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Background: The acute and chronic pancreatitis (CP) can lead to severe complications like walled-off necrosis, large symptomatic pseudocyst or multiorgan failure. The treatment of these complications is multivariate and can differ from conservative, symptomatic treatment or minimal-invasive, endoscopic transgastral stenting to transgastral necrosectomy. Objectives: This study aims to analyse the clinical course for patients that develop local complications of severe pancreatitis. Design: This is a retrospective observational single-centre study on 46 patients with severe pancreatitis. Methods: In this retrospective single-centre study, 46 out of 474 inpatients from January 2014 to December 2020, who were treated because of an acute or CP, developed acute pancreatitis complications and could be included. We analysed and compared the clinical course of different treatments (lumen apposing metal stents, transgastral double pigtail stent, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, operation, conservative treatment) and different complications (walled-off necrosis (WON), pancreatic pseudocyst (PPC)). Results: Forty-six patients developed an acute complication due to severe pancreatitis. Twenty-seven patients developed a WON, while 19 patients suffered from PPC. 48% of the whole cohort had an alcoholic aetiology of pancreatitis. 78% were treated with antibiotics, 48% suffered from infected pancreatitis and 22% needed intensive care treatment. WON patients more often had a longer hospitalization of more than 21 days. PPC patients were correlated with an alcoholic aetiology, whereas WON patients were inversely correlated with an alcoholic aetiology. Increased lactate dehydrogenase, lipase, and C-reactive protein levels as well as leucocyte count could be associated with a higher probability to exhibit a WON instead of another local complication. The mortality rate was low with 7% in our study. Conclusion: WON and PPC differ in certain patients and laboratory characteristics such as aetiology, elevated laboratory values, antibiotic treatment or the duration of hospitalization. Invasive treatment is not required in all severe pancreatitis cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic or peri pancreatic collections are the most frequent complication of acute pancreatitis. To make the difference between acute edematous and necrotic pancreatitis is crucial to choose the optimal therapeutic approach. Since the Atlanta classification, the different types of collections are well defined. During the first 4 weeks after acute pancreatitis onset, the pancreatic fluid collections (no clear wall, frequently related to an acute edematous pancreatitis with a spontaneously good evolution in most cases) and acute necrotic collections (with a variable solid component and frequently related to an acute necrotic pancreatitis) have been described. After 4 weeks, pancreatic pseudocysts (well-defined liquid collection with no solid component) and Walled-Off Necrosis (or WON, a capsulated collection with solid component) can be found. In 50% of cases, pancreatic collections (pseudocyst or WON) spontaneously disappear, without the need for drainage. Morphological follow-up is therefore recommended. Only symptomatic collections presenting with compression of a neighboring organ (stomach, duodenum, biliary tract), or infection of necrosis need drainage. Endoscopic route should be preferred if they are accessible. The modalities of drainage are based on a minimally invasive approach (called "step-up") as follows: cystostomy under endoscopic ultrasound guidance by metal (lumen-apposing metal stents) or plastic stents (double pigtail design), combined with endoscopic necrosectomy if necessary. Radiological and/or surgical drainage are sometimes necessary, particularly for collections not accessible by endoscopy (parieto-colic gutter, pelvis). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 34-year-old alcoholic male presented to our outpatient department with a complaint of persistent epigastric pain, radiating to the back with a swelling in the upper abdomen. He had 2 similar episodes in the past for which he was conservatively managed along the lines of acute pancreatitis. Now on physical examination, the patient had a massive lump in the upper abdomen reaching below the umbilicus. Examination findings were confirmed by computed tomography - abdomen (Plain and Contrast), two 13×10×09 cm and 9×8×7.8 cm, cystic lesions (Noncommunicating) were seen abutting the posterior wall of the stomach and into each other, suggestive of mature pseudocysts of the pancreas. The patient was admitted and after necessary investigations, surgical cystogastrostomy was done for the lower pseudocyst and cystocystostomy for the upper pseudocyst. The patient was discharged 5 days later with no complications. This case shows that multiple pseudocysts, a relatively rare complication of acute pancreatitis, are one of the differentials of acute abdomen. The treatment is a therapeutic challenge that depends on location, size, number as well as their relation to one another. Good drainage prevents resection procedures and further complications (exocrine and endocrine insufficiency). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intramural gastric pseudocysts are extremely rare and are often associated with pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocysts; they can lead to complex clinical presentations requiring careful diagnosis and management. We present a case of a 57-year-old man with a history of pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocysts who was diagnosed with intramural gastric pseudocysts. The patient was diagnosed with multiple gastric intramural pseudocysts at different locations during separate admissions and imaging studies. This indicates a recurrence of gastric intramural pseudocysts. In these cases, studies rarely discuss recurrence and its underlying causes. This highlights a significant gap in the existing literature.To provide a broader understanding, we reviewed the literature by searching major databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) and then extracted and analyzed data from 18 articles, reaching 24 similar cases. Of the 25 patients studied (including our case), 92% were male and 8% were female. Cases had a mean age of 47.68 ± 14.82 years. Additionally, 84% of the patients had a history of alcohol consumption, and 88% had a positive history of pancreatitis. Common symptoms were abdominal pain (especially in the epigastric region), vomiting, nausea, and weight loss. In conclusion, results showed that intramural gastric pseudocysts generally occur in middle-aged men with a history of chronic or heavy alcohol consumption and pancreatitis.

