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The development of mushrooms may be hampered by municipal (MW) and garden wastes (GW) containing spent mushroom substrates (SMS) with high cellulose and lignin contents. In comparison to controls, Pleurotus flabellatus growth patterns were generally enhanced by SMS and/or GM treatments. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were performed to characterize and identify 30 metabolites from P. flabellatus ethanolic extract. The synthesis of bioactive silver nanoparticles (PFE-AgNPs) from P. flabellatus was characterized using different instrumental methods. Spectral analysis revealed that biogenic PFE-AgNPs were spherically shaped and well-dispersed nanostructures with typical particle sizes ranging from 5 to 20 nm. Selective bacterial strains (25–100 μg/ml) were inhibited by PFE-AgNPs. The IC50 values for the antioxidant activity of facile PFE-AgNPs against DPPH and NOD were substantial (56.62 and 53.93 μg/ml). Furthermore, the anticancer effects of PFE-AgNPs at 10–100 μg/ml were tested on A549 cells after 24 and 48 h of exposure. The DNA damage assay revealed that A549 had more tail creation than the non-cancerous cell line. As a result, our study shows that PFE-AgNPs can be used to manage bacterial illnesses as well as lung cancer. The results indicated similar biological composition, and there is no aggregation of unwanted toxic and biological components that could be drawn from the waste-formulated substrate, ensuring that it is safe to use for sustainable mushroom growth. Additionally, the new and ecologically friendly PFE-AgNPs are enhanced by a technique that transforms municipal wastes into compounds with potential anti-bacterial and anti-cancer properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was to examine the antibacterial and anticancer potential of titanium dioxide mediated (TiO2) nanoparticles using Hypsizygus ulmarius. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV, XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, HR-TEM, PSA, and zeta potential. The UV–visible spectroscopy results exhibited a sharp absorbance peak range at 264 nm. The X-ray diffraction analysis reflected the presence of diffraction major peak range at (101), (103), (004), (200), (112), (200), (105), (211), (213), (314), (602), and (215) planes of face centered cubic TiO2NPs. The HR-TEM absorption was expressed the presence of spherical structure particles with a normal size of 80 nm. The EDX results of mycosynthesized TiO2NPs recorded the strong major intense signal which confirms the presence of pure Ti (85%). Mycosynthesized TiO2NPs have a zeta potential value of − 18.4 mV, it shows that they are stable in water. For antibacterial assay, the mycosynthesized TiO2NPs have broad spectrum of growth inhibition against tested human pathogenic bacteria viz., S. aureus (8.4 ± 0.3), B. cereus (7.1 ± 0.5), E. coli (6.2 ± 0.3), and K. pneumoniae (4.0 ± 0.1 mm). The anticancer activity results of green synthesized TiO2NPs proved as highly toxic for the HepG2 cell line and show a reduced cell viability (85%) and L50 value of 83.3 µg/ml after 24 h treatment. Finally, outcome of the present investigation shows that the mycosynthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles using mushroom extract served as an alternative and eco-friendly nano drugs in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) crops have experienced a 22% reduction due to attacks from microbial pathogens and pests. Dry rot disease occurred from risks in El-Minya governorate, Egypt, where potato is the major cultivated crop. Potato cultivar 'Cara' samples were collected from the markets of six regions in El-Minya for isolation. They were also tested for the application of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) for disease management. The ability of Exserohilum rostratum to synthesize ZnONPs was documented via UV-visible, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Spherical shape and crystallite small size (51.0 ± 3.0 nm) were attributed to the created ZnONPs. The ZnONPs were applied in the bio-control of the causative agent (Fusarium nygamai) of dry rot disease and large economic loss of potato cv. 'Cara' productivity. The mycosynthesized ZnONPs by E. rostratum at 100 µg/ mL (3 mM) showed antifungal activity against F. nygamai with higher reducing value of mycelium growth diameter 2.0 ± 0.14 cm compared to Revanol 50%, traditional product with a diameter of 3.85 ± 0.10 cm. Overall, ZnONPs are an excellent agent that can be applied to repress the most common fungal disease of potato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) crops have experienced a 22% reduction due to attacks from microbial pathogens and pests. Dry rot disease occurred from risks in El-Minya governorate, Egypt, where potato is the major cultivated crop. Potato cultivar ‘Cara’ samples were collected from the markets of six regions in El-Minya for isolation. They were also tested for the application of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) for disease management. The ability of Exserohilum rostratum to synthesize ZnONPs was documented via UV-visible, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Spherical shape and crystallite small size (51.0 ± 3.0 nm) were attributed to the created ZnONPs. The ZnONPs were applied in the bio-control of the causative agent (Fusarium nygamai) of dry rot disease and large economic loss of potato cv. ‘Cara’ productivity. The mycosynthesized ZnONPs by E. rostratum at 100 μg/ mL (3 mM) showed antifungal activity against F. nygamai with higher reducing value of mycelium growth diameter 2.0 ± 0.14 cm compared to Revanol 50%, traditional product with a diameter of 3.85 ± 0.10 cm. Overall, ZnONPs are an excellent agent that can be applied to repress the most common fungal disease of potato.

Background: Recently, nanomaterials have received much attention due to their important role in solving medical and environmental problems. In the present study, a novel nanocomposite based on mycosynthesized bimetallic zinc-copper oxides nanoparticles, nanocellulose, and chitosan was ready through an ecofriendly method. Characterization, antimicrobial and photocatalytic activities were evaluated. Results: The result revealed that the prepared nanocomposite exhibited antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, where MICs were 7.81, 31.25 and 62.5 µg mL−1. As well, the nanocomposite showed potential antifungal activity against Aspergillus brasiliensis where MIC was 7.81 µg mL−1, but had minimal antifungal efficacy against Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans where the MIC was 250 µg mL−1 for each other. Furthermore, the nanocomposite had photocatalytic activity. The bimetallic and nanocomposite materials were characterized via physiochemical and topographic analysis. Conclusions: In conclusion, the prepared nanocomposite based on mycosynthesized bimetallic zinc-copper oxides nanoparticles nanocellulose and chitosan has antimicrobial and photocatalytic activities which can be applied to various environments.How to cite: Hasanin MS, Hashem AH, Al-Askar AA, et al. A novel nanocomposite based on mycosynthesized bimetallic zinc-copper oxides nanoparticles, nanocellulose and chitosan: Characterization, antimicrobial and photocatalytic activities. Electron J Biotechnol 2023;65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2023.05.001.

