite this, we show that Borneo bay cats and marbled cats exhibited different diel activity patterns than Sunda cloud leopards, suggesting the smaller species use temporal displacement to avoid competition and predation. Sunda leopard cats exhibited broadly similar activity patterns to Sunda clouded leopard, potentially because the two species typically occupy different dietary and habitat niches. These results demonstrate the importance of devoting future research towards monitoring these species and understanding the mechanisms by which they co‐exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Currently, different guidelines recommend using different methods to determine whether deduplication is necessary when determining the detection rates of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). However, few studies have investigated the effect of deduplication on MDRO monitoring data. In this study, we aimed to investigate the influence of deduplication on the detection rates of MDROs in different specimens to assess its impact on infection surveillance outcomes. Methods Samples were collected from hospitalized patients admitted between January 2022 and December 2022; four types of specimens were collected from key monitored MDROs, including sputum samples, urine samples, blood samples, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples. In this study, we compared and analysed the detection rates of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP), carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CRECO), carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) under two conditions: with and without deduplication. Results When all specimens were included, the detection rates of CRKP, CRAB, CRPA, and MRSA without deduplication (33.52%, 77.24%, 44.56%, and 56.58%, respectively) were significantly greater than those with deduplication (24.78%, 66.25%, 36.24%, and 50.83%, respectively) (all P

Background: Currently, different guidelines recommend using different methods to determine whether deduplication is necessary when determining the detection rates of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). However, few studies have investigated the effect of deduplication on MDRO monitoring data. In this study, we aimed to investigate the influence of deduplication on the detection rates of MDROs in different specimens to assess its impact on infection surveillance outcomes. Methods: Samples were collected from hospitalized patients admitted between January 2022 and December 2022; four types of specimens were collected from key monitored MDROs, including sputum samples, urine samples, blood samples, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples. In this study, we compared and analysed the detection rates of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP), carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CRECO), carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) under two conditions: with and without deduplication. Results: When all specimens were included, the detection rates of CRKP, CRAB, CRPA, and MRSA without deduplication (33.52%, 77.24%, 44.56%, and 56.58%, respectively) were significantly greater than those with deduplication (24.78%, 66.25%, 36.24%, and 50.83%, respectively) (all P < 0.05). The detection rates in sputum samples were significantly different between samples without duplication (28.39%, 76.19%, 46.95%, and 70.43%) and those with deduplication (19.99%, 63.00%, 38.05%, and 64.50%) (all P < 0.05). When deduplication was not performed, the rate of detection of CRKP in urine samples reached 30.05%, surpassing the rate observed with deduplication (21.56%) (P < 0.05). In BALF specimens, the detection rates of CRKP and CRPA without deduplication (39.78% and 53.23%, respectively) were greater than those with deduplication (31.62% and 42.20%, respectively) (P < 0.05). In blood samples, deduplication did not have a significant impact on the detection rates of MDROs. Conclusion: Deduplication had a significant effect on the detection rates of MDROs in sputum, urine, and BALF samples. Based on these data, we call for the Infection Prevention and Control Organization to align its analysis rules with those of the Bacterial Resistance Surveillance Organization when monitoring MDRO detection rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Carnivore guilds are charismatic and have vital and irreplaceable roles in their native ecosystems, yet many of these species are threatened and remain understudied. Borneo is a biodiversity hotspot that hosts a rich diversity of endemic wildlife but is threatened by deforestation and habitat loss. Using cameras placed by the Smithsonian Institution in Sabah, Borneo, we assessed the detection rates and diel activity patterns of the native felid species. Across 51 camera trap sites between 2016 and 2019, felids were detected 55 times across a combined 9958 trap nights, including 20 independent detection events for Sunda leopard cats, 15 for Sunda clouded leopards, 12 for Borneo bay cats, and 5 for marbled cats, with no detections of flat‐headed cats. Collectively, this demonstrates the challenge of sampling cryptic species that have declined due to habitat loss and conflict with humans. Despite this, we show that Borneo bay cats and marbled cats exhibited different diel activity patterns than Sunda cloud leopards, suggesting the smaller species use temporal displacement to avoid competition and predation. Sunda leopard cats exhibited broadly similar activity patterns to Sunda clouded leopard, potentially because the two species typically occupy different dietary and habitat niches. These results demonstrate the importance of devoting future research towards monitoring these species and understanding the mechanisms by which they co‐exist.

