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India presently depends on imports of crude oil from overseas sources. However, the increasing demand for fossil fuels and the depletion of these finite resources are contributing to a rise in the costs associated with these imports. There has been a pressing demand for the development of cost-effective, renewable, and environmentally sustainable solutions. Biofuels, which are obtained from a wide range of biomass sources such as plants, animals, and microbes, present a potentially viable answer. Microorganisms exhibiting the ability to accumulate lipids in excess of 20% in the form of triacylglycerols and wax esters are commonly denoted as "oleaginous". The primary objective of this work was to isolate and screen bacterial strains with high lipid accumulation potential from soil samples collected along riverbanks. A total of fourteen strains were isolated and subjected to screening in order to assess their lipid production capabilities. Among these strains, Bacillus velezensis strain DAA1 exhibited the highest level of lipid synthesis. Response Surface Methodology was used to optimize carbon and salt concentrations. The experimental findings indicated that the utilization of carbon at a concentration of 12.5 g/L with salt concentration of 17.07 g/L, resulted in a noteworthy lipid content of 79%. The major fatty acid found through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for lipid characterization was determined to be 12-methyltetradecanoic acid, constituting 41% of the overall lipid composition. This work highlights the potential of Bacillus velezensis DAA1 as a promising alternative for lipid production, with possible implications for biofuel generation in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present study, potential oleaginous Mucorales fungi that have been isolated from fruits from local markets in Sleman, Indonesia, were screened for lipid production. A total of six fungal cultures were isolated and screened using a semisynthetic medium with glucose as a carbon source and a limited nitrogen supply. The highest lipid content was observed in isolate JR 1.1, up to 43.46% and 3.28 g/L lipid yield. Therefore, it was selected for molecular identification and fatty acid analysis. The result showed that JR 1.1 was identified as Mucor irregularis. The fatty acid profile of JR 1.1 showed 16.89% palmitoleic acid, 4.85% oleic acid, 45.22% linolenic acid, 30.79% gamma-linolenic acid, and 2.25% other fatty acids. It can be concluded that M. irregularis JR 1.1 is a potential strain to be used as a lipid producer for biodiesel feedstock. Further studies are recommended to optimize lipid productivity and improve fatty acid composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debaryomyces hansenii is considered an unconventional yeast with a strong biotechnological potential, which can produce and store high amounts of lipids. However, relatively little is known about its lipid metabolism, and genetic tools for this yeast have been limited. The aim of this study was to explore the fatty acid β-oxidation pathway in D. hansenii. To this end, we employed recently developed methods to generate multiple gene deletions and tag open reading frames with GFP in their chromosomal context in this yeast. We found that, similar as in other yeasts, the β-oxidation of fatty acids in D. hansenii was restricted to peroxisomes. We report a series of experiments in D. hansenii and the well-studied yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that show that the homeostasis of NAD+ in D. hansenii peroxisomes is dependent upon the peroxisomal membrane protein Pmp47 and two peroxisomal dehydrogenases, Mdh3 and Gpd1, which both export reducing equivalents produced during β-oxidation to the cytosol. Pmp47 is the first identified NAD+ carrier in yeast peroxisomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study measured the effect of the association between agronomic traits related to the yield of canola grains grown at different sowing dates through path analysis. Another objective was to obtain a method to predict the oil content in the grains, fitting a multivariate model through near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy analysis. The experiment was conducted in the field using a randomized block design in plots subdivided by time, with four plots (sowing dates), six subplots (canola hybrids), and four replicates. In each hybrid, phenological observations were performed, and the grain yield was determined. The data were subjected to analysis of variance in the R environment using the F test at 5% probability. The oil content in the grains was determined by the traditional chemical method, and based on the NIR spectral signature of the grain samples, partial least squares regression (PLS-R) was established to estimate the oil content in the canola grains. The sowing dates influenced the production components and oil content of the grains of all hybrids. The trait number of grains in five plants (0.6857) and their height (0.4943) had greater estimates of positive correlations with grain yield, as well as higher values of positive direct effects on yield (0.2494 and 0.1595, respectively). The NIR technique combined with