A 34-year-old alcoholic male presented to our outpatient department with a complaint of persistent epigastric pain, radiating to the back with a swelling in the upper abdomen. He had 2 similar episodes in the past for which he was conservatively managed along the lines of acute pancreatitis. Now on physical examination, the patient had a massive lump in the upper abdomen reaching below the umbilicus. Examination findings were confirmed by computed tomography - abdomen (Plain and Contrast), two 13×10×09 cm and 9×8×7.8 cm, cystic lesions (Noncommunicating) were seen abutting the posterior wall of the stomach and into each other, suggestive of mature pseudocysts of the pancreas. The patient was admitted and after necessary investigations, surgical cystogastrostomy was done for the lower pseudocyst and cystocystostomy for the upper pseudocyst. The patient was discharged 5 days later with no complications. This case shows that multiple pseudocysts, a relatively rare complication of acute pancreatitis, are one of the differentials of acute abdomen. The treatment is a therapeutic challenge that depends on location, size, number as well as their relation to one another. Good drainage prevents resection procedures and further complications (exocrine and endocrine insufficiency).

Pseudolesions in bone and muscle are encountered mostly incidentally in routine imaging studies, especially due to the recent advancements on many different imaging modalities. These lesions can be categorized into the following categories: normal variants; congenital; iatrogenic; degenerative; and postoperative. In this review, we discuss the many different radiological characteristics of musculoskeletal pseudolesions that appear on imaging, which can prevent non-essential additional studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In most reported cases, pancreatic pseudocysts are the most commonly reported cases and mostly occur in adults. Idiopathic non-pancreatic pseudocyst is rarely reported among children. We are reporting a rare case of retroperitoneal pseudocyst in a 6-year-old male with a 4-week history of abdominal swelling. He had asymmetrical abdominal distention on the right lumber and iliac regions with a smooth surface measuring 12 × 22 cm in its largest dimension. CT scan showed a mesenteric cyst, ipsilateral hydronephrosis, and intrahepatic duct dilatations. Intraoperatively, a retroperitoneal cystic mass was completely excised histologically confirmed pseudocyst. The patient was discharged home after fully recovery after 4 days of surgery. Surgical interventions remain to be the stay management of retroperitoneal pseudocysts with an earlier full recovery. Open surgical technique remains to be a preferred approach, especially for the large and complex retroperitoneal cysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Ventriculo-peritoneal shunt is the gold standard for non-obstructive hydrocephalus. Despite advances in material, infection prevention, and valve technologies, failure can still occur. The aim of this article is to present a comprehensive study based on the experience of a reference center in pediatric neurosurgery in Rio de Janeiro with the use of the ventriculo-gallbladder shunt as an alternative to peritoneal failure. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted from January 2018 to December 2023 of patients diagnosed with cerebrospinal fluid shunt dysfunction due to peritoneal failure and submitted to ventriculo-gallbladder shunt as an alternative in a reference center of Rio de Janeiro. Results: From 2018 to 2023, 18 peritoneal failures were diagnosed. Among them, 10 patients (55.5%) were selected for ventriculo-gallbladder shunt (VGS). Different causes were responsible for the hydrocephalus in these patients. VGS was placed at a mean age of 35.4 months. Four patients had temporary complications: 2 self-limited diarrheas in the first month and 2 shunt infections. After the resolution of the infection, a new VGS was placed successfully. The average follow-up was 18.8 months (follow-up 9–68 months) without further issues. Conclusion: VGS is a viable option for patients facing peritoneal failure. This paper provides valuable insights into the surgical technique and outcomes associated with this alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Non-pancreatic pseudocysts are rare lesions that typically form from the omentum and mesentery. These cysts have a thick fibrotic wall made up of fibrous tissue and may show signs of calcifications and inflammatory changes. The fluid inside them can vary, ranging from hemorrhage and pus to serous or sometimes chylous content. In most cases, these cysts appear as a result of trauma, surgery, or infection. Case presentation A 35-year-old male patient from Ethiopia presented with swelling in his lower abdomen that had been present for 2 years. Initially, the swelling was small but gradually increased in size. The patient experienced frequent urination but no pain or difficulty during