Background: Recently, nanomaterials have received much attention due to their important role in solving medical and environmental problems. In the present study, a novel nanocomposite based on mycosynthesized bimetallic zinc-copper oxides nanoparticles, nanocellulose, and chitosan was ready through an ecofriendly method. Characterization, antimicrobial and photocatalytic activities were evaluated. Results: The result revealed that the prepared nanocomposite exhibited antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, where MICs were 7.81, 31.25 and 62.5 lg mL-1 . As well, the nanocomposite showed potential antifungal activity against Aspergillus brasiliensis where MIC was 7.81 lg mL-1, but had minimal antifungal efficacy against Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans where the MIC was 250 lg mL-1for each other. Furthermore, the nanocomposite had photocatalytic activity. The bimetallic and nanocomposite materials were characterized via physiochemical and topographic analysis. Conclusions: In conclusion, the prepared nanocomposite based on mycosynthesized bimetallic zinccopper oxides nanoparticles nanocellulose and chitosan has antimicrobial and photocatalytic activities which can be applied to various environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental impact of industrial development has been well-documented. The use of physical and chemical methods in industrial development has negative consequences for the environment, raising concerns about the sustainability of this approach. There is a growing need for advanced technologies that are compatible with preserving the environment. The use of fungi products for nanoparticle (NP) synthesis is a promising approach that has the potential to meet this need. The genus Trichoderma is a non-pathogenic filamentous fungus with a high degree of genetic diversity. Different strains of this genus have a variety of important environmental, agricultural, and industrial applications. Species of Trichoderma can be used to synthesize metallic NPs using a biological method that is environmentally friendly, low cost, energy saving, and non-toxic. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of Trichoderma metabolism in the synthesis of metallic NPs. We discuss the different metabolic pathways involved in NP synthesis, as well as the role of metabolic metabolites in stabilizing NPs and promoting their synergistic effects. In addition, the future perspective of NPs synthesized by extracts of Trichoderma is discussed, as well as their potential applications in biomedicine, agriculture, and environmental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "conflict" between humans and diseases caused by pathogens has been a continuous war for centuries which has resulted into the death of a large number of humans. Despite the discovery of several synthetic drugs for the eradication of pathogenic diseases, the massive abuse of these drugs has caused the pathogens to develop resistance genes toward available medications used for preventing and curing pathogenic diseases. Nanotechnology has been discovered as a crucial tool for the synthesis of nanomaterials with important applications such as wound healing, antimicrobial, and biofilm activities and many other merits across several fields. A significant number of researchers have validated the synthesis of nanobiomaterials from microorganisms. Among other methods used for the synthesis of nanomaterials, mycosynthesis of nanomaterials is attractive because it enhances high yields of protein production, and easy handling with little or no toxicity. Likewise, this synthetic process helps in coating the nanomaterials with biomolecules found in organism cells, which can improve its stability and may promote its biological efficiency. The aim of this review is to present comprehensive information on the wound healing, antimicrobial, and biofilm inhibitory activities of mycosynthesized nanobiomaterials. Furthermore, this review significantly summarized the synthetic processes, optimum conditions, and characterization tools required for the mycosynthesis of nanabiomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Biopolymers, such as pullulan, a natural exopolysaccharide from Aureobasidium pullulans, and their nanocomposites are commonly used in the food, pharmaceutical, and medical industries due to their unique physical and chemical properties.Methods: Pullulan was synthesized by the A. pullulans ATCC 201253 strain. Nanocomposite films based on biosynthesized pullulan were prepared and loaded with different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized by the Fusarium culmorum strain JTW1. AgNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Zeta potential measurements, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. In turn, the produced films were subjected to physico-chemical analyses such as goniometry, UV shielding capacity, attenuated total reflection–Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and their mechanical and degradation properties were assessed. The antibacterial assays of the nanoparticles and the nanocomposite films against both food-borne and reference pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella infantis, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, were performed using standard methods.Results: AgNPs were small (mean 15.1 nm), spherical, and displayed good stability, being coated with protein biomolecules. When used in higher concentrations as an additive to pullulan films, they resulted in reduced hydrophilicity and light transmission for both UV-B and UV-A lights. Moreover, the produced films exhibited a smooth surface. Therefore, it can be concluded that the addition of biogenic AgNPs did not change the morphology and texture of the films compared to the control film. The nanoparticles and nanocomposite films demonstrated remarkable antibacterial activity against both food-borne and reference bacteria. The highest activity of the prepared films was observed against L. monocytogenes.Discussion: The obtained results suggest that the novel nanocomposite films prepared from biosynthesized pullulan and AgNPs can be considered for use in the development of medical products and food packaging. Moreover, this is the first report on pullulan-based nanocomposites with mycogenic AgNPs for such applications.

The mycosynthesis of nanoparticles using mushroom is a promising and innovative approach to Biogenic Sustainable Nanotechnology. In this study, mycosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was carried out using an edible mushroom extract of Pleurotus eryngii (Pe). AgNPs were characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses. UV–vis analysis exhibited an absorption peak at 415 nm, which corresponds to the surface plasmon resonance of AgNPs. FT-IR and XRD revealed the presence of bioactive components and face-centered cubic structure in synthesis. SEM and EDX analyze confirmed that the AgNPs were spherical and 10–45 nm in size, and the presence of strong signals from silver metal. The therapeutic properties of AgNPs were tested by DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) damage, antioxidant (2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) assays. Biosynthesized AgNPs were found to restore DNA damage at concentrations of 50 and 75 µg/mL. The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity of AgNPs was recorded as 89.44% at 400 µg/mL and was more effective than Pe extract. AgNPs demonstrated potent activity in inhibiting LPO with a percentage of 88.38% at a concentration of 300 μg/mL. The biological activity of AgNPs was found to be concentration dependent and had more activity than the Pe extract. The obtained results predict that the mycosynthesis method is less toxic, cost-effective and environmentally friendly, and the AgNPs produced will contribute to the development of new-generation drugs in the fields of biomedicine and pharmacology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are the second most prevalent metal oxide, owing to their characteristics of low cost, safe, and easily prepared. ZnO NPs have been found to exhibit unique properties which show their potential to be used in various therapies. Numerous techniques have been devised for the manufacture of zinc oxide because it is one of the nanomaterials that has received major research interest. Mushroom sources are proven to be efficient, ecologically friendly, inexpensive, and safe for humankind. In the current study, an aqueous fraction of methanolic extract of Lentinula edodes (L. edoes) was used to synthesize ZnO NPs. The biosynthesis of ZnO NPs was achieved by using the reducing and capping capability of an L. edodes aqueous fraction. Bioactive compounds from mushroom, such as flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds, are used in the green synthesis process to biologically reduce metal ions or metal oxides to metal NPs. Biogenically synthesized ZnO NPs were further characterized by using UV–Vis, FTIR, HPLC, XRD, SEM, EDX, zeta sizer and zeta potential analyses. The FTIR showed the functional group at the spectra in the range 3550–3200 cm−1 indicated the presence of the hydroxyl (OH) group, while bands in the range 1720–1706 cm−1 indicated C=O carboxylic stretches bonds. Furthermore, the XRD pattern of ZnO NPs created in the current study was found to be nanocrystals which are hexagonal. The SEM analysis of ZnO NPs showed spherical shapes and size distributions in the range 90–148 nm. Biologically synthesized ZnO NPs have substantial biological activities including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antipyretic, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory potential. Biological activities showed significant antioxidant (65.7 ± 1.09), antidiabetic (85.18 ± 0.48), and anti-inflammatory potential (86.45 ± 0.60) at 300 µg inhibition in paw inflammation of (1.1 ± 0.06) and yeast-induced pyrexia (97.4 ± 0.51) at 10 mg in a dose-dependent manner. The outcomes of this research indicated that ZnO NPs significantly reduced inflammation and have the ability to scavenge free radicals and prevent protein denaturation, while also indicating their possible use in food and nutraceutical applications to treat various ailments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Due to the increasing resistance of bacteria and fungi