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Accurate spatial decision-making models are increasingly needed for wind energy planning as the globe rushes towards carbon-neutral energy. This research aims to improve existing decision-making approaches by proposing an ensemble weight-based model for mapping the spatial suitability of onshore wind systems. The model addressed three weighting scenarios: subjective weighting derived from the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), objective weighting derived from the Entropy Weighting Method (EWM), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) weighting based on real-world experiences. The weight sources were harnessed in weighted and fuzzy overlays in a GIS context to create multiple suitability indices. The model was applied to the Wasit governorate in Iraq, considering 10 evaluation criteria and 6 restrictions. The results highlight the dominance of techno-economic considerations, with wind speed being an important factor in all weighting scenarios. Suitability indices suggest that the western, central, and southern areas of Wasit are most suitable for wind farms, with ideal sites identified south of Al-Hay, south of Sheikh Saad, and west of Al-Kut, covering an area of 756 km2 and potentially providing more than 3.5 GW of clean electricity. The findings could encourage wind energy investment in developing countries like Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Listeriosis is a important abortive diseases in sheep , and is considered one of the most risky bacterial zoonotic disease worldwide.The study was carried out in 50 sheep flocks placed in the Nineveh governorate, Iraq during November and December 2022, a total of 300 specimens of blood , abomasum content and brain ( 100 each)were collected from local breed ovine aborted fetues(in the last stage of gestation) were obtained to be tested for molecular detection of Listeria monocytogenes . L monocytogenes DNA was detected in a total of 61(20.3%) specimens , distributed as: 35(57.4%) ,15(24.6% and 11(18.0%) strains from fetal brain, abomasum and blood specimens respectively using direct genus-specific conventional polymerase chain reaction (prfA gene) C- PCR. Two L. monocytogenes strains ( HMB1 listeriolysin, HMB 2 listeriolysin ) deposited in GenBank under accession numbers LC769365.1,and LC769366.1. All L. monocytogenes strains were positive for three genes (InlJ, InlA, and hlyA) except actA gene was detected in 46 (75.4%) strains. In conclusion , L. monocytogenes is one of the important causal agents of abortion in sheep flocks in Nineveh province , Iraq, and most of the brain specimens were positive for listeric infection compared to the other specimens.

The primary aim of this study was to analyze the nucleocapsid (N) gene of the Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) in infected canines within Baghdad, Iraq. A total of 50 samples, encompassing nasal swabs and fecal specimens, were obtained from canines of various ages and breeds. Utilizing a Rapid Test, nine of 50 samples tested positive for CDV. Subsequent to this, the RNA from the positively tested samples was extracted and subjected to Reverse ‎Transcription-‎Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for cDNA synthesis. The synthesized ‎cDNA was further amplified through conventional PCR targeting the N gene. Six of these amplified products were submitted to Macrogen, South Korea, for sequencing. Sequence analysis revealed multiple silent and missense point mutations within the N gene. Phylogenetic analysis indicated a 99% similarity of the N gene in the Iraqi strains to a known strain from the USA. Overall, this study identifies point mutations in the N gene of CDV in infected canines in Iraq and establishes that ‎the circulating strain exhibits high genetic resemblance to a USA strain. Therefore, it is imperative to formulate and implement high-efficacy vaccines and comprehensive control ‎strategies‎. This represents the first study in Iraq to focus on the N gene ‎analysis of CDV in infected dogs.

Introduction: To improve current practices and create the most effective healthcare waste treatment system, solid medical waste composition needs to be analyzed. This study aims to develop models to predict the rate of medical waste production in hospitals in Hilla city, Iraq. Predictive mode can be used to set standards, evaluate current methods for treating and disposing medical waste, and optimize healthcare solid waste management systems. Materials and Methods: Predictive models and long-term data on the composition and rate of solid medical waste generation were developed using a longitudinal study design. A standardized questionnaire and weighted scale were used to measure solid medical waste generated from the five public hospitals. Statistics were used to create models predicting the amount of waste generated at each hospital. Results: These models demonstrated a significant correlation between inpatient and outpatient numbers and waste generation. Different hospitals treat different numbers of inpatients and outpatients. Different models have been created based on various types of hospitals. Conclusion: Linear rule-based models accurately represent the weights of variables, identify the sources and implications of solid medical waste, and control waste levels by using a variety of parameters. The research model can help in the development of an effective strategic plan for setting up a medical solid waste (MSW) management system.