urination, urgency, intermittent urination, or blood in the urine. The swelling was initially painless but became painful 2 months prior to his presentation. Abdominal computed tomography scans revealed a well-defined, lobulated peritoneal lesion measuring 16 × 12 × 10 cm, consisting primarily of fluid-filled cysts with a thick, enhancing wall and septa. Additionally, there was a large, heterogeneous enhancing soft tissue component measuring 8 × 6 cm. As a result, the cystic mass was surgically removed in its entirety with partial removal of the bladder wall, and the patient was discharged in an improved condition. Conclusion Primary non-pancreatic pseudocysts are extremely rare lesions that must be differentiated from other possible causes of cystic lesions within the peritoneal or retroperitoneal regions. Surgeons should be aware of the potential occurrence of these lesions, which may have an unknown origin.

Michael Teklehaimanot Abera,1 Henok Dessalegn Damtew,1 Yodit Abraham Yaynishet,1 Amanuel Yegnanew Adela1– 3 1Department of Radiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2Department of Radiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 3Ethiopian Federal Police Commission Referral Hospital, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Michael Teklehaimanot Abera, Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Radiology, P.O. Box 9080, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Email michael.thaimanot@aau.edu.et; th.miki8441@gmail.comAbstract: Pancreatic pseudocysts are benign lesions that typically originate within the pancreatic parenchyma, or peripancreatic tissue. They commonly occur following recurrent episodes of pancreatitis or trauma. In this article, we present a case of a giant pancreatic pseudocyst with unusual trans-spatial extensions and spontaneous size decrement in a 40-year-old male patient with a history of alcohol abuse. He presented with chronic epigastric pain, and a physical examination showed only mild abdominal tenderness. Initial computed tomography showed a giant (18.4cm in its largest axis) pancreatic pseudocyst with left subdiaphragmatic and gastrohepatic extensions and concurrent splenic cysts. On follow-up ultrasound, the pseudocyst showed a significant spontaneous size decrement to less than half of its initial size. The giant size and trans-spatial characteristics of the pseudocyst, along with a relatively benign symptomatology and subsequent spontaneous shrinkage, constitute unique aspects of this case.Keywords: pseudocyst, giant pseudocyst, pancreatitis, multiplanar CT, spontaneous drainage

(1) Background: Alcohol consumption is one of the main causes of acute pancreatitis. (2) Material and Methods: In this unicentric retrospective cohort study, we selected 1855 patients from the Bucharest Acute Pancreatitis Index (BUC-API) who presented with acute pancreatitis. We investigated correlations between Alcoholic Acute Pancreatitis (AAP) and the rate of complications, cost, length of hospitalization and rate of recurrence. (3) Results: We found a moderately strong association between AAP and recurrence (p < 0.01) and observed that the disease is likelier to evolve with pseudocysts and walled-off necrosis than other forms of AP. Patients with AAP are less likely to have a morphologically normal pancreas than patients suffering from AP of other causes (p < 0.01), but a low probability of requiring intensive care unit admission (p < 0.01) significantly lowers daily cost (Md = 154.7 EUR compared to Md = 204.4 EUR) (p < 0.01). (4) Conclusions: This study's data show that patients with AAP have a greater rate of pseudocyst occurrence, lower intensive care unit admittance rate and lower cost of hospitalization than patients with AP of other causes. Typical Sketch: A middle-aged male tobacco smoker with recurrent AP, lower risk of in-hospital mortality and complications such as pseudocysts; treated in a gastroenterological ward and discharged at-will. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: Fibrin-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (FA-DLBCL) is frequently associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and manifests as non-massforming microscopic lesions within fibrin-rich lesions. Herein, we describe the cytological features of FA-DLBCL. Case Report: A 72-year-old man presented with a large retroperitoneal cystic mass that was treated by cyst aspiration and laparoscopic excision. Individually dispersed large, atypical cells in a necrotic background contained scant cytoplasm and hyperchromatic nuclei with irregular nuclear contours, frequent karyorrhectic debris, and mitotic figures. A fibrinous exudate with necrotic material attached to the inner surface of the cystic mass contained large, atypical cells that were individually scattered or arranged in small clusters. These were positive for cluster of differentiation 20 and Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNA in situ hybridization. Conclusion: We cytologically characterized