to antimicrobials, it is necessary to search for effective alternatives to prevent and treat pathogens causing diseases in humans, animals, and plants. In this context, the mycosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are considered as a potential tool to combat such pathogenic microorganisms. Methods: AgNPs were synthesized from Fusarium culmorum strain JTW1 and characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Zeta potential measurement. The minimum inhibitory (MIC) and biocidal concentrations (MBC) were determined against 13 bacterial strains. Moreover, the combined effect of AgNPs with antibiotics (streptomycin, kanamycin, ampicillin, tetracycline) was also studied by determining the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) index. The anti-biofilm activity was examined by crystal violet and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) assays. Furthermore, antifungal activity of AgNPs was evaluated against a panel of phytopathogenic fungi viz., Botrytis, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Phoma, Sclerotinia, and an oomycete pathogen Phytophthora by agar well-diffusion and micro-broth dilution method to evaluate the minimal AgNPs concentrations that inhibit fungal spore germination. Results: Fungi-mediated synthesis resulted in the formation of small (15.56± 9.22 nm), spherical and stable (zeta potential of - 38.43 mV) AgNPs with good crystallinity. The results of FTIR spectroscopy indicated the presence of various functional groups, namely hydroxyl, amino, and carboxyl ones, from the biomolecules on the surface of AgNPs. The AgNPs showed antimicrobial and antibiofilm formation activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The values of MIC and MBC ranged between 16-64 and 32-512 ㎍ mL-1, respectively. The enhanced effect of AgNPs in combination with antibiotics was confirmed against human pathogens. The highest synergistic effect (FIC = 0.0625) was demonstrated by the combination of AgNPs with streptomycin against two strains of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922 and ATCC 8739), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (FIC = 0.125). Enhanced effects of AgNPs with ampicillin were also shown against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (FIC = 0.125) and P. aeruginosa (FIC = 0.25), as well as kanamycin against S. aureus ATCC 6538 (FIC = 0.25). The crystal violet assay revealed that the lowest concentration of AgNPs (0.125 ㎍ mL-1) reduced the development of biofilms of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica, while the maximum resistance was shown by Salmonella infantis, its biofilm was reduced after exposure to a concentration of 512㎍ mL-1. A high inhibitory effect on the activity of bacterial hydrolases was observed by the FDA assay. AgNPs at a concentration of 0.125 ㎍ mL-1 reduced the hydrolytic activity of all biofilms formed by the tested pathogens, except E. coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa, and Pectobacterium carotovorum (efficient concentration was 2-fold higher, at 0.25 ㎍ mL-1), while the hydrolytic activity of E. coli ATCC 8739, Salmonella infantis and S. aureus ATCC 6538 was suppressed after treatment with AgNPs at concentrations of 0.5, 2 and 8㎍ mL-1, respectively. Moreover, AgNPs inhibited fungal growth and spore germination of Botrytis cinerea, Phoma lingam, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. MIC and MFC values of AgNPs against spores of these fungal strains were determined at 64, 256, and 32 ㎍ mL-1, and zones of growth inhibition were 4.93, 9.54, and 3.41 mm, respectively. Discussion: Fusarium culmorum strain JTW1 was found to be an eco-friendly biological system for an easy, efficient and inexpensive synthesis of AgNPs. In our study, the mycosynthesised AgNPs demonstrated remarkable antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) and antibiofilm activities against a wide range of human and plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi singly and in combination with antibiotics. These AgNPs could be applied in medicine, agriculture, and food industry to control such pathogens that cause numerous human diseases and crop losses. However, before using them extensive animal studies are required to evaluate the toxicity, if any. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycosynthesis of silver nano-scale particles by fungi is an important aspect in nanotechnology due to its eco-friendly, safe, and cost-effective nature. It also provides protein-capped nanoparticles, which are very stable and have good dispersion. The Mycosynthesis of silver nano-scale particles (SNPs) by Trichoderma asperellum Filtrate (TAF) was evaluated. The characterizations of TAFSNPs were done by UV–visible spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, and EDX. Biological evaluations such as antibacterial activity against some pathogens, in-vivo immuno-stimulatory, and antitumor potential and hematological parameters of SNPs of T. asperellum were investigated. Changes in color from yellow to brown indicate the formation of nanoparticles. TAFSNPs biosynthesis had a Surface Plasmon Resonance peak at 450 nm. The nanoparticles were spherical, with a size ranging from 0.7 to 10.0 nm. EDX analysis revealed a strong signal for the silver element. TAFSNPs had profound antagonistic activity against the test microorganism. B. subtilis, S. aureus, and Salmonella typhi were highly susceptible with inhibition zone of 24.3 mm, 21.8 mm, and 21.3 mm. TAFSNPs had significant immune-stimulation in the treated mice with an increase in IgA and IgM production, which ranged from 169 0.83d–269 0.56a mg/dl and 26 0.16d–69 0.27a mg/dl. TAFSNPs had CEA level reduction capability (3.62–4.05 ng/L). TAFSNPs had the highest amounts of PCV, Red blood cells, heamoglobin, and neutrophils (38%, 5.7 × 1012%, 14.09 g/dl, and 71%). Significant improvement was recorded on the lifespan of the TAFSNPs treated tumor-induced mice. Conclusively, TAFSNPs have good antimicrobial, immuno-stimulatory, and antitumor potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green nanotechnology provides tools for the transformation of biological systems toward safe and cost-effective approaches of nanomaterial synthesis for biomedical applications. The aim of the current investigation was to mycosynthesis of functional platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) by Penicillium pinophilum cell-free filtrate using hydrogen hexachloroplatinate (IV) hexahydrate (H2PtCl6) as substrate. The UV–Visible spectroscopy, TEM, XRD, DLS, FTIR, TGA–DSC and GC–MS were used to characterize the mycosynthesized PtNPs. UV–visible spectrum of mycosynthesized PtNPs showed maximum absorption peak at 263 nm. The band gap energy of the PtNPs was estimated as 3.78 eV. TEM showed the PtNPs in different shapes with the size ranged from 2 to 25 nm. DLS demonstrated the size range of 2–30 nm for synthesized PtNPs. A zeta potential of − 43.0 ± 1.0 mV with a single peak was recorded for PtNPs. The XRD peaks 40.3, 46.8 and 68.2 with the plane of platinum crystals (111), (200), and (220) were identified indicating that the PtNPs were face-centered, cubic, and crystalline in nature. Mycosynthesized PtNPs were analyzed by simultaneous TGA–DSC showed thermal stability for PtNPs. The FTIR results showed the presence of some bio-molecules in fungal cell-free filtrate as possible bio-reducing and capping agent of PtNPs. GC–MS analysis of fungal cell-free filtrate showed 10 peaks representative of related compounds. The mycosynthesized PtNPs displayed antimicrobial activity (8.1 ± 0.8 to 24.3 ± 0.8 mm) against various important fungal and bacteria pathogens. They were toxic for cancer cell-line HepG-2 at IC50 value of 184.07 μg/ml. Microscopy images showed morphological changes and reduction of cancer cells populations in PtNPs-treated cell-line. Altogether, our results demonstrated for the first time the green synthesis of PtNPs using Penicillium pinophilum. Synthesized PtNPs were not only active against fungal and bacteria pathogens, but also they showed strong cytotoxic effects against human cancer cell-line HepG-2. Thus, they may be considered as promising chemotherapeutics to combat malignancies and overcome life-threatening infections arisen from multidrug resistant fungi and bacteria in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study showed the anti-candida, biofilm inhibitory, antioxidant, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic properties of biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) fabricated by using the supernatant of Penicillium fimorum (GenBank accession number OQ568180) isolated from soil. The biogenic AgNPs were characterized by using different analytical techniques. A sharp surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak of the colloidal AgNPs at 429.5 nm in the UV–vis spectrum confirmed the fabrication of nanosized silver particles. The broth microdilution assay confirmed the anti-candida properties of AgNPs with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4 μg mL−1. In the next step, the protein and DNA leakage assays as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay were performed to evaluate the possible anti-candida mechanisms of AgNPs representing an increase in the total protein and DNA of supernatant along with a climb-up in ROS levels in AgNPs-treated samples. Flow cytometry also confirmed a dose-dependent cell death in the AgNPs-treated samples. Further studies also confirmed the biofilm inhibitory performance of AgNPs against Candia albicans. The AgNPs at the concentrations of MIC and 4*MIC inhibited 79.68 ± 14.38% and 83.57 ± 3.41% of biofilm formation in C. albicans, respectively. Moreover, this study showed that the intrinsic pathway may play a significant role in the anticoagulant properties of AgNPs. In addition, the AgNPs at the concentration of 500 μg mL−1, represented 49.27%, and 73.96 ± 2.59% thrombolytic and DPPH radical scavenging potential, respectively. Promising biological performance of AgNPs suggests these nanomaterials as a good candidate for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.

Key points Discovery of four different promising endophytic fungi for a facile-synthesis of SeNPs. SeNPs were successfully mycosynthesized and characterized. SeNPs exhibited promising antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities.