A total of 4754 snails were collected from four sites (Qandil, Kawergosk, Khabat, and Sufaia) on Greater Zab River, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, identified morphologically and the distribution results made up of 2764 (58.14%) of Physella acuta, 919 (19.33%) of Radix auricularia, 416 (8.75%) of Radix euphratica, 180 (3.79%) of Radix sp., 255 (5.36) of Melanopsis praemorsa and 220 (4.63%) of Gyraulus huwaizahensis. Statistical analysis of species distribution showed significant (p

Surface Air Temperature (SAT) is an important weather element affecting the climate and its nature, as it greatly affects the nature of the atmosphere prevailing in the city of Baghdad, as well as the main influence on the pressure systems affecting Iraq and thus the city of Baghdad. In this study, the annual SAT for three aspects of temperatures (mean, maximum, and minimum) for Baghdad city of approved 11 years had studied, analyzed and discussed. The sources of data came from two sources. First, Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismology (IMOS), which represented the arithmetic average annually of the SAT, maximum and minimum temperature for the period (2009 – 2019). Second source of data was from Mustansiriyah University, atmospheric sciences department of Atmospheric Sciences - college of Science, the data are supported as monthly average for SAT for Baghdad. Results shown Basrah was high annual of SAT than four selective cities in Iraq. The variation of annual SAT was in the end study period where reach to 7 oC in mean of SAT for Basrah city. The trend of SAT for Baghdad city was positive for Mean and maximum, while negative for minimum case. Mustansiriyah station was high than IMOS station by 2 oC for mean of SAT, and 5 oC for maximum SAT.

The COVId19 pandemic is a newly emerging infectious disease that needs to be understood thoroughly in order to be controlled. This study aimed to study the clinical and laboratory characteristics of the COVID19 patient . Patient and methods: A cross-sectional study was done in Iraq, at Salahadeen general hospital from the period 1st March to the end of May 2020 on patients diagnosed with COVID 19. A total of 75 COVID19 patients enrolled in the study. a full history was taken, a full physical examination was done, computerized tomography, and laboratory tests. Results: The age distribution of the COVID19 patient were commonly aged (30-50 years) 37(49.3%), and those aged

This paper investigated an Iraqi dataset from Korek Telecom Company as Call Detail Recorded (CDRs) for six months falling between Sep. 2020-Feb. 2021. This data covers 18 governorates, and it falls within the period of COVID-19. The Gravity algorithm was applied into two levels of abstraction in deriving the results as the macroscopic and mesoscopic levels respectively. The goal of this study was to reveal the strength and weakness of people migration in-between the Iraqi cities. Thus, it has been clear that the relationship between each city with the others is based on inflows and outflows of mobile people. However, the COVID-19 effects on the people’s migration needed to be explored. Whereas the main function of the gravity model is to clarify the migration flows through modeling spatial interaction. This was implemented using Python scripting language. It is concluded that the gravity model has a powerful ability to analyze the movement of people between cities. According to the mean of result between governorates, showing that the highest attraction was between Babil and Anbar governorates amounted to 99%, while the lowest attraction was between Wasit and Thi-Qar governorates with, and the others ranged between 86% - 98%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease with high morbidity and disability. The routines involved in taking medications, side effects, the nature of medicines, difficulties with the healthcare system, and disruptions to social activities all contribute to patients frequently experiencing medication-related burdens (MRB). The current study aimed to assess the perceived MRB among a sample of SLE patients from Iraq and to look for any possible relationship between MRB and disease activity. Methods: The current study was cross-sectional on diagnosed SLE patients who arrived at Baghdad Teaching Hospital/Medical City/Rheumatology department from September 2021 to January 2022. MRB was measured using the Living with Medicines Questionnaire (LMQ). Results: The study recruited 156 SLE patients. The patients were 35.8 ±11.7 years old on average. Great majority of them were women (96.8 %). The average LMQ score was 117.30± 18.37. The results showed that most patients (69.87%) experienced a moderate level of burden, followed by a low level (19.87%), high level (7.69%), and no burden at all (2.56%). No patients experienced an extremely high level of burden (0.0%). The mean burden scores for two LMQ domains—relationships with health care professionals (HCPs) and effectiveness of prescription medications—were the lowest (below average). Conclusions: Many of the SLE patients in this study reported experiencing MRB. Healthcare professionals should implement strategies to reduce this burden, particularly for low-income patients.