FA-DLBCL as large, atypical cells that were individually scattered or arranged in small clusters in a necrotic background. To the best of our knowledge, we revealed the cytological features of FA-DLBCL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Non-pancreatic pseudocysts are rare lesions that typically form from the omentum and mesentery. These cysts have a thick fibrotic wall made up of fibrous tissue and may show signs of calcifications and inflammatory changes. The fluid inside them can vary, ranging from hemorrhage and pus to serous or sometimes chylous content. In most cases, these cysts appear as a result of trauma, surgery, or infection. Case presentation: A 35-year-old male patient from Ethiopia presented with swelling in his lower abdomen that had been present for 2 years. Initially, the swelling was small but gradually increased in size. The patient experienced frequent urination but no pain or difficulty during urination, urgency, intermittent urination, or blood in the urine. The swelling was initially painless but became painful 2 months prior to his presentation. Abdominal computed tomography scans revealed a well-defined, lobulated peritoneal lesion measuring 16 × 12 × 10 cm, consisting primarily of fluid-filled cysts with a thick, enhancing wall and septa. Additionally, there was a large, heterogeneous enhancing soft tissue component measuring 8 × 6 cm. As a result, the cystic mass was surgically removed in its entirety with partial removal of the bladder wall, and the patient was discharged in an improved condition. Conclusion: Primary non-pancreatic pseudocysts are extremely rare lesions that must be differentiated from other possible causes of cystic lesions within the peritoneal or retroperitoneal regions. Surgeons should be aware of the potential occurrence of these lesions, which may have an unknown origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autoimmune pancreatitis is a sub-type of chronic pancreatitis. It has 2 further types; type I and II. Type I is associated with IgG4 disease. We describe a case of chronic pancreatitis that ultimately turned out to be IgG4 disease. A 45-year-old female with no co-morbidities presented on 18th November 2022 with epigastric pain, left hypochondrium pain, vomiting, and fever for 5 days. She had previously been admitted twice to the hospital with similar complaints and was diagnosed with acute pancreatitis. Examination revealed tenderness in the epigastrium and left hypochondrium; Laboratory investigations revealed serum Lipase 405 U/L, serum Amylase; 178 U/L, Lipid profile. cholesterol; 242 mg/dL triglycerides; 218 mg/dL HDL; 42 mg/dL LDL; 169 mg/dL. HbA1c; 9.53%. and IgG4 level; 1657mg/liter. CT abdomen with pancreatic protocol showed a cystic lesion in the body and tail of the pancreas suggestive of an infected pseudocyst or localized acute pancreatitis. The patient was diagnosed with type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis and a multidisciplinary team (MDT) was taken on board for further management. The patient was not deemed appropriate for percutaneous or endoscopic drainage of the pseudocyst. She therefore underwent distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy. The biopsy showed features favoring mucinous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas with no evidence of malignancy. On immunohistochemical stains, the reactivity pattern was positive for ER, inhibin, and CD 10 which highlighted the ovarian stroma and cytokeratin. The patient was discharged on 25th November 2022 on supportive treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs) including pancreatic pseudocyst (PP) and walled-off necrosis (WON) are complications after acute pancreatitis. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS) placement to manage PFCs. Between June 2019 and May 2023, patients with symptomatic PFCs who underwent EUS-guided electrocautery-enhanced LAMS drainage were enrolled retrospectively from eight tertiary centers in Taiwan. In total, 33 [14 (42.42%) PP and 19 (57.58%) WON] patients were enrolled. Gallstones (27.27%) and abdominal pain (72.73%) were the most common etiology and indication for drainage. The technical and clinical success rates were 100% and 96.97%, respectively, and the mean procedure time was 30.55 (± 16.17) min. Complications included one (3.03%) case of self-limited bleeding; there were no cases of mortality. Seven (21.21%) patients had recurrence. Patients with disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome (DPDS) had a higher recurrence rate than those without (71.43% vs. 38.46%, p = 0.05). After replacing LAMSs with transmural double-pigtail plastic stents (DPSs) in the DPDS patients, the DPS migration rate was higher in the patients with recurrence (100% vs. 33.33%, p = 0.04). In conclusion, drainage of symptomatic PFCs with EUS-guided electrocautery-enhanced LAMS appears to be efficient and safe. Replacing LAMSs with DPSs in DPDS patients was associated with a lower recurrence rate.

Walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN) is a local complication of acute necrotizing pancreatitis frequently requiring intervention. Treatment is typically through the coordinated efforts of a multidisciplinary team. Current management guidelines recommend a step-up approach beginning with minimally invasive techniques (percutaneous or transmural endoscopic drainage) followed by escalation to more invasive procedures if needed. Although the step-up approach is an evidence-based treatment paradigm for management of pancreatic fluid collections, it lacks guidance regarding optimal invasive technique selection based on the anatomic characteristics of pancreatic fluid collections. Similarly, existing cross-sectional imaging-based classification systems of pancreatic fluid collections have been used to predict disease severity and prognosis; however, none of these systems are designed to guide intervention. We propose a novel classification system which incorporates anatomic characteristics of pancreatic fluid collections (location and presence of disconnected pancreatic duct) to guide intervention selection and clinical decision making. We believe adoption of this simple classification system will help streamline treatment algorithms and facilitate cross-study comparisons for pancreatic fluid collections.

Auto-immune pancreatitis (AIP) is a rare benign disease commonly presented with painless obstructive jaundice and biliary obstruction with rare complications like pseudocyst. We present a case series of two patients of AIP with unusual presentations; one case presented with periorbital swelling, jaundice, and pseudocyst, and the other case presented with abdominal pain and biliary obstruction without jaundice; both showed good response with steroids.

Undetermined pancreatic cystic lesion (PCL) differentiation benefits from endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) based on morphology and cyst fluid analysis, but room for new biomarkers exists. Our aim was to assess the intracystic and serum diagnostic value of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (Ngal) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) for differentiation of PCLs. This prospective study included patients from one tertiary hospital, evaluated between April 2018 and May 2020. EUS fine-needle aspiration or pancreatic pseudocysts drainage was the source of PCL intracystic liquid. The final diagnosis was based on surgery or EUS results (morphology, cytology, glucose, and CEA—carcinoembryogenic antigen). The intracystic samples were tested for Ngal, IL-1β, glucose, and CEA, and serum for Ngal and IL-1β. We evaluated 63 cysts, 33 pseudocysts, and 30 non-inflammatory cysts. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for mucinous PCL was 70.8% and 92.3% for intracystic Ngal (cut-off: 500–800 ng/dL), without correlation with serum Ngal, no matter the inclusion of infected pseudocysts. After exclusion of infected pseudocysts, the sensitivity and specificity for glucose were 87% and 75%, respectively, and for CEA, they were 87.1%, and 96.8%, respectively. Intracystic Ngal shows promise in differentiating mucinous PCLs, but researchers need to conduct further studies to confirm its effectiveness. Intracystic IL-1β and serum Ngal made no diagnostic contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Umbilical cord cysts (UCCs)—cysts located in the umbilical cord that are derived from an abnormal embryonic development process—are typically an incidental discovery during prenatal ultrasound. It can be described as either a pseudocyst or a true UCC, which results from focal edema or degeneration of Wharton jelly or the remnants of embryonic development, respectively. Due to the relative rarity of the UCC, the clinical guidance of UCCs is not yet available. Herein, the aim of this paper is to discuss the classification, diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical management of UCCs through a literature review, in order to improve the understanding of UCCs among clinical obstetricians and pediatricians. Synopsis: The classification, diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical management of UCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Auto-immune pancreatitis (AIP) is a rare benign disease commonly presented with painless obstructive jaundice and biliary obstruction with rare complications like pseudocyst. We present a case series of two patients of AIP with unusual presentations; one case presented with periorbital swelling, jaundice, and pseudocyst, and the other case presented with abdominal pain and biliary obstruction without jaundice; both showed good response with steroids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since the first surgical internal drainage in 1921, surgery remained until recently the cornerstone in the management of PP. Pancreatic pseudocysts may arise as a complication of either acute or chronic pancreatitis. The evolving landscape of pseudocyst comprehension can be attributed to the