IntroductionDue to the increasing resistance of bacteria and fungi to antimicrobials, it is necessary to search for effective alternatives to prevent and treat pathogens causing diseases in humans, animals, and plants. In this context, the mycosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are considered as a potential tool to combat such pathogenic microorganisms.MethodsAgNPs were synthesized from Fusarium culmorum strain JTW1 and characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Zeta potential measurement. The minimum inhibitory (MIC) and biocidal concentrations (MBC) were determined against 13 bacterial strains. Moreover, the combined effect of AgNPs with antibiotics (streptomycin, kanamycin, ampicillin, tetracycline) was also studied by determining the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) index. The anti-biofilm activity was examined by crystal violet and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) assays. Furthermore, antifungal activity of AgNPs was evaluated against a panel of phytopathogenic fungi viz., Botrytis, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Phoma, Sclerotinia, and an oomycete pathogen Phytophthora by agar well-diffusion and micro-broth dilution method to evaluate the minimal AgNPs concentrations that inhibit fungal spore germination.ResultsFungi-mediated synthesis resulted in the formation of small (15.56 ± 9.22 nm), spherical and stable (zeta potential of – 38.43 mV) AgNPs with good crystallinity. The results of FTIR spectroscopy indicated the presence of various functional groups, namely hydroxyl, amino, and carboxyl ones, from the biomolecules on the surface of AgNPs. The AgNPs showed antimicrobial and antibiofilm formation activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The values of MIC and MBC ranged between 16–64 and 32–512 μg mL−1, respectively. The enhanced effect of AgNPs in combination with antibiotics was confirmed against human pathogens. The highest synergistic effect (FIC = 0.0625) was demonstrated by the combination of AgNPs with streptomycin against two strains of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922 and ATCC 8739), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (FIC = 0.125). Enhanced effects of AgNPs with ampicillin were also shown against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (FIC = 0.125) and P. aeruginosa (FIC = 0.25), as well as kanamycin against S. aureus ATCC 6538 (FIC = 0.25). The crystal violet assay revealed that the lowest concentration of AgNPs (0.125 μg mL−1) reduced the development of biofilms of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica, while the maximum resistance was shown by Salmonella infantis, its biofilm was reduced after exposure to a concentration of 512 μg mL−1. A high inhibitory effect on the activity of bacterial hydrolases was observed by the FDA assay. AgNPs at a concentration of 0.125 μg mL−1 reduced the hydrolytic activity of all biofilms formed by the tested pathogens, except E. coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa, and Pectobacterium carotovorum (efficient concentration was 2-fold higher, at 0.25 μg mL−1), while the hydrolytic activity of E. coli ATCC 8739, Salmonella infantis and S. aureus ATCC 6538 was suppressed after treatment with AgNPs at concentrations of 0.5, 2 and 8 μg mL−1, respectively. Moreover, AgNPs inhibited fungal growth and spore germination of Botrytis cinerea, Phoma lingam, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. MIC and MFC values of AgNPs against spores of these fungal strains were determined at 64, 256, and 32 μg mL−1, and zones of growth inhibition were 4.93, 9.54, and 3.41 mm, respectively.DiscussionFusarium culmorum strain JTW1 was found to be an eco-friendly biological system for an easy, efficient and inexpensive synthesis of AgNPs. In our study, the mycosynthesised AgNPs demonstrated remarkable antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) and antibiofilm activities against a wide range of human and plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi singly and in combination with antibiotics. These AgNPs could be applied in medicine, agriculture, and food industry to control such pathogens that cause numerous human diseases and crop losses. However, before using them extensive animal studies are required to evaluate the toxicity, if any.

Background: Fungal nanofactories have been utilized to synthesize silver and gold nanoparticles. This study was designed to mycosynthesize and characterize silver and gold nanoparticles (AgNPs and AuNPs) and to study their effect on aflatoxin B1 production by Aspergillus flavus. Results: Silver and gold nanoparticles were synthesized by endophytic Aspergillus versicolor and then analyzed by UV–vis spectroscopy. The results revealed surface plasmon resonance peaks at 432 and 536 nm for Ag and Au nanoparticles, respectively. The obtained transmission electron microscopy results revealed the fashioning of spherical AgNPs and spherical and hexagonal AuNPs with a mean particle magnitude of 5–37 and 37–62 nm, respectively. X-ray diffraction showed the typical face-centered cubic structure of the mycosynthesized Ag and Au nanoparticles. An in vitro investigation showed that AgNPs, AuNPs, and their mixture at different concentrations (10000, 5000, 3000, 1000, 750, 500, 250, and 125 lg/mL) could inhibit or reduce the outgrowth and production of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) by A. flavus. The concentration that showed no AFB1 production was less than those for the inhibition of fungal growth. AgNPs, AuNPs, and their mixture also exhibited promising antiradical scavenging activity. Conclusions: The use of fungi in the metallic nanoparticle’s fabrication and the utilization of mycosynthesized nanoparticles is promising as a substitute of chemicals to control antiaflatoxigenic fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out for the mycosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by Candida albicans supernatant. All the isolates used in this study were taken from the patients who existed at Al-Elweya children's teaching hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. Mycosynthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by color visualization, ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The UV-Vis spectroscopy examination has shown the highest absorbance (λmax) at the wavelength of 429 nanometers, which indicated the creation of silver nanoparticles. Furthermore, the results of the antibacterial potential of AgNO3 and AgNPs against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus haemolyticus bacteria showed the highest effect of AgNO3 against Staphylococcus haemolyticus when the diameter of the inhibition zone reached (14.00 mm). In contrast, the lowest effect of the AgNO3 was with the diameter of the inhibition zone that reached (11.66 mm). The highest effect of the AgNO3 against Klebsiella pneumoniae by the diameter of the inhibition zone was reached (12.66mm), while the lowest effect was (9.00mm). The highest effect of the AgNPs against Klebsiella pneumoniae by the diameter of the inhibition zone reached (16.00mm), while the lowest effect was (13.00mm). The highest effect of the AgNPs against Staphylococcus haemolyticus by the diameter of the inhibition zone was reached (17.33mm). Where the lowest effect by the diameter of the inhibition zone was reached (14.00mm). Interestingly, this revealed that Staphylococcus haemolyticus was more susceptible to silver nitrate (AgNO3) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) than Klebsiella pneumoniae.

The environmental impact of industrial development has been well-documented. The use of physical and chemical methods in industrial development has negative consequences for the environment, raising concerns about the sustainability of this approach. There is a growing need for advanced technologies that are compatible with preserving the environment. The use of fungi products for nanoparticle (NP) synthesis is a promising approach that has the potential to meet this need. The genus Trichoderma is a non-pathogenic filamentous fungus with a high degree of genetic diversity. Different strains of this genus have a variety of important environmental, agricultural, and industrial applications. Species of Trichoderma can be used to synthesize metallic NPs using a biological method that is environmentally friendly, low cost, energy saving, and non-toxic. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of Trichoderma metabolism in the synthesis of metallic NPs. We discuss the different metabolic pathways involved in NP synthesis, as well as the role of metabolic metabolites in stabilizing NPs and promoting their synergistic effects. In addition, the future perspective of NPs synthesized by extracts of Trichoderma is discussed, as well as their potential applications in biomedicine, agriculture, and environmental health.

