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The article provides an analysis of the persecution measures against the Roma in Nazi Germany, identifying what measures were taken and, in particular, what tragic consequences they led to on a practical level. The article comparatively analyzes various aspects of the persecution of Roma in Germany, and indeed throughout Europe, preceding the totalitarian seizure of power by the Nazis in 1933 and the emergence of Nazi Germany. The main focus is on identifying the stages of the persecution policy in Nazi Germany against Roma, as well as the chronology of the adoption of the persecution policy against Roma in Nazi Germany in 1933-1945. As a result, a turning point in the anti-Roma policy is identified and characterized, which included both the freezing of Roma mobility and the resettlement of Roma, as well as their deportation to Auschwitz-Birkenau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an analysis of the persecution measures against the Roma in Nazi Germany, identifying what measures were taken and, in particular, what tragic consequences they led to on a practical level. The article comparatively analyzes various aspects of the persecution of Roma in Germany, and indeed throughout Europe, preceding the totalitarian seizure of power by the Nazis in 1933 and the emergence of Nazi Germany. The main focus is on identifying the stages of the persecution policy in Nazi Germany against Roma, as well as the chronology of the adoption of the persecution policy against Roma in Nazi Germany in 1933-1945. As a result, a turning point in the anti-Roma policy is identified and characterized, which included both the freezing of Roma mobility and the resettlement of Roma, as well as their deportation to Auschwitz-Birkenau.

Initially a valedictory lecture, this essay discusses the question for which motives people joined the Christians in the second and third centuries. It analyzes the conversion accounts of Justin Martyr, Tatian the Assyrian, Clement of Alexandria, Gregory the Wonderworker, Cyprian of Carthage, and the story about Thecla of Iconium. Next, it pays attention to the role of simple preachers, the Roman persecutions, and especially the love and care that Christians displayed to both fellow-believers and non-Christian friends and neighbors during plagues. With reference to Cyprian of Carthage and Dionysius of Alexandria and in agreement with Rodney Stark it is argued that someone who was supported was more likely to survive the pandemic than those who were abandoned by their relatives and friends. It is likely that therefore such non-Christians have converted thanks to their experiences with Christians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence and emergence of Neo-Protestant cults on Romanian territory beginning with 19th aroused several reactions both from traditional churches and from civil authorities. The attitude towards the "newcomers" was different, taking various forms of manifestation. These reactions varied in intensity: from opposition to persecution. They also differed from one territory to another. The authorities (civil and religious) have acted independently of each other and in synergy. Most often the association was led by the pressure from the religious authority towards the political authority. These reactions also produced several effects among the modern religious movements. This presentation will show some of them. It is also worth emphasizing the attitude of civil society where it existed and was preserved in historical sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract - It is known that the hostile attitude of Marcus Aurelius towards Christianity has even an autograph attestation in a famous fragment of Marc. Aur. Τὰ εἰς ἑαυτόν 11.3, based on this testimony the princeps philosophus, on the one hand reproached the Christians for their lack of reasonableness, on the other the obstinate theatricality with which they faced martyrdom. At the end of an analysis aimed at retracing the testimonies of the acts of the Martyrs, apologists and historians and writers, it was decided to 'drop' the individual episodes attributable to the twenty years of the Aurelian principality in the broader context of administrative and legislative reforms of the princeps . What emerged was the absence of an ad hoc regulatory provision and more generally a hostile attitude of administrators and officials, which also reflected a hostility of the ‘intellighenzia’ of the time. In essence, more elements, local – such as the gladiator shows – and global, such as the plague and religious and normative conservatism, as well as the administrative reorganization, contributed, perhaps beyond an ill-concealed antipathy of the princeps, conservative both in the legislative and in the religious one, to create unfavorable conditions for Christians, during the Aurelian age.

The paper analyzes two legal cases - the case of SVU (1929-1930) and the case concerning KGB’s operation “Block”. The similarity of two cases is emphasized in the aspect of the prosecution’s direction (against the ukrainian intellectuals) and also the manipulation of social opinion of the world’s society by soviet security services is shown. The cases are similar though not identical. The main difference lies in the methods chosen by chekists for each of the cases. “Block” was aimed first of all at stopping any creative and legal activity of the Ukrainian dissidents of the “sixties” generation while SVU was more about manipulation of the society’s opinion about the opposition in the USSR. These differences and similarities are analyzed as well as cultural and political consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The period of the Crusades has often been considered as an epoch of eschatological fervor for the Christians who participated to this enterprise, a mission that aimed to reconquer the holy places from the Muslims. Such a zeal, however, did not affect only Christians, but also the Jewish communities that lived in Europe, in the Byzantine empire and in the Holy Land. This paper focuses on the Jewish literary production during the Crusades, aiming to demonstrate that the eschatological texts were functional in order to explain persecutions, battles, clash of civilizations and religions. These happenings were interpreted as events anticipating the final era, the time of the advent of the Messiah(s) who would gather the exiles, redeem the Jewish people, reconquer Jerusalem and restore the supremacy of Israel. In other words, this period of crisis was understood as a sequence of events that were part of a divine plan leading to the redemption of Israel. The texts that are taken in consideration are Aggadat Mašiah, The Prayer of R. Šim'on b. Yoh'ai and 'Otot ha- Mašiah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Besides the Greek majority who populated Smyrna, there were also Turks, Armenians, French, English and Italian minorities in city. Less known was that a mixture of these groups produced a new section of the population: the Levantines. This Dutch colony, comprised of only a few hundred people, was mostly inhabited by Levantines. The acting Dutch consul-general, Arnold Th. Lamping, was an eyewitness of the unfolding catastrophe of the retreat of the Greeks and the carnage inflicted on the Armenian-inhabited neighborhood of Haynots. He witnessed the looting, raping and murder of Christians in Smyrna. Lamping tried to save the Dutch Levantines with the assistance of Captain Wijdekop of the SS Deucalion, who also managed to save Armenian refugees in his ship. Dutch National Archives yield several pictures of the Dutch cemetery currently populated with Dutch Levantines, which was violated and plundered much like the other Christian cemeteries in Smyrna. Finally, Lamping proved with his reports that the film documenting the entry of the Turkish troops was a falsification of history by the Turkish authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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