Abstract Background Few studies have examined the prevalence of mental, neurological and substance use (MNS) conditions, case detection and treatment in primary healthcare in rural settings in Africa. We assessed prevalence and case detection at primary healthcare facilities in low-resource rural settings in Ghana. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted at the health facility level in three demonstration districts situated in Bongo (Upper East Region), Asunafo North (Ahafo Region) and Anloga (Volta Region) in Ghana. The study participants were resident adult (> 17 years) out-patients seeking healthcare at primary care facilities in each of the three demonstration districts. Data were collected on five priority MNS conditions: depression, psychosis, suicidal behaviour, epilepsy and alcohol use disorders. Results Nine hundred and nine (909) people participated in the survey. The prevalence of probable depression was 15.6% (142/909), probable psychotic symptoms was 12% (109/909), probable suicidal behaviour was 11.8% (107/909), probable epilepsy was 13.1% (119/909) and probable alcohol use disorders was 7.8% (71/909). The proportion of missed detection for cases of depression, self-reported psychotic symptoms, epilepsy and alcohol use disorders (AUD) ranged from 94.4 to 99.2%, and was similar across study districts. Depression was associated with self-reported psychotic symptoms (RR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.12–1.54). For self-reported psychotic symptoms, a reduced risk was noted for being married (RR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.39–0.98) and having a tertiary level education (RR: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.02–0.84). Increased risk of suicidal behaviour was observed for those attending a health facility in Asunafo (RR: 2.31; 95% CI: 1.27–4.19) and Anloga districts (RR: 3.32; 95% CI: 1.93–5.71). Age group of 35 to 44 years (RR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.20–0.90) was associated with reduced risk of epilepsy. Being female (RR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.12–0.31) and having a tertiary education (RR: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.08–0.92) were associated with reduced risk of AUD. Conclusions Our study found a relatively high prevalence of probable MNS conditions, and very low detection and treatment rates in rural primary care settings in Ghana. There is a need to improve the capacity of primary care health workers to detect and manage MNS conditions.

Background: Few studies have examined the prevalence of mental, neurological and substance use (MNS) conditions, case detection and treatment in primary healthcare in rural settings in Africa. We assessed prevalence and case detection at primary healthcare facilities in low-resource rural settings in Ghana. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted at the health facility level in three demonstration districts situated in Bongo (Upper East Region), Asunafo North (Ahafo Region) and Anloga (Volta Region) in Ghana. The study participants were resident adult (> 17 years) out-patients seeking healthcare at primary care facilities in each of the three demonstration districts. Data were collected on five priority MNS conditions: depression, psychosis, suicidal behaviour, epilepsy and alcohol use disorders. Results: Nine hundred and nine (909) people participated in the survey. The prevalence of probable depression was 15.6% (142/909), probable psychotic symptoms was 12% (109/909), probable suicidal behaviour was 11.8% (107/909), probable epilepsy was 13.1% (119/909) and probable alcohol use disorders was 7.8% (71/909). The proportion of missed detection for cases of depression, self-reported psychotic symptoms, epilepsy and alcohol use disorders (AUD) ranged from 94.4 to 99.2%, and was similar across study districts. Depression was associated with self-reported psychotic symptoms (RR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.12–1.54). For self-reported psychotic symptoms, a reduced risk was noted for being married (RR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.39–0.98) and having a tertiary level education (RR: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.02–0.84). Increased risk of suicidal behaviour was observed for those attending a health facility in Asunafo (RR: 2.31; 95% CI: 1.27–4.19) and Anloga districts (RR: 3.32; 95% CI: 1.93–5.71). Age group of 35 to 44 years (RR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.20–0.90) was associated with reduced risk of epilepsy. Being female (RR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.12–0.31) and having a tertiary education (RR: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.08–0.92) were associated with reduced risk of AUD. Conclusions: Our study found a relatively high prevalence of probable MNS