In the present study, FeNPs were mycosynthesized by extract of fungus Aspergillus terreus GS28. The mycosynthesized FeNPs were characterized by transmission and scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and particle size analyzer. The biofabricated FeNPs were positively charged and their size varied from 20 to 60 nm as found in different investigations. The biological originated materials (phenolic component, protein, and amino acids) are associated with FeNPs for capping the nanoparticles. The mycosynthesized FeNPs showed excellent adsorption capacity for CR (48.7 mg/g) and DB-1 (38.0 mg/g) with a removal efficiency of 97.5 and 77.1%, respectively, at 100 mg/L of CR/DB-1, pH 7.0, 30 °C, 2 g/L concentration of FeNPs, 240 min, and shaking condition of 120 rpm. FeNPs also exhibited high dye removal performance under the presence of selective ions such as Na+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, and NH4+. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model best fitted with the adsorption of DB-1 and CR. The multilayer layer adsorption was dominated in CR removal and the adsorption data well fitted with the Freundlich isotherm model while, DB-1 adsorption happened through monolayer adsorption on FeNPs and DB-1 adsorption data was fitted with the Langmuir isotherm model. Electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bond, and Fe–O interaction are the principle mechanism that deals with CR and DB-1 adsorption. Thus, mycosynthesized FeNPs has potential for adsorptive removal DB-1 and CR and can be used for large scale application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the main pulse crops of Pakistan. The yield of chickpea is affected by a variety of biotic and abiotic factors. Due to their environmentally friendly nature, different nanoparticles are being synthesized and applied to economically important crops. In the present study, Trichoderma harzianum has been used as a stabilizing and reducing agent for the mycosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). Before their application to control Fusarium wilt of chickpea, synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the average size (13 nm) of ZnO NPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated their spherical structure, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) confirmed the oxide formation of ZnO NPs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) described the size and shape of nanoparticles, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy displayed the presence of reducing and stabilizing chemical compounds (alcohol, carboxylic acid, amines, and alkyl halide). Successfully characterized ZnO NPs exhibited significant mycelial growth inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum, in vitro. In a greenhouse pot experiment, the priming of chickpea seeds with ZnO NPs significantly increased the antioxidant activity of germinated plants and they displayed 90% less disease incidence than the control. Seed priming with ZnO NPs helped plants to accumulate higher quantities of sugars, phenol, total proteins, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) to create resistance against wilt pathogen. These nanofungicides were produced in powder form and they can easily be transferred and used in the field to control Fusarium wilt of chickpea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are the second most prevalent metal oxide, owing to their characteristics of low cost, safe, and easily prepared. ZnO NPs have been found to exhibit unique properties which show their potential to be used in various therapies. Numerous techniques have been devised for the manufacture of zinc oxide because it is one of the nanomaterials that has received major research interest. Mushroom sources are proven to be efficient, ecologically friendly, inexpensive, and safe for humankind. In the current study, an aqueous fraction of methanolic extract of Lentinula edodes (L. edoes) was used to synthesize ZnO NPs. The biosynthesis of ZnO NPs was achieved by using the reducing and capping capability of an L. edodes aqueous fraction. Bioactive compounds from mushroom, such as flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds, are used in the green synthesis process to biologically reduce metal ions or metal oxides to metal NPs. Biogenically synthesized ZnO NPs were further characterized by using UV–Vis, FTIR, HPLC, XRD, SEM, EDX, zeta sizer and zeta potential analyses. The FTIR showed the functional group at the spectra in the range 3550–3200 cm−1 indicated the presence of the hydroxyl (OH) group, while bands in the range 1720–1706 cm−1 indicated C=O carboxylic stretches bonds. Furthermore, the XRD pattern of ZnO NPs created in the current study was found to be nanocrystals which are hexagonal. The SEM analysis of ZnO NPs showed spherical shapes and size distributions in the range 90–148 nm. Biologically synthesized ZnO NPs have substantial biological activities including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antipyretic, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory potential. Biological activities showed significant antioxidant (65.7 ± 1.09), antidiabetic (85.18 ± 0.48), and anti-inflammatory potential (86.45 ± 0.60) at 300 µg inhibition in paw inflammation of (1.1 ± 0.06) and yeast-induced pyrexia (97.4 ± 0.51) at 10 mg in a dose-dependent manner. The outcomes of this research indicated that ZnO NPs significantly reduced inflammation and have the ability to scavenge free radicals and prevent protein denaturation, while also indicating their possible use in food and nutraceutical applications to treat various ailments.

In the light of the fast growing several applications of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) in different industrial and agricultural sectors, this paper was conducted to explore the suitability of endophytic fungi as nano-factories for SeNPs. Thus, 75 fungal isolates were recovered from plant tissues and tested for their efficacy to biosynthesize SeNPs. Four promising strains were found able to synthesis SeNPs with different characteristics and identified. These strains were Aspergillus quadrilineatus isolated from the twigs of Ricinus communis, Aspergillus ochraceus isolated from the leaves of Ricinus communis, Aspergillus terreus isolated from the twigs of Azadirachta indica, and Fusarium equiseti isolated from the twigs of Hibiscus rose-sinensis. The synthesized SeNPs were characterized by several techniques viz., UV–Vis, X-ray diffraction, Dynamic light scattering analyses, High resolution transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, to study their crystalline structure, particle sized distribution, and morphology. Furthermore, the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were evaluated. SeNPs synthesized by the four strains showed potent antifungal and antibacterial potentials against different human and phyto- pathogens. Moreover, SeNPs synthesized by the respective strains showed promising antioxidant power with IC50 values of 198.32, 151.23, 100.31, and 91.52 µg mL− 1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the use of endophytic fungi for SeNPs' biosynthesis. The presented research recommends the use of endophytic fungi as facile one-pot production bio-factories of SeNPs with promising characteristics. Key points: Discovery of four different promising endophytic fungi for a facile-synthesis of SeNPs. SeNPs were successfully mycosynthesized and characterized. SeNPs exhibited promising antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound healing is a complex phenomenon particularly owing to the rise in antimicrobial resistance. This has attracted the attention of the scientific community to search for new alternative solutions. Among these, silver being antimicrobial has been used since ancient times. Considering this fact, the main goal of our study was to evaluate the wound-healing ability of mycofabricated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). We have focused on the formulation of silver nanogel for the management of wounds in albino Wistar rats. Mycosynthesized AgNPs from Fusarium oxysporum were used for the development of novel wound-healing antimicrobial silver nanogel with different concentrations of AgNPs, i.e., 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg g−1. The formulated silver nanogel demonstrated excellent wound-healing activity in the incision, excision, and burn wound-healing model. In the incision wound-healing model, silver nanogel at a concentration of 0.5 mg g−1 exhibited superior wound-healing effect, whereas in the case of excision and burn wound-healing model, silver nanogel at the concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mg g−1 showed enhanced wound-healing effect, respectively. Moreover, silver nanogel competently arrests the bacterial growth on the wound surface and offers an improved local environment for scald wound healing. Histological studies of healed tissues and organs of the rat stated that AgNPs at less concentration (1 mg g−1) do not show any toxic or adverse effect on the body and promote wound healing of animal tissue. Based on these studies, we concluded that the silver nanogel prepared from mycosynthesized AgNPs can be used as a promising antimicrobial wound dressing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticle (AgNP) production and their use as antimicrobial agents is a current area of active research. Biosynthesis is the most sustainable production method, and fungi have become candidates of interest in AgNP production. However, investigations into the physiological responses of fungi due to silver exposure are scanty. This present work utilized two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (one used in commercial fermentation and a naturally occurring strain) to determine the physiological consequences of their transient exposure to AgNO3. The assessments were based on studies involving growth curves, minimal inhibitory concentration assays, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Results indicated (a) the capability of S. cerevisiae to produce silver nanoparticles, even at elevated levels of exposure; (b) strain origin had no significant impact on S. cerevisiae physiological response to AgNO3; and (c) coexposure to copper and silver significantly increased intracellular copper, silver, and calcium in treated yeast cells. In addition, electron microscopy and ICP-OES results revealed that both strains internalized silver after exposure, resulting in the shrunken and distorted physical appearance visible on SEM micrographs of treated cells. Though a promising candidate for AgNPs biosynthesis, this study analyzed the effects of transient silver exposure on S. cerevisiae growth physiology and morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound healing is a complex phenomenon particularly owing to the rise in antimicrobial resistance. This has attracted the attention of the scientific community to search for new alternative solutions. Among these, silver being antimicrobial has been used since ancient times. Considering this fact, the main goal of our study was to evaluate the wound-healing ability of mycofabricated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). We have focused on the formulation of silver nanogel for the management of wounds in albino Wistar rats. Mycosynthesized AgNPs from Fusarium oxysporum were used for the development of novel wound-healing antimicrobial silver nanogel with different concentrations of AgNPs, i.e., 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg g−1. The formulated silver nanogel demonstrated excellent wound-healing activity in the incision, excision, and burn wound-healing model. In the incision wound-healing model, silver nanogel at a concentration of 0.5 mg g−1 exhibited superior wound-healing effect, whereas in the case of excision and burn wound-healing model, silver nanogel at the concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mg g−1 showed enhanced wound-healing effect, respectively. Moreover, silver nanogel competently arrests the bacterial growth on the wound surface and offers an improved local environment for scald wound healing. Histological studies of healed tissues and organs of the rat stated that AgNPs at less concentration (1 mg g−1) do not show any toxic or adverse effect on the body and promote wound healing of animal tissue. Based on these studies, we concluded that the silver nanogel prepared from mycosynthesized AgNPs can be used as a promising antimicrobial wound dressing.