progress in radiology and the advent of novel treatment approaches. This research aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics, etiology, and diverse management strategies employed for pseudocysts within a tertiary care hospital setting. Materials and Methods:This is a prospective study involving 82 adult patients conducted over a span of one year, in the Department of surgery, Government Medical College, Orai, Jalaun, India. Results and Observations: Pseudocysts exhibit a higher prevalence in males, with alcohol identified as the most common associated etiology. Initial radiological assessments consisted of ultrasound, followed by contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) of the abdomen for all patients. Complications linked to pseudocysts included gastric outlet obstruction and ascites. Internal drainage emerged as the predominant intervention. Post-drainage complications, notably infections, were addressed through antibiotic therapy, with endoscopic drainage implemented in cases of recurrence. Pain emerged as a significant post-operative issue. The preference for endoscopic drainage is growing, given its less invasive nature, higher long-term success rate, shorter hospital stay, and enhanced patient comfort. Conclusion: Notably, pseudocysts exhibit a higher prevalence in males than females, with a concentration in the age group of 21-30 years, followed by individuals aged between 31-40 years. Management of PPs has evolved over the years, from an aggressive approach, to a more conservative management. Pancreatic pseudocysts predominantly afflict males, often associated with alcoholism. The clinical presentation varies, with abdominal pain being the most prevalent grievance, followed by nausea and vomiting. Initial intervention involves supportive care, but persistent symptoms and complications may necessitate surgical drainage, the most frequently employed management approach. Emerging treatment modalities, such as endoscopic interventions, offer distinct advantages, including reduced pain, shorter hospital stays, and lower recurrence rates. Management of PPs has evolved over the years, from an aggressive approach, to a more conservative management. In cases of symptomatic or complicated pseudocysts, a plethora of techniques and types of drainage can lead to almost 100% primary and overall success of pseudocyst drainage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Well-defined, faintly radiopaque lesions are occasionally observed in the antrum of the maxillary sinus in asymptomatic patients during maxillary sinus floor elevation. These lesions are treated as antral pseudocysts (AP) based on the clinical diagnosis in some cases, and maxillary sinus floor elevation is performed without enucleating these lesions. However, further surgery is required after implant placement if the lesion is a mucocele, odontogenic cyst, or tumour. This comprehensive clinical review aimed to identify an appropriate approach for maxillary sinus floor elevation in patients with well-defined, faintly radiopaque lesions in the antrum based on our clinical experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Splenic cysts are rare benign lesions of the spleen, often asymptomatic and incidentally discovered during imaging studies. While many splenic cysts remain asymptomatic and do not require intervention, surgical management becomes essential in cases of symptomatic cysts, large cysts, or when malignancy cannot be ruled out. Laparoscopic surgery has emerged as a minimally invasive and effective approach for treating splenic cysts, offering advantages such as shorter hospital stays, reduced postoperative pain, and faster recovery. In this case report, we describe our experience with laparoscopic surgery for a symptomatic splenic cyst in a young patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Although microlaryngoscopy has been recognized to be effective in addressing lesions in vocal performers, no detailed information regarding return to performance (RTP) following surgery exists. We describe our experience and offer proposals to establish standardized criteria for RTP among vocal performers. Methods: Records for adult vocalists who underwent microlaryngoscopy for benign vocal fold (VF) lesions and had a clearly documented RTP date between 2006 and 2022 were reviewed. Patient demographics, diagnoses, interventions, and postsurgical care before and after RTP were described. The need for medical and procedural interventions and rate of reinjury were used to determine the success of RTP. Results: Sixty‐nine vocal performers (average age: 32.8 years, 41 [59.4%] female, 61 [88.4%] musical theater) underwent surgery for 37 (53.6%) pseudocysts, 25 (36.2%) polyps, 5 (7.2%) cysts, 1 (1.4%) varix, and 1 (1.4%) mucosal bridge. Fifty‐seven (82.6%) underwent voice therapy. The average time to RTP was 65.0 ± 29.8 days. Prior to RTP, six (8.7%) experienced VF edema requiring oral steroids and one (1.4%) underwent a VF steroid injection. Within 6 months following