Objective This study is designed to assess the polypharmacy use by elderly patients having multimorbidity in Kirkuk, Iraq Methodology. This descriptive cross sectional study conducted over one year period (1 January - 31 December, 2017) with 105 adults (75 females and 30 males) aged ≥65 years, who attended outpatient clinic of the Geriatric Medicine Department in Azadi Teaching Hospital in Kirkuk Province in Iraq. Patients with ≥2 considered as multimorbidity subjects and patients taking >5 medications considered as polypharmacy subjects. Data were collected directly from the patients by face-to-face interview technique Results The mean age was 70.49±3.88 years. The most common diseases were Hypertension and diabetes mellitus (n: 105, 100%). It was determined that (n: 95, 90.5%) of patients aged 65 to 74 years and (n: 10, 9.5%) of patients aged 75 to 82 years had multimorbidity, the difference between the two age groups was statistically significant. The mean number of drugs used by participants was 7.3±1.1 drug/ day, the highest polypharmacy was 6,7 and 8 drugs per day (n: 31, 29.52%), (n: 30, 28.57%) and (n: 30, 28.57%) respectively. There was a statistical significant increase in polypharmacy with the increase in the multimorbidity. Conclusion The prevalence of polypharmacyin multimorbid elderly patients was very high.

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease with high morbidity and disability. The routines involved in taking medications, side effects, the nature of medicines, difficulties with the healthcare system, and disruptions to social activities all contribute to patients frequently experiencing medication-related burdens (MRB). The current study aimed to assess the perceived MRB among a sample of SLE patients from Iraq and to look for any possible relationship between MRB and disease activity. Methods: The current study was cross-sectional on diagnosed SLE patients who arrived at Baghdad Teaching Hospital/Medical City/Rheumatology department from September 2021 to January 2022. MRB was measured using the Living with Medicines Questionnaire (LMQ). Results: The study recruited 156 SLE patients. The patients were 35.8 ±11.7 years old on average. Great majority of them were women (96.8 %). The average LMQ score was 117.30± 18.37. The results showed that most patients (69.87%) experienced a moderate level of burden, followed by a low level (19.87%), high level (7.69%), and no burden at all (2.56%). No patients experienced an extremely high level of burden (0.0%). The mean burden scores for two LMQ domains—relationships with health care professionals (HCPs) and effectiveness of prescription medications—were the lowest (below average). Conclusions: Many of the SLE patients in this study reported experiencing MRB. Healthcare professionals should implement strategies to reduce this burden, particularly for low-income patients.

Background : pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is one of the most global dangerous infectious diseases worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb) is the most infectious agent that caused PTB transferred by air droplets from one person to other. In the present epidemiological study, we aimed to record the total numbers and percentages of patients infected with PTB caused by Mtb during 12 months in AL-Najaf Governorate, Iraq. Methods : This study has been done in 2019 from January to the end of December in the north and south region of AL-Najaf Governorate, Iraq. Sputum of PTB-patients has been stained by Ziehl–Neelsen to Mtb diagnosis according to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation. Results : We recorded 174 PTB-patients in AL-Najaf Governorate 2019; 89 male and 85 female; 101 and 73 in the north and south sections respectively. The age group 16-24 was the highest infected. Quarter two recorded the highest numbers of PTB-patients; 33 (60%) in the north section and 22 (40%) in the south section. Conclusion : There was low PTB incidence in AL-Najaf Governorate 2019 but the Youngers were the most susceptible to infection. Infection in the north section was higher than in the south section and there were no high differences between genders. Seasons have no high effect on the number of infections.