Objectives: Mycosynthesis offers a benevolent alternative for the synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) when compared to the conventional physical and chemical methods. Fungi secrete enormous amounts of proteins and enzymes that act as reducing and capping agents in AgNPs synthesis. Methods: AgNPs were synthesized using extracellular fungal extract of Fusarium incarnatum. The reaction mixture was optimized using different parameters to obtain better yield. Anti-melanogenic activity of fungal extract, AgNPs and standard drug (Kojic acid) was evaluated against Human skin melanoma SK-MEL-3 cells. AgNPs were synthesized at 30 °C, pH 5 and 1 mM AgNO3 concentration. Then optimization and the characterization were done by UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, Zeta potential and H-TEM techniques. Results: The average size of AgNPs was 10 nm and predominantly spherical in shape. Myco-synthesized AgNPs showed significant anti-melanogenic activity against human skin melanoma SK-MEL-3 cells with an IC50 value of 17.70 μg/ml. The concentration of AgNPs required to inhibit SK-MEL-3 cells was lower than the concentrations of F. incarnatum extract and standard Kojic acid. Conclusion: Spherical AgNPs with and average size of 4 nm were synthesized using fungal extract of F. incarnatum. Mycosynthesized AgNPs can be considered as effective anti-melanogenic agents owing to their impressive activity against skin melanoma.

The use of fungi as biological nanofactories is an innovative and promising research field of nanoscience. It offers the potential to yield sustainable and cost-effective nanostructures with fine-tuned features. This study reports the trichogenic synthesis of silver oxide/copper oxide (Ag2O/CuO) nanoalloys, using the culture filtrate of the endophytic fungus Trichoderma virens. The filtrate of T. virens mediated the synthesis of the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys, which was visually verified by the formation of dark bluish-greenish colloidal suspension upon reacting with AgNO3 and CuSO4·5H2O (1:1 v/v). X-ray diffraction revealed the crystalline nature of the trichogenic Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys, showing the characteristic diffraction peaks of cubic Ag2O (Pn-3/201) and tenorite monoclinic CuO (C2/c/15). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed spectra corresponding to the core levels of Ag 3d, Cu 2p, and O 1 s in the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed nitro and ester stretching vibrations in addition to characteristic interatomic metal–metal vibrations near 500 cm−1. Dynamic light scattering revealed that the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys had an average particle size distribution of 124 nm, while zeta potential measurement was + 23.8 mV. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed a mixture of hemispherical and plate-like Ag2O/CuO particles arranged in crystalline clusters. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed the formation of quasi-spherical, circular, cuboid, and triangular Ag2O NPs along with the sharp-edged nanoplates of CuO particles. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis showed prominent emission peaks of Ag (12.41%), Cu (17.68%), and O (69.91%). The antibacterial efficacy of the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys was evaluated against six Gram-negative and three Gram-positive bacterial strains. The Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys exhibited significant antibacterial activity against streptomycin-sensitive Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc) (17.85 ± 0.735 mm), streptomycin-resistant Xcc (17.77 ± 0.720 mm), Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (17.44 ± 3.492 mm), and Escherichia coli (16.23 ± 2.468 mm), whereas the effectiveness of the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys was moderate against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (12.74 ± 1.302 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (12.56 ± 0.667 mm), streptomycin-sensitive Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) (11.77 ± 0.431 mm), streptomycin-resistant Pcc (11.63 ± 0.741 mm), and C. michiganensis subsp. capsici (11.62 ± 0.958 mm). The bacterial cells exposed to the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys exhibited notable morphological changes, such as cell membrane disruption, structural damage, compromised membrane integrity, shrinkage, and swelling. This research lays the groundwork for developing and using trichogenic Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys as highly effective nano-antimicrobial agents for a diverse array of applications.Graphical Abstract: The use of fungi as biological nanofactories is an innovative and promising research field of nanoscience. It offers the potential to yield sustainable and cost-effective nanostructures with fine-tuned features. This study reports the trichogenic synthesis of silver oxide/copper oxide (Ag2O/CuO) nanoalloys, using the culture filtrate of the endophytic fungus Trichoderma virens. The filtrate of T. virens mediated the synthesis of the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys, which was visually verified by the formation of dark bluish-greenish colloidal suspension upon reacting with AgNO3 and CuSO4·5H2O (1:1 v/v). X-ray diffraction revealed the crystalline nature of the trichogenic Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys, showing the characteristic diffraction peaks of cubic Ag2O (Pn-3/201) and tenorite monoclinic CuO (C2/c/15). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed spectra corresponding to the core levels of Ag 3d, Cu 2p, and O 1 s in the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed nitro and ester stretching vibrations in addition to characteristic interatomic metal–metal vibrations near 500 cm−1. Dynamic light scattering revealed that the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys had an average particle size distribution of 124 nm, while zeta potential measurement was + 23.8 mV. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed a mixture of hemispherical and plate-like Ag2O/CuO particles arranged in crystalline clusters. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed the formation of quasi-spherical, circular, cuboid, and triangular Ag2O NPs along with the sharp-edged nanoplates of CuO particles. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis showed prominent emission peaks of Ag (12.41%), Cu (17.68%), and O (69.91%). The antibacterial efficacy of the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys was evaluated against six Gram-negative and three Gram-positive bacterial strains. The Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys exhibited significant antibacterial activity against streptomycin-sensitive Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc) (17.85 ± 0.735 mm), streptomycin-resistant Xcc (17.77 ± 0.720 mm), Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (17.44 ± 3.492 mm), and Escherichia coli (16.23 ± 2.468 mm), whereas the effectiveness of the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys was moderate against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (12.74 ± 1.302 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (12.56 ± 0.667 mm), streptomycin-sensitive Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) (11.77 ± 0.431 mm), streptomycin-resistant Pcc (11.63 ± 0.741 mm), and C. michiganensis subsp. capsici (11.62 ± 0.958 mm). The bacterial cells exposed to the Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys exhibited notable morphological changes, such as cell membrane disruption, structural damage, compromised membrane integrity, shrinkage, and swelling. This research lays the groundwork for developing and using trichogenic Ag2O/CuO nanoalloys as highly effective nano-antimicrobial agents for a diverse array of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Saccharomyces cerevisiae -derived silver nanoparticles were successfully fabricated. • The silver nanoparticles ascertained antibacterial performance. • The silver nanoparticles represented significant anticoagulant activity. • The silver nanoparticles exhibited considerable thrombolytic potential. • The silver nanoparticles ascertained promising antidiabetic properties. In the present study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was employed to fabricate silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a sustainable and ecofriendly approach. The mycofabricated AgNPs were found to be spherical with a Z-average size of 29.07 nm and zeta potential of −16 mV. This study focused on the biological properties of fungus-mediated fabrication of AgNPs. The AgNPs ascertained significant antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes and Serratia marcescens with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4 and 2 µg mL−1 and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 16 and 16 µg mL−1, respectively. Besides, the AgNPs at the studied concentrations ascertained significantly higher biofilm inhibitory and degradation activity against S. marcescens compared to the reference