RTP, eight (11.6%) received oral steroids for edema and three underwent procedural interventions (two steroid injections for edema/stiffness, one injection augmentation for paresis). One patient experienced pseudocyst recurrence. Conclusions: Return to vocal performance at an average of 2 months following microlaryngoscopy for benign lesions appears overwhelmingly successful, with low rates of need for additional intervention. There is a need for validated instruments to better measure performance fitness to refine and possibly accelerate RTP. Level of Evidence: 4 Laryngoscope, 134:329–334, 2024 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blunt pancreatic injury (BPI) is relatively uncommon in children, and is associated with relatively high morbidity and mortality, especially if diagnosis is delayed. The aim of this report is to review the literature regarding controversial questions in the early diagnosis and management of pediatric BPI. A representative case of blunt pancreatic trauma in a six-year-old girl with delayed diagnosis and intraoperative and postoperative complications was described. A systematic search of databases and the grey literature in Scopus and Web of Science using relevant keywords was conducted. A total of 26 relevant articles published in last 5 years were found in PubMed. Although early CT performance is considered part of initial pancreatic trauma workup, the sensitivity of CT for detecting main pancreatic duct injuries in children is relatively low. MRCP and ERCP (if available) are useful for assessing ductal injury and should be performed when the status of the pancreatic duct is unclear on the CT. Most patients with low-grade pancreatic damage may be treated conservatively. Although surgery involving distal pancreatectomy remains the preferred approach for most children with high-grade pancreatic injury, there is growing evidence to suggest that non-operative management (NOM) is safe and effective. Most pancreatic pseudo cysts following NOM had relatively mild complications, and most resolved spontaneously. For those children who do require surgery, a conservative operative approach with the least risk is advocated. In conclusion, the optimal management for pediatric pancreatic trauma is controversial. Further clinical trials are required to generate clinical practice guidelines on pancreatic trauma in a child population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paediatric chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a rare and debilitating pathology that often requires invasive diagnostics and therapeutic interventions either to address a primary cause such as a pancreaticobiliary malunion or to deal with secondary complications such as chronic pain. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) are two endoscopic modalities that have an established diagnostic role in paediatric CP, and their therapeutic utilisation is increasing in popularity. Surgical decompression of the obstructed and dilated pancreatic duct plays a role in alleviating pancreatic duct hypertension, a common association in CP. Surgery equally has a role in certain anatomical abnormalities of the pancreaticobiliary draining system, or occasionally in some CP complications such as drainage of a symptomatic pancreatic pseudocyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Perforation is a rare but fatal complication of pancreatic pseudocysts. It is generally diagnosed by computed tomography imaging with hemorrhagic ascites and pneumoperitoneum. Traditionally, surgery was the mainstream for treating this critical state. Recently, alternative therapies have also been deemed useful. Herein, we describe the case of a 54‐year‐old with perforation of pancreatic pseudocyst which was confirmed by endoscopy, and managed by endoscopic and percutaneous drainage. The patient was initially referred to our hospital for treatment of a pancreatic pseudocyst with hemorrhagic ascites and underwent endoscopic ultrasonographic‐guided stent placement. The next day, imaging demonstrated pneumoperitoneum and worsening ascites consistent with perforation, and the patient was treated conservatively. One week later, the patient developed severe abdominal pain. Endoscopy showed a large perforation site inside the pseudocyst connected to a large fluid collection and direct visualization inside the pseudocyst and fluid collection. The fluid collection was treated with percutaneous drainage, and the patient was discharged one week later with no complications.

Tracheal pseudocysts are rare benign lesions that can affect individuals of all age groups. In this report, we present a case of tracheal pseudocyst that, to the best of our knowledge, has not been previously reported. A 63-year-old female presented with stridor caused by a cystic mass involving the trachea. The patient underwent cystectomy, and histopathological examination confirmed the presence of a tracheal pseudocyst. Subsequent regular follow-up examinations revealed no recurrence of the lesion.