PLS-R was able to predict the oil content in the grains, resulting in good predictive models (R2 of 0.86 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.56 in external validation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii is a major model for dinoflagellate cell biology, and a major industrial producer of docosahexaenoic acid, a key nutraceutical and added pharmaceutical compound. Despite these factors, the family Crypthecodiniaceae is not fully described, which is partly attributable to their degenerative thecal plates, as well as the lack of ribotype-referred morphological description in many taxons. We report here significant genetic distances and phylogenetic cladding that support inter-specific variations within the Crypthecodiniaceae. We describe Crypthecodinium croucheri sp. nov. Kwok, Law and Wong, that have different genome sizes, ribotypes, and amplification fragment length polymorphism profiles when compared to the C. cohnii. The interspecific ribotypes were supported by distinctive truncation-insertion at the ITS regions that were conserved at intraspecific level. The long genetic distances between Crypthecodiniaceae and other dinoflagellate orders support the separation of the group, which includes related taxons with high oil content and degenerative thecal plates, to be ratified to the order level. The current study provides the basis for future specific demarcation-differentiation, which is an important facet in food safety, biosecurity, sustainable agriculture feeds, and biotechnology licensing of new oleaginous models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oleaginous yeasts are typically defined as those able to accumulate more than 20% of their cell dry weight as lipids or triacylglycerides. Research on these yeasts has increased lately fuelled by an interest to use biotechnology to produce lipids and oleochemicals that can substitute those coming from fossil fuels or offer sustainable alternatives to traditional extractions (e.g., palm oil). Some oleaginous yeasts are attracting attention both in research and industry, with Yarrowia lipolytica one of the best‐known and studied ones. Oleaginous yeasts can be found across several clades and different metabolic adaptations have been found, affecting not only fatty acid and neutral lipid synthesis, but also lipid particle stability and degradation. Recently, many novel oleaginous yeasts are being discovered, including oleaginous strains of the traditionally considered non‐oleaginous Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the face of this boom, a closer analysis of the definition of "oleaginous yeast" reveals that this term has instrumental value for biotechnology, while it does not give information about distinct types of yeasts. Having this perspective in mind, we propose to expand the term "oleaginous yeast" to those able to produce either intracellular or extracellular lipids, not limited to triacylglycerides, in at least one growth condition (including ex novo lipid synthesis). Finally, a critical look at Y. lipolytica as a model for oleaginous yeasts shows that the term "oleaginous" should be reserved only for strains and not species and that in the case of Y. lipolytica, it is necessary to distinguish clearly between the lipophilic and oleaginous phenotype. Take‐away: The term "oleaginous yeast" has mainly instrumental value for biotechnology.Oleaginicity is a property of strains, not species.Yeasts secreting lipids should also be considered oleaginous.Yeasts producing other lipids than TAGs should also be considered oleaginous.Yeasts showing oleaginicity in any condition should be considered oleaginous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ABSTRACT: This study measured the effect of the association between agronomic traits related to the yield of canola grains grown at different sowing dates through path analysis. Another objective was to obtain a method to predict the oil content in the grains, fitting a multivariate model through near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy analysis. The experiment was conducted in the field using a randomized block design in plots subdivided by time, with four plots (sowing dates), six subplots (canola hybrids), and four replicates. In each hybrid, phenological observations were performed, and the grain yield was determined. The data were subjected to analysis of variance in the R environment using the F test at 5% probability. The oil content in the grains was determined by the traditional chemical method, and based on the NIR spectral signature of the grain samples, partial least squares regression (PLS-R) was established to estimate the oil content in the canola grains. The sowing dates influenced the production components and oil content of the grains of all hybrids. The trait number of grains in five plants (0.6857) and their height (0.4943) had greater estimates of positive correlations with grain yield, as well as higher values of positive direct effects on yield (0.2494 and 0.1595, respectively). The NIR technique combined with PLS-R was able to predict the oil content in the grains, resulting in good predictive models (R2 of 0.86 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.56 in external validation).

