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Advanced forms of age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), characterised by atrophic and neovascular changes, are a leading cause of vision loss in the elderly population worldwide. Prior to the development of advanced AMD, a myriad of risk factors from the early and intermediate stages of AMD have been published in the scientific literature over the last years. The ability to precisely recognise structural and anatomical changes in the ageing macula, altogether with the understanding of the individual risk implications of each one of them is key for an accurate and personalised diagnostic assessment. The present review aims to summarise updated evidence of the relative risk conferred by diverse macular signs, commonly seen on optical coherence tomography, in terms of progression to geographic atrophy or macular neovascularization. This information may also serve as a basis for tailored follow‐up monitoring visits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionTumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is an inflammatory cytokine implicated in pathological changes to the retinal pigment epithelium that are similar to changes in geographic atrophy (GA), an advanced form of age related macular degeneration (AMD). TNF-α also modulates expression of other cytokines including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), leading to choroidal atrophy in models of AMD. The purpose of this study was to investigate systemic TNF-α and VEGF in patients with GA and intermediate AMD (iAMD) compared to controls without AMD.MethodsWe examined plasma levels of TNF-α and VEGF in patients with GA, iAMD, and controls without AMD from the University of Colorado AMD registry (2014 to 2021). Cases and controls were characterized by multimodal imaging. TNF-α and VEGF were measured via multiplex immunoassay and data were analyzed using a non-parametric rank based linear regression model fit to plasma biomarkers.ResultsThere were 97 GA, 199 iAMD patients and 139 controls. TNF-α was significantly increased in GA (Median:9.9pg/ml, IQR:7.3-11.8) compared to iAMD (Median:7.4, IQR:5.3-9.1) and in both GA and iAMD compared to controls (Median:6.4, IQR:5.3-7.8), p

Purpose: To evaluate the structural changes in the choroid by binarization method in intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and to examine the correlation between parafoveal external retinal and internal retinal thinning. Material method: Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography images of 50 patients diagnosed with intermediary AMD and age matched 30 healthy subjects were analyzed retrospectively. Results: Compared to the control group in the AMD group; the central choroidal thickness, choroidal area, stroma area and lumen area were found to be significantly reduced. There was no significant difference in the choroidal vascular index (CVI) compared to the control group in intermediate AMD. In the AMD group, significant thinning was found in the parafoveal inner and outer retinal thickness compared to the control group. When the correlation between parafoveal inner and outer retinal thicknesses and choroidal parameters were evaluated individually in the AMD group, no significant correlation was found. Discussion: In non-neovascular intermediate AMD cases, there was a decrease in inner and outer retinal thicknesses, central choroidal thickness, lumen and stroma area of the choroid, however, the decrease in CVI was not prominent. No correlation was found to support the hypothesis that inner retinal thinning develops due to choroidal and/or outer retinal changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is an inflammatory cytokine implicated in pathological changes to the retinal pigment epithelium that are similar to changes in geographic atrophy (GA), an advanced form of age related macular degeneration (AMD). TNF-α also modulates expression of other cytokines including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), leading to choroidal atrophy in models of AMD. The purpose of this study was to investigate systemic TNF-α and VEGF in patients with GA and intermediate AMD (iAMD) compared to controls without AMD., Methods: We examined plasma levels of TNF-α and VEGF in patients with GA, iAMD, and controls without AMD from the University of Colorado AMD registry (2014 to 2021). Cases and controls were characterized by multimodal imaging. TNF-α and VEGF were measured via multiplex immunoassay and data were analyzed using a non-parametric rank based linear regression model fit to plasma biomarkers., Results: There were 97 GA, 199 iAMD patients and 139 controls. TNF-α was significantly increased in GA (Median:9.9pg/ml, IQR:7.3-11.8) compared to iAMD (Median:7.4, IQR:5.3-9.1) and in both GA and iAMD compared to controls (Median:6.4, IQR:5.3-7.8), p<0.01 for all comparisons. VEGF was significantly increased in iAMD (Median:8.9, IQR:4.8-14.3) compared to controls (Median:7.7, IQR:4.6-11.1), p<0.01. There was a significant positive correlation between TNF-α and VEGF in GA (0.46, p<0.01), and iAMD (0.20, p=0.01) with no significant interaction between TNF-α and VEGF in any group., Discussion: These findings suggest TNF-α and VEGF may contribute to systemic inflammatory processes associated with iAMD and GA. TNF-α and VEGF may function as systemic biomarkers for disease development., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Rajeswaren, Wagner, Patnaik, Mandava, Mathias, Manoharan, de Carlo Forest, Gnanaraj, Lynch, Palestine and the University of Colorado Retina Research Group.)