A 42-year-old woman reported to the outpatient department with the chief complaint of intermittent, sharp, radiating pain in the lower left back tooth region for the past five days which aggravated on mastication and reduced on medication. Medical history was non significant and dental history revealed that the patient underwent extractions five years before. On clinical examination, no extraoral abnormalities were detected [Table/Fig-1]. Intraoral examination revealed decayed 27, 36, 47 teeth, missing 46,31,32, and tenderness on percussion in relation to 37,38. There was generalised gingival attachment loss and mobility in relation to 37,22,16,41,42 [Table/ Fig-2]. On further examination, a localised swelling was evident on the alveolar mucosa in relation to 37 and 38, measuring approximately 1×2 mm with a smooth surface and irregular margins. No discharge was present. On palpation, the swelling was tender with no pus discharge. No bony expansion was appreciated [Table/Fig-3]. A provisional diagnosis of dental caries with a periapical abscess in relation to 37, 38 was given.

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients have a high prevalence of coronary artery disease, and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is one of the essential treatments. ESRD patients undergoing CABG surgery have an increased risk of postoperative complications, including acute pancreatitis. Here, we present the unique case of an exceptionally large pancreatic pseudocyst caused by pancreatitis in an ESRD patient after CABG surgery. A 45-year-old male with ESRD under maintenance hemodialysis received CABG surgery for significant coronary artery disease. Two weeks later, he experienced worsening abdominal pain and a palpable mass was noticed in the epigastric region. Computer tomography revealed an unusually large pseudocyst measuring 21 × 17 cm in the retroperitoneum due to necrotizing pancreatitis. The patient underwent percutaneous cystic drainage, and the symptoms were significantly improved without surgical intervention. Factors such as prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time, postoperative hypotension, and intradialytic hypotension appeared to have contributed to the development of severe pancreatitis in this case. This report highlights the rarity of a giant pancreatic pseudocyst in an ESRD patient after CABG surgery and emphasizes the importance of vigilant postoperative care.

Objective: The relevance of nonparasitic cysts of the liver (NPCL) is related to their steadily increasing incidence, high recurrence rates, delayed diagnosis, and potential complications. In general, hepatic cysts (HCs) are classified into several types, including simple and complex, false and true. Simple cysts are mainly congenital but also occur in polycystic liver disease. Complex cysts include mucinous neoplasms, echinococcal cysts, hemorrhagic cysts, cystic hepatocellular carcinoma, and other rare lesions. Nonparasitic cystic liver lesions do not usually cause symptoms, and their characteristics are not specific. In 15% of cases, nonspecific signs (flatulence, nausea, dyspepsia) accompany pain. Diagnosis of NPCL is based on data from ultrasound, CT, or MRI of the abdominal organs. There still needs to be a consensus on surgical treatment indications or the effectiveness and feasibility of its various methods. Many surgical interventions for NPCL treatment include puncture drainage, multiple minimally invasive (laparoscopic) surgery options, and open methods. In clinical practice, laparoscopic fenestration, associated with fewer complications and faster recovery, has become widespread. However, significant progress has yet to be achieved in reducing NPCL recurrence rates despite advances in surgical treatment. Therefore, multiple studies are underway to improve treatment options for this medical condition.

Abstract Background Pancreas divisum (PD), the most common pancreatic anomaly, is caused by the failure of pancreatic bud fusion in the embryo. Although most cases are asymptomatic, it can cause pancreatitis or epigastric pain. We report an unusual case of PD in an infant. Case presentation The patient was a 9-month-old girl with no pertinent medical history. She had suffered vomiting and diarrhea for 1 week before transfer to our hospital. Her general condition was poor, and abdominal distention was noted. Blood tests revealed microcytic anemia with normal chemical markers. The parents reported no episode of pancreatitis. Ultrasonography revealed massive ascites, which was later found to be bloody. Enhanced computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging depicted a cystic lesion, approximately 2 cm in size, anterior to the second portion of the duodenum. During exploratory laparotomy, a pinhole was identified on the cyst wall, which was mistakenly identified as a duodenal perforation, and direct closure was performed. Postoperative levels of serum amylase and inflammation markers were elevated, and the amount of ascites increased, impairing oral feeding. The level of pancreatic enzymes in the ascites was high. Imaging studies were repeated, but the cause of pancreatic fistula was not identified. Conservative therapy, including administration of total parenteral nutrition, antibiotics, and octreotide, was initiated, but the situation did not improve. Three months after admission, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography showed a thick dorsal pancreatic duct communicating with a hypoplastic ventral duct, which was indicative of PD. Contrast medium leaking from the dorsal duct near the minor