Debaryomyces hansenii is considered an unconventional yeast with a strong biotechnological potential, which can produce and store high amounts of lipids. However, relatively little is known about its lipid metabolism, and genetic tools for this yeast have been limited. The aim of this study was to explore the fatty acid β-oxidation pathway in D. hansenii. To this end, we employed recently developed methods to generate multiple gene deletions and tag open reading frames with GFP in their chromosomal context in this yeast. We found that, similar as in other yeasts, the β-oxidation of fatty acids in D. hansenii was restricted to peroxisomes. We report a series of experiments in D. hansenii and the well-studied yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that show that the homeostasis of NAD+ in D. hansenii peroxisomes is dependent upon the peroxisomal membrane protein Pmp47 and two peroxisomal dehydrogenases, Mdh3 and Gpd1, which both export reducing equivalents produced during β-oxidation to the cytosol. Pmp47 is the first identified NAD+ carrier in yeast peroxisomes.

Jatropha curcas is a common species in Brazil, potentially being an option to produce oil for bioenergetic purposes. Around the world, J. curcas has been cultivated in areas of low fertility, in the presence of salts, and with the use of brackish groundwater. Salt stress can hinder the absorption of nutrients and allow entry of ions in toxic concentrations, affecting the development and productivity of plants. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of salinity on the gaseous exchange and the dynamics of some mineral nutrients in the leaves, stems and roots of J. curcas, subjected to two levels of NaCl (0 and 150 mM) in four genotypes: CNPAE183 (tolerant-like), JCAL171 (sensitive-like) and CNPAE133 and CNPAE266 (confused responses to tolerance). Salt treatment promotes a strong reduction in photosynthesis and plant height in all genotypes, although more drastic in CNPAE266 (77.5% and 70% respectively). Additionally, NaCl reduced the content of manganese, calcium, potassium and phosphorus in the leaves, elements linked to gas exchange. The salt-tolerant-like (CNPAE183) and salt-sensitive-like (JCAL171) transcriptome matched the applied sequences, with few chimeric sequences and novel transcripts with no similarities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the histological characteristics in the digestive and renal systems of lambs fed diets containing coconut by-product (CB). A total of 35 male lambs with an initial weight of 16.9 ± 2.93 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with five levels of CB in the diet (0; 4.8; 9.6; 14.4 and 19.2% in total dry matter). Samples of the liver, kidney, rumen, and intestine were histomorphometrically evaluated, and the data were submitted to regression analysis, at a 5% error probability. The inclusion of CB linearly decreased the dry matter intake and caused a quadratic effect for the height of ruminal papillae, absorption area, epithelium thickness, as well as for average daily gain. The inclusion of CB linearly increased the mucous layer and reduced the submucosal layer, as well as promoted a decrease in goblet cells in the small intestine. The inclusion of CB did not influence hepatic glycogen; additionally, the histopathological examination did not reveal liver damage or congestion, vacuolization, and necrosis of the renal tissue. Therefore, our results indicate that CB can be included in lambs diet up to the level of 7.2% without causing changes in the histomorphometry characteristics of the gastrointestinal tract and changes in liver and kidney tissue that compromise animal performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being difficult to regenerate and maintain the seeds, the oleaginous bottle gourd was investigated using nine agromorphological traits and 31 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Specifically, the study was conducted to determine the intra-specific variability of a total of 173 accessions, which were identified from five agro-ecological regions from Côte d'Ivoire (Centre, East, North and South). Then, the genetic diversity and relationships within accessions were studied using AFLP markers. This characterization using both morphological and AFLP markers was realized in order to ultimately build a reliable core collection. The discriminant analysis, using nine quantitative traits, reveals plant length and seeds number per fruit as discriminating characteristics. From the accessions used for the agromorphological study, 148 were able to be differentiated by the AFLP markers. A range of 52 to 113 bands were amplified per primer combination. As revealed by the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), 28% of the total variation resides among accessions