antibiotic drug gentamicin (P < 0.05). In contrast, gentamicin at the studied concentrations exhibited significantly higher biofilm inhibitory and degradation activity against L. monocytogenes compared to AgNPs (P < 0.05). Moreover, Flow cytometry analysis exhibited dose-dependent antibacterial properties for both AgNPs and gentamicin against both S. marcescens and L. monocytogenes. Furthermore, the AgNPs ascertained a dose-dependent antioxidant activity with a maximum 65.75 ± 2.70 % at the concentration of 500 µg mL−1. Impressively, the AgNPs at the concentration of 500 µg mL−1 represented anticoagulant performance with PT and aPTT values of 21.80 ± 3.31 and 70.57 ± 2.25 s, respectively. Additionally, the AgNPs at the concentration of 500 µg mL−1 showed 19.48 ± 3.82 % thrombolysis and 64.74 ± 1.63 % alpha-amylase inhibition. The AgNPs also ascertained a maximum 38.26 ± 1.70 % glucose uptake inhibition by S. cerevisiae at a concentration of 1000 µg mL−1. Overall, the above-mentioned unique physicochemical and biological properties of AgNPs made them attractive for biomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Culture extract of thermophilic mould Myceliophthora thermophila BJTLRMDU7 played important role in the green synthesis of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) using ferrous sulphate (FeSO 4). The mould was grown in potato dextrose broth (PDB) at 45 °C and 200 rpm for 72 h. A colour change from transparent to reddish brown showed the synthesis of FeNPs due to the surface plasmon resonance by the fungal culture extract. The process for the synthesis of nanoparticles was optimized using different reaction conditions. Biogenic iron nanoparticles were synthesized maximally at 50 °C and pH 5.0 after 24 h using 2 mM salt solution and one ml culture extract. Furthermore, formation of iron nanoparticles was significantly accelerated in the presence of light. The absorption peak was maximum around 250–350 nm in UV–vis spectrum. The absorption peaks of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) at 619.99 cm−1, 793.57 cm−1, 882.32 cm−1, 1121.46 cm−1, 1627.71 cm−1, 2923.17 cm−1 and 3430.70 cm−1, indicated functional groups of active biomolecules involved in the synthesis of FeNPs. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of green synthesized iron nanoparticles indicated the average size of 80 nm, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) data revealed the crystalline nature of FeNPs. These FeNPs efficiently reduced p -nitrophenol (PNP) into p -aminophenol (PAP), which was further confirmed by thin layer chromatography. Biogenic FeNPs showed 96 and 35 % decolourization of bromphenol blue and malachite green, respectively. Further, addition of H 2 O 2 enhanced the decolourization of malachite green up to 96 %. Biogenic FeNPs synthesized from culture extract of a thermophilic mould have been found effective in remediation of environmental pollutants released from various industries. • First study showing green synthesis of iron nanoparticles using culture extract of Myceliophthora thermophila. • AFM data showed average size of FeNPs as 80 nm and crystalline nature by XRD. • Catalytic reduction of p -nitrophenol into p -aminophenol using biogenic FeNPs. • Catalytic reduction of p -nitrophenol was confirmed using thin layer chromatography. • Biogenic nanoparticles also resulted in decolourization of synthetic dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticle (AgNP) production and their use as antimicrobial agents is a current area of active research. Biosynthesis is the most sustainable production method, and fungi have become candidates of interest in AgNP production. However, investigations into the physiological responses of fungi due to silver exposure are scanty. This present work utilized two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (one used in commercial fermentation and a naturally occurring strain) to determine the physiological consequences of their transient exposure to AgNO3. The assessments were based on studies involving growth curves, minimal inhibitory concentration assays, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Results indicated (a) the capability of S. cerevisiae to produce silver nanoparticles, even at elevated levels of exposure; (b) strain origin had no significant impact on S. cerevisiae physiological response to AgNO3; and (c) coexposure to copper and silver significantly increased intracellular copper, silver, and calcium in treated yeast cells. In addition, electron microscopy and ICP-OES results revealed that both strains internalized silver after exposure, resulting in the shrunken and distorted physical appearance visible on SEM micrographs of treated cells. Though a promising candidate for AgNPs biosynthesis, this study analyzed the effects of transient silver exposure on S. cerevisiae growth physiology and morphology.

The prime aim of this research is to discover new, eco-friendly approaches to reducing agents for manufacturing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from fresh fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Hypsizygus ulmarius (Hu). The confirmation of Hu-mediated AgNPs has been characterized by UV visible spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM with EDX, HRTEM, AFM, PSA, Zeta poetical and GCMS analysis. The absorption peak of Hu-AgNPs at 430 nm has been confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy analysis. The findings of the particle size study show that AgNPs have a size distribution with an average of 20 nm. The Zeta potential of NPs reveals a significant build-up of negative charges on their surface. The additional hydrate layers that occurred at the surface of AgNPs are shown in the HR-TEM morphology images. The antibacterial activity results showed that Hu-AgNPs were highly effective against both bacterial pathogens, with gram-positive (+) and gram-negative (−) pathogens having a moderate inhibition effect on K. pneumoniae (5.3 ± 0.3 mm), E. coli (5.3 ± 0.1), and S. aureus (5.2 ± 0.3 mm). Hu-AgNPs (IC 50 of 50.78 μg/mL) were found to have dose-dependent cytotoxic action against human lung cancer cell lines (A549). Inhibited cell viability by up to 64.31% after 24 h of treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the hand information on the myco-synthesis of AgNPs from the H. ulmarius mushroom extract and the results suggest that it can an excellent source for developing a multipurpose and eco-friendly nano product in future. • We successfully synthesized AgNPs from Hypsizygus ulmarius mushroom extract. • We noticed the best particles size of Hu-AgNPs formed at 20 nm. • Hu-AgNPs expressed moderate antibacterial effects. • Hu-AgNPs have a strong anticancer effect against A549 cells. • The bioactive molecules were identified by GC-MS analysis of H. ulmarius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Biopolymers, such as pullulan, a natural exopolysaccharide from Aureobasidium pullulans , and their nanocomposites are commonly used in the food, pharmaceutical, and medical industries due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Methods: Pullulan was synthesized by the A. pullulans ATCC 201253 strain. Nanocomposite films based on biosynthesized pullulan were prepared and loaded with different concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized by the Fusarium culmorum strain JTW1. AgNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Zeta potential measurements, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. In turn, the produced films were subjected to physico-chemical analyses such as goniometry, UV shielding capacity, attenuated total reflection-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and their mechanical and degradation properties were assessed. The antibacterial assays of the nanoparticles and the nanocomposite films against both food-borne and reference pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella infantis, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Klebsiella pneumoniae , were performed using standard methods. Results: AgNPs were small (mean 15.1 nm), spherical, and displayed good stability, being coated with protein biomolecules. When used in higher concentrations as an additive to pullulan films, they resulted in reduced hydrophilicity and light transmission for both UV-B and UV-A lights. Moreover, the produced films exhibited a smooth surface. Therefore, it can be concluded that the addition of biogenic AgNPs did not change the morphology and texture of the films compared to the control film. The nanoparticles and nanocomposite films demonstrated remarkable antibacterial activity against both food-borne and reference bacteria. The highest activity of the prepared films was observed against L. monocytogenes . Discussion: The obtained results suggest that the novel nanocomposite films prepared from biosynthesized pullulan and AgNPs can be considered for use in the development of medical products and food packaging. Moreover, this is the first report on pullulan-based nanocomposites with mycogenic AgNPs for such applications., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Wypij, Rai, Zemljič, Bračič, Hribernik and Golińska.)

