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The development of the global economy has led to a rise in ship traffic. As a result, the risk of accidents, such as collisions between ships and grounding, has also increased. Different failure criteria to capture these accidents have been introduced by researchers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the essential distinction between these failure criteria. The simulations suggest that failure criteria based on the maximum stress result in a slightly higher rupture strain value, greater crack propagation, and higher internal energy than those based on the maximum strain. Furthermore, using a larger mesh size compared with the size of the test specimen appears to greatly affect the validity of the simulation results.

The construction of large-scale underground caverns poses numerous challenges due to their massive scale and high complexity. Among them, stability has always been a major concern during the construction process of large underground caverns within high-stress hard rock masses. It is not only influenced by the geological background of the project but also by the engineering activities during construction. This study takes the construction of the Shuangjiangkou (SJK) hydropower station as a case study and combines field investigations to summarize engineering issues and solutions under high geostress in three aspects. Firstly, it focuses on estimating and modifying the in-situ stress field of the underground caverns in the deep-cut valley area using limited geostress testing data and the observed failure phenomena in the pilot tunnel. Secondly, it discusses the typical failure phenomena of caverns under high geostress, including global stress-induced failures and local vein-controlled failures, as well as the corresponding failure mechanisms and treatment measures. Finally, it addresses the special failure phenomena occurring in the protective layer of the rock-anchored beam and optimizes the excavation scheme based on the observed failure patterns. The research results and solutions provided in this study, based on the case of the SJK hydropower station, are expected to serve as a reference for subsequent construction of large underground caverns within high-stress hard rock masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]