and 72% occurs within populations. The AMOVA computed in order to differentiate cultivars, displayed the same trends when no prior grouping of accessions was considered. The differentiation within cultivar (97%) was more than that, among cultivars (3%). Tree topologies inferred by neighbour-joining analysis reflected no clear cut off grouping. To group accessions, we used a Bayesian clustering analysis which exhibited two clusters. Using the informativeness of the primer combinations analysed in the present study, an orientation was given for the choice of the accessions which would be used to build a core collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jatropha (Jatrophacurcas L.) is an oleaginous potential, howetever, some studies report that there is low genetic diversity in Brazilian genotypes. Estimating genetic diversity are the essential factors to ensure success in the management of genetic resources, planning and adoption of strategies for genetic breeding. The hypothesis of our study is: do Brazilian Jatropha breeding populations have sufficient genetic variability to select individuals within? The objective of this paper is to determine the genetic diversity of 573 genotypes of five populations of Jatropha curcas structured based on the characteristics of yield, resistance to powdery mildew and toxicity, using Single-nucleotide polymorphism molecular markers. The results shows moderate variability among the genotypes analyzed, confirming the initial hypothesis of this study. We recommended using a greater number of individuals per family rather than the number of families in breeding programs in order to exploit the greater variability within populations and hence obtain higher gains with selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the addition of increasing cottonseed cake contents in the diet. The diets were composed of corn silage (500 g kg− 1) and concentrate feed (500 g kg− 1) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The treatments consisted of the substitution of 0, 140, 280, and 420 g kg− 1 soybean meal to cottonseed cake in the DM of concentrate feed. Four rams of the Santa Inês breed, average age of 12 months and average weight of 27.77 ± 3.87 kg, were distributed in a Latin square design (4 × 4) in a split-split-plot design, with diets in the plots and as subplots were 5 days of collection and the collection times. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and regression at 5% probability. The soybean meal substitution contents by cottonseed cake in the concentrate increased linearly the pH (P = 0.019). Ruminal ammonia–nitrogen concentration decreased linearly by 0.0137 mg dL− 1 at each 10 g/kg of substitution and the time after feeding promoted the same effect (P < 0.001) decreased linearly by 0.6204 mg dL− 1 at each hour after feeding. There was an increased linearly of 0.0116 mmol mL− 1 at the concentration of propionic (P = 0.008) and a reduction of 0.0062 mmol mL− 1 at the concentration of butyric (P = 0.009) with cottonseed cake content; however, the substitution did not influence the others short-chain fatty acids. Replacement of soybean meal with cottonseed cake in the sheep feed did not significantly alter the blood parameters, promoting minor changes in the ruminal parameters mainly in the ruminal ammonia–nitrogen without affecting the animal’s health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out to optimize some culture conditions to increase lipid production from Yarrowia lipolytica B9 in crude glycerol-based medium. The experiments displayed that too high concentrations of ammonium sulfate, KH2PO4, and MgSO4 increased cell growth but inhibited lipid synthesis. In contrast, more synthesis of lipids was determined to be achived at high concentrations of NaCl. The optimum concentrations of glycerol, ammonium sulfate, KH2PO4, MgSO4, and NaCl for lipid synthesis were determined as 50, 3, 1.5, 1 and 5 g/L, respectively. The optimal incubation time for lipid synthesis was found to be 6 days. Lipid concentration of 2.69 g/L and lipid content of 60.1%, were reached under optimal culture conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the addition of increasing cottonseed cake contents in the diet. The diets were composed of corn silage (500 g kg−1) and concentrate feed (500 g kg−1) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The treatments consisted of the substitution of 0, 140, 280, and 420 g kg−1 soybean meal to cottonseed cake in the DM of concentrate feed. Four rams of the Santa Inês breed, average age of 12 months and average weight of 27.77 ± 3.87 kg, were distributed in a Latin square design (4 × 4) in a split-split-plot design, with diets in the plots and as subplots were 5 days of collection and the collection times. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and regression at 5% probability. The soybean meal substitution contents by cottonseed cake in the concentrate increased linearly the pH (P = 0.019). Ruminal ammonia–nitrogen concentration decreased linearly by 0.0137 mg dL−1 at each 10 g/kg of substitution and the time after feeding promoted the same effect (P < 0.001) decreased linearly by 0.6204 mg dL−1 at each hour after feeding. There was an increased linearly of 0.0116 mmol mL−1 at the concentration of propionic (P = 0.008) and a reduction of 0.0062 mmol mL−1 at the concentration of butyric (P = 0.009) with cottonseed cake content; however, the substitution did not influence the others short-chain fatty acids. Replacement of soybean meal with cottonseed cake in the sheep feed did not significantly alter the blood parameters, promoting minor changes in the ruminal parameters mainly in the ruminal ammonia–nitrogen without affecting the animal’s health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heterotrophic Crypthecodinium cohnii is a major model for dinoflagellate cell biology, and a major industrial producer of docosahexaenoic acid, a key nutraceutical and added pharmaceutical compound. Despite these factors, the family Crypthecodiniaceae is not fully described, which is partly attributable to their degenerative thecal plates, as well as the lack of ribotype-referred morphological description in many taxons. We report here significant genetic distances and phylogenetic cladding that support inter-specific variations within the Crypthecodiniaceae. We describe Crypthecodinium croucheri sp. nov. Kwok, Law and Wong, that have different genome sizes, ribotypes, and amplification fragment length polymorphism profiles when compared to the C. cohnii. The interspecific ribotypes were supported by distinctive truncation-insertion at the ITS regions that were conserved at intraspecific level. The long genetic distances between Crypthecodiniaceae and other dinoflagellate orders support the separation of the group, which includes related taxons with high oil content and degenerative thecal plates, to be ratified to the order level. The current study provides the basis for future specific demarcation-differentiation, which is an important facet in food safety, biosecurity, sustainable agriculture feeds, and biotechnology licensing of new oleaginous models.

Cultivating oleaginous organisms in non-sterile conditions can reduce the energy and cost of microbial oil production. Recent studies use strategies that enable non-sterile cultivation without affecting bioprocess productivity. This forum article discusses the trends, strategies, and prospects of non-sterile cultivation, as successful non-sterile cultivation could make microbial oil production economically viable., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The fixed oil from the inner mesocarp of Caryocar coriaceum Wittm. is used in the Chapada do Araripe region of Brazil for the treatment of genitourinary candidiasis. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition, antifungal activity, reduction of fungal virulence, and the preliminary toxicity of the fixed oil from the inner mesocarp of C. coriaceum tested against three Candida yeasts. The oil was characterized by gas chromatography (GC-MS and GC-FID). Antifungal activity was assessed using the serial microdilution method. Additionally, the potential of the oil as an enhancer of fluconazole action was tested at sub-inhibitory concentrations (MIC/8). The mechanism of action of C. coriaceum fixed oil was determined by evaluating the inhibition of morphological transition in Candida spp. The chemical composition of the fixed oil of C. coriaceum comprised both unsaturated and saturated fatty acids. Oleic (61 %) and palmitic (33 %) acids were the major constituents. Regarding its anti-Candida activity, the oil inhibited the growth of C. albicans (IC 50 : 371 μg/mL) and C. tropicalis (IC 50 : 830 μg/mL). Furthermore, the oil reversed the antifungal resistance of C. albicans and C. tropicalis, restoring the susceptibility to fluconazole and reducing their IC 50 from 12.33 μg/mL and 362 μg/mL to 0.22 μg/mL and 13.93 μg/mL, respectively. The fixed oil of C. coriaceum completely inhibited the morphological transition of C. albicans and C. tropicalis at a concentration of 512 μg/mL, but exhibited limited low antifungal potential against C. krusei. The observed antifungal activity may be attributed to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Additionally, the oil showed no toxic effect on the Drosophila melanogaster in vivo model. The fixed oil from the inner mesocarp of C. coriaceum emerge as a strong candidate for the development of new pharmaceutical formulations to treat infections caused by Candida spp., (© 2024 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.)