Introduction: Plant pathogenic microorganisms adversely affect the growth and yield of crops, which consequently leads to losses in food production. Metal-based nanoparticles (MNPs) can be a remedy to solve this problem. Methods: Novel silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were biosynthesized from Fusarium solani IOR 825 and characterized using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and measurement of Zeta potential. Antibacterial activity of NPs was evaluated against four plant pathogenic strains by determination of the minimum inhibitory (MIC) and biocidal concentrations (MBC). Micro-broth dilution method and poisoned food technique were used to assess antifungal activity of NPs against a set of plant pathogens. Effect of nanopriming with both types of MNPs on maize seed germination and seedlings growth was evaluated at a concentration range of 1-256 μg mL -1 . Results: Mycosynthesis of MNPs provided small (8.27 nm), spherical and stable (zeta potential of -17.08 mV) AgNPs with good crystallinity. Similarly, ZnONPs synthesized by using two different methods (ZnONPs(1) and ZnONPs(2)) were larger in size (117.79 and 175.12 nm, respectively) with Zeta potential at -9.39 and -21.81 mV, respectively. The FTIR spectra showed the functional groups (hydroxyl, amino, and carboxyl) of the capping molecules on the surface of MNPs. The values of MIC and MBC of AgNPs against bacteria ranged from 8 to 256 μg mL -1 and from 512 to 1024 μg mL -1 , respectively. Both types of ZnONPs displayed antibacterial activity at 256-1024 μg mL -1 (MIC) and 512-2048 μg mL -1 (MBC), but in the concentration range tested, they revealed no activity against Pectobacterium carotovorum . Moreover, AgNPs and ZnONPs inhibited the mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium oxysporum, Phoma lingam, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum . MIC and MFC values of AgNPs ranged from 16-128 and 16-2048 μg mL -1 , respectively. ZnONPs showed antifungal activity with MIC and MFC values of 128-2048 μg mL -1 and 256-2048 μg mL -1 , respectively. The AgNPs at a concentration of ≥32 μg mL -1 revealed sterilization effect on maize seeds while ZnONPs demonstrated stimulatory effect on seedlings growth at concentrations of ≥16 μg mL -1 by improving the fresh and dry biomass production by 24% and 18%-19%, respectively. Discussion: AgNPs and ZnONPs mycosynthesized from F. solani IOR 825 could be applied in agriculture to prevent the spread of pathogens. However, further toxicity assays should be performed before field evaluation. In view of the potential of ZnONPs to stimulate plant growth, they could be crucial in increasing crop production from the perspective of current food assurance problems., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Trzcińska-Wencel, Wypij, Terzyk, Rai and Golińska.)

[Display omitted] • Methods of mycosynthesis of metal NPs has been updated. • Mechanism of action of metal NPs with bacteriocin nanocomposite are explored. • Inhibitory effects of metal NPs-bacteriocin towards MDR pathogens and COVID-19 are discussed. • Adverse outcome pathway (AOP) relevance to risk assessment of nanomaterial is critically reviewed. Multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens have become a major global health challenge and have severely threatened the health of society. Current conditions have become worse as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and infection rates in the future will rise. It is necessary to design, respond effectively, and take action to address these challenges by investigating new avenues. In this regard, the fabrication of metal NPs utilized by various methods, including green synthesis using mushroom, is highly versatile, cost-effective, eco-compatible, and superior. In contrast, biofabrication of metal NPs can be employed as a powerful weapon against MDR pathogens and have immense biomedical applications. In addition, the advancement in nanotechnology has made possible to modify the nanomaterials and enhance their activities. Metal NPs with biomolecules composite prevent the microbial adhesion and kills the microbial pathogens through biofilm formation. Bacteriocin is an excellent antimicrobial peptide that works well as an augmentation substance to boost the antimicrobial effects. As a result, we concentrate on the creation of new, eco-compatible mycosynthesized metal NPs with bacteriocin nanocomposite via electrostatic, covalent, or non-covalent bindings. The synergistic benefits of metal NPs with bacteriocin to combat MDR pathogens and COVID-19, as well as other biomedical applications, are discussed in this review. Moreover, the importance of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) in risk analysis of manufactured metal nanocomposite nanomaterial and their future possibilities were also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of bionanoscience has led to the use of silver nanoparticles in therapeutic and industrial applications like biomedicine, biocatalysis, bioremediation and biosensing. Enhancement of metal nanoparticle stability is of critical significance when it comes to safe handling and efficient use of nanoparticles for various applications. In this regard, thermophilic fungi is a potential candidate with their massive thermostable excretome titres. This work aims to explore the potential of thermophilic fungi to provide surface stability to biogenic silver nanoparticles (BioAgNPs). Thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus STm was used to synthesize BioAgNPs. The size and shape of BioAgNPs were characterized using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction techniques. The most significant process variables affecting mycosynthesis of BioAgNPs were screened using statistical experimental design of Placket Berman model. The mechanism of mycosynthesis and capping on biogenic nanoparticles was explored using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Characterization of BioAgNPs by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy revealed surface plasmon resonance at 410 nm, X-ray diffraction calculated 7–24 nm diameter of BioAgNPs and transmission electron microscopy showed BioAgNPs to be spherical with 5–35 nm size range. The physico-chemical factors affecting synthesis of BioAgNPs were screened by statistical modeling using Placket Berman experiment design which revealed the significant role of pH and silver precursor salt concentration on BioAgNPs synthesis. The supramolecular bound protein moiety was initially screened using FTIR analysis. The protein coating around BioAgNPs was found to be 67 kDa glucoamylase when detached from NP and investigated using SDS-PAGE and LCMS/MS analysis. In vitro cytotoxic assay against eukaryotic animal model Artemia salina (brine shrimp) larvae revealed dose dependent decrease in viability indicating BioAgNPs to be less cytotoxic, as compared to silver in ionic form. Glucoamylase protein (67 kDa) secreted extracellularly by T. lanuginosus STm was discovered to be the capping protein surrounding BioAgNPs. It is interesting to note that in case of BioAgNPs synthesized by extracellular titre of thermophilic fungus, the adsorbed thermostable protein glucoamylase can possibly help in retaining activity of BioAgNPs at elevated temperature as per the industrial requirement. Thus it can be a natural way of immobilization of enzyme on the surface of nanoparticles while eliminating the extra steps require for immobilizing for commercial uses. In terms of acute toxicity, BioAgNPs were found to be less toxic and safer as compared to ionic silver. [Display omitted] • Fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus was used to synthesize biogenic silver nanoparticles (BioAgNPs). • Fungal protein glucoamylase (67 kDa) was discovered to be the capping protein surrounding BioAgNPs. • BioAgNPs, were found to be less toxic against brine shrimps as compared to ionic form of silver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study showed the anti-candida, biofilm inhibitory, antioxidant, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic properties of biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) fabricated by using the supernatant of Penicillium fimorum (GenBank accession number OQ568180) isolated from soil. The biogenic AgNPs were characterized by using different analytical techniques. A sharp surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak of the colloidal AgNPs at 429.5 nm in the UV-vis spectrum confirmed the fabrication of nanosized silver particles. The broth microdilution assay confirmed the anti-candida properties of AgNPs with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4 μg mL -1 . In the next step, the protein and DNA leakage assays as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay were performed to evaluate the possible anti-candida mechanisms of AgNPs representing an increase in the total protein and DNA of supernatant along with a climb-up in ROS levels in AgNPs-treated samples. Flow cytometry also confirmed a dose-dependent cell death in the AgNPs-treated samples. Further studies also confirmed the biofilm inhibitory performance of AgNPs against Candia albicans . The AgNPs at the concentrations of MIC and 4*MIC inhibited 79.68 ± 14.38% and 83.57 ± 3.41% of biofilm formation in C. albicans , respectively. Moreover, this study showed that the intrinsic pathway may play a significant role in the anticoagulant properties of AgNPs. In addition, the AgNPs at the concentration of 500 μg mL -1 , represented 49.27%, and 73.96 ± 2.59% thrombolytic and DPPH radical scavenging potential, respectively. Promising biological performance of AgNPs suggests these nanomaterials as a good candidate for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Filamentous fungi can synthesize a variety of nanoparticles (NPs), a process referred to as mycosynthesis that requires little energy input, do not require the use of harsh chemicals, occurs at near neutral pH, and do not produce toxic byproducts. While NP synthesis involves reactions between metal ions and exudates produced by the fungi, the chemical and biochemical parameters underlying this process remain poorly understood. Here, the role of fungal species and precursor salt on the mycosynthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs is investigated. This data demonstrates that all five fungal species tested are able to produce ZnO structures that can be morphologically classified into i) well-defined NPs, ii) coalesced/dissolving NPs, and iii) micron-sized square plates. Further, species-dependent preferences for these morphologies are observed, suggesting potential differences in the profile or concentration of the biochemical constituents in their individual exudates. This data also demonstrates that mycosynthesis of ZnO NPs is independent of the anion species, with nitrate, sulfate, and chloride showing no effect on NP production. These results enhance the understanding of factors controlling the mycosynthesis of ceramic NPs, supporting future studies that can enable control over the physical and chemical properties of NPs formed through this "green" synthesis method., (© 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)