conditions, and very low detection and treatment rates in rural primary care settings in Ghana. There is a need to improve the capacity of primary care health workers to detect and manage MNS conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate surveys and monitoring are required to guide the conservation and management of threatened species. Some fauna species are cryptic or difficult to observe because they are nocturnal, mimic other species, conceal themselves, or can be incredibly hard to survey. Emergence and activity of these species may be related to complex environmental cues including weather and atmospheric conditions. The conservation status of New Zealand's long-tailed bat (Chalinolobus tuberculatus) is Threatened-Nationally Critical. Occurrence and activity of long-tailed bats is commonly monitored with acoustic bat detectors. However, even in locations where long-tailed bats are known to be present, they may only be detected on a subset of nights meaning that detection with acoustic detectors is imperfect. We analysed long-tailed bat detection data collected in Kinleith Forest, central North Island, New Zealand in 2006 and 2007 using zero-inflated generalised linear (mixed) effect models. We found relationships between bat detection and several environmental variables. Results suggest that bat surveys would be most effective at detecting bats when undertaken one to four hours after sunset, on nights when the temperature at sunset is above 8°C, and preferably when the temperature stays in the 8 and 17°C range during the night. Higher humidity and a light breeze may also be a desirable condition for monitoring. A night that is similar to, or slightly warmer, than recent nights may be favourable. Caution should be taken extrapolating these results to elsewhere because bats in other regions may respond differently to temperatures out of necessity. High site-specific variation in bat counts at higher temperatures and humidity occurred with zero activity often recorded. Therefore, we caution against assuming bats are absent because they have not been detected by surveys undertaken during higher temperatures and humidity conditions unless surveys have been run for multiple nights in suitable conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates stealthy attacks on state estimation within linear time-invariant systems, focusing on scenarios where transmitted measurements through wireless networks are vulnerable to interception and manipulation by attackers. Their goal is to maximize estimation errors without triggering anomaly detectors. Moving beyond conventional linear attacks, this study introduces a comprehensive attack model that embraces nonlinear mappings. The evaluation of stealthiness hinges on several factors: the whiteness of residuals, the detector's detection rate, and the expectation of the detection index. Optimal attacks for both zero and nonzero detection rates are derived, incorporating various stealthiness constraints. As a general case, the optimal attack with any specified upper bound of detection rate can be designed, revealing that such attacks are predominantly nonlinear. Additionally, the paper explores the discontinuity of nonlinear mappings in these attacks, enhancing understanding of their complexity and implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives and Design: The MELFO (MELanoma FOllow-up) study is an international phase III randomized controlled trial comparing an experimental low-intensity schedule against current national guidelines. Background: Evidence-based guidelines for the follow-up of sentinel node–negative melanoma patients are lacking. Methods: Overall, 388 adult patients diagnosed with sentinel node–negative primary melanoma patients were randomized in cancer centers in the Netherlands and United Kingdom between 2006 and 2016. The conventional schedule group (control: n=196) was reviewed as per current national guidelines. The experimental schedule group (n=192) was reviewed in a reduced-frequency schedule. Quality of life was the primary outcome measurement. Detection rates and survival outcomes were recorded. Patient satisfaction rates and compliance with allocated schedules were compared. Results: At 5 years, both arms expressed high satisfaction with their regimens (>97%). This study found no significant group effect on any patient-reported outcome measure scores between the follow-up protocols. In total, 75/388 (19.4%) patients recurred, with no difference in incidence found between the 2 arms (hazard ratio=0.87, 95% confidence interval: 0.54–1.39, P =0.57). Self-examination was the method of detection for 25 experimental patients and 32 control patients (75.8% vs. 76.2%; P =0.41). This study found no difference in any survival outcomes between the 2 study arms (disease-free survival: hazard ratio=1.00, 95% confidence interval: 0.49–2.07, P =0.99). Conclusions: A reduced-intensity, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage-adjusted follow-up schedule for sentinel node–negative melanoma patients is a safe strategy, and patient self-examination is effective for recurrence detection with no evidence of diagnostic delay. Patients' acceptance is very high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective：This study aims to investigate the detection rate and influencing factors of thyroid nodules（TN）among healthy teachers. Methods：The physical examination items（including gender，age，occupation，height，weight，etc.），laboratory examination（fasting blood glucose，blood lipid，liver function，uric acid，13C breath test，etc.）and thyroid color ultrasound examination of health teachers in Sir Run Run Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University from October 2018 to June 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of TN. Results：①Thyroid nodules were found in 2 539 of 6 096 patients，with a total detection rate of 41.65%，including 38.20% male and 43.03% female. There were 1 340 single nodules（21.98%）and 1 199 multiple nodules（19.67%）. For TN classification according to TI⁃RADS，grade 3 was the most，accounting for 22.74%. The older the age，the higher the detection rate was，and there were significant differences in the detection rate of TN among different age groups（P < 0.05）. In addition，thyroid nodules were detected in bilateral lobe（17.27%）> right lobe（13.27%）> left lobe（10.89%）> thyroid isthmus（0.21%）. ② The detection rate of female teachers in the middle school group was the highest （49.44%），and there were significant differences in the detection rate of different types of teachers in the three age groups of < 30 years old，30~39 years old and ≥60 years old（P < 0.05）；③Compared with the non ⁃ TN group，the incidence of hypertension，abnormal fasting glucose，hyperlipidemia，overweight and obesity was higher in the TN group，and the differences were statistically significant between two groups（P < 0.05）. ④Logistic multifactor regression analysis showed that female was an independent risk factor for TN （OR=1.913，P < 0.05），and teachers aged 40⁃49，50⁃59 and ≥60 had a higher risk of TN than those aged less than 30（OR=1.402， 2.923，4.637，All P < 0.05），and compared with preschool education group，college teachers had a lower risk of TN（OR=0.718，P < 0.05）. Conclusion：The detection rate of TN among teachers who underwent physical examination is high，but the malignancy is not high. Overweight，obesity and“three high”are closely related to TN. Female，age and middle school teachers are risk factors for TN，so comprehensive attention should be paid to the above indicators to improve health management awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hunting is an important threat to tropical wildlife, yet many people are dependent on forest fauna for protein provisioning. We analyzed abundances of terrestrial mammal and bird species around four indigenous villages in the south of Suriname, using camera trap data and the Royle–Nichols abundance model. We hypothesized that hunting pressure increases with decreasing distance to a village and with increasing village size (expressed as cropland area). We detected 24 animal species in all villages combined, including several rare species. For 11 of the 24 species, we were able to examine if and how distance to a village and village size related to local abundances and found a positive effect of distance to village on local abundances in five species, and a negative effect of village size in one species. Because villages, and thus hunting, affect local abundances of terrestrial bird and mammal species in our study, we recommend monitoring forest fauna in areas where people are highly dependent on animals for food provisioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Hunting is an important threat to tropical wildlife, yet many people are dependent on forest fauna for protein provisioning. We analyzed abundances of terrestrial mammal and bird species around four indigenous villages in the south of Suriname, using camera trap data and the Royle–Nichols abundance model. We hypothesized that hunting pressure increases with decreasing distance to a village and with increasing village size (expressed as cropland area). We detected 24 animal species in all villages combined, including several rare species. For 11 of the 24 species, we were able to examine if and how distance to a village and village size related to local abundances and found a positive effect of distance to village on local abundances in five species, and a negative effect of village size in one species. Because villages, and thus hunting, affect local abundances of terrestrial bird and mammal species in our study, we recommend monitoring forest fauna in areas where people are highly dependent on animals for food provisioning.

Since periodically repositioning camera traps may allow camera traps to sample a wider range of habitat features, we hypothesised that repositioned Reconyx camera traps would generally perform better than stationary Reconyx camera traps. Camera trapping We used 51 camera traps consisting of 17 Swift 3C wide-angle cameras (Outdoor Cameras Australia, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia), and 34 Reconyx cameras (17 of each model: PC900 and HC600; RECONYX, LLP, Holmen, WI, USA). Animal detection rates of three camera trap groups Observed animal detection rates of three camera trap groups: Stationary Reconyx (PC900/HC600), and periodically repositioned paired Reconyx (PC900/HC600) and Swift 3C wide-angle camera traps ( I n i = 17 each). [Extracted from the article]

Previous studies that have addressed the growing mental health problems among sexual minorities in mainland China, but failed to inform mental health programs and public health policies with consistent detection results. To obtain robust results on aggregate detection rates and moderators of these problems, we performed a meta-analysis of the related Chinese and English literature published before 2022. Ultimately, 305 eligible studies (n depression  = 127, n anxiety  = 71, n suicide ideation  = 55, n suicide plan  = 13, n suicide attempt  = 39) were pooled in the analysis. The results revealed "Money boys" and people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) had higher detection rates than general men who have sex with men. Depression was more prevalent in gays than lesbians, and the latter had a higher detection rate of suicide. Detection rates of anxiety and depression among sexual minorities in China were moderated by detection time, measurement tools, and their detection thresholds. Suggested future priorities include developing more targeted measurement tools that consider the living conditions and psychological characteristics of local sexual minorities, enhancing mental health programs for sexual minorities, and devising more practical and effective interventions to prevent and reduce their mental health problems.

Background: Population-based esophageal cancer (EC) screening trials and programs have been conducted in China for decades; however, screening strategies have been adopted in different regions and screening profiles are unclear., Objective: We performed a meta-analysis to profile EC screening in China by positivity rate, compliance rate, and endoscopy findings, aiming to provide explicit evidence and recommendations for EC screening programs., Methods: English (PubMed, Embase) and Chinese (China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang) language databases were systematically searched for population-based EC screening studies in the Chinese population until December 31, 2022. A meta-analysis was performed by standard methodology using a random-effects model. Pooled prevalence rates were calculated for three groups: high-risk areas with a universal endoscopy strategy, rural China with a risk-stratified endoscopic screening (RSES) strategy, and urban China with an RSES strategy. Positive cases included lesions of severe dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, intramucosal carcinoma, submucosal carcinoma, and invasive carcinoma., Results: The pooled positivity rate of the high-risk population was higher in rural China (44.12%) than in urban China (23.11%). The compliance rate of endoscopic examinations was the highest in rural China (52.40%), followed by high-risk areas (50.11%), and was the lowest in urban China (23.67%). The pooled detection rate of positive cases decreased from 1.03% (95% CI 0.82%-1.30%) in high-risk areas to 0.48% (95% CI 0.25%-0.93%) in rural China and 0.12% (95% CI 0.07%-0.21%) in urban China. The pooled detection rate of low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGIN) was also in the same order, being the highest in high-risk areas (3.99%, 95% CI 2.78%-5.69%), followed by rural China (2.55%, 95% CI 1.03%-6.19%) and urban China (0.34%, 95% CI 0.14%-0.81%). Higher detection rates of positive cases and LGIN were observed among males than among females and at older ages. The pooled early detection rate was 81.90% (95% CI 75.58%-86.88%), which was similar to the rates in high-risk areas (82.09%), in rural China (80.76%), and in urban China (80.08%)., Conclusions: Under the current screening framework, a higher screening benefit was observed in high-risk areas than in other regions. To promote EC screening and reduce the current inequality of screening in China, more focus should be given to optimizing strategies of high-risk individual assessment and surveillance management to improve compliance with endoscopic examination., Trial Registration: PROSPERO CRD42022375720; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display&#95;record.php?RecordID=375720., (©He Li, Yi Teng, Xinxin Yan, Maomao Cao, Fan Yang, Siyi He, Shaoli Zhang, Qianru Li, Changfa Xia, Kai Li, Wanqing Chen. Originally published in JMIR Public Health and Surveillance (https://publichealth.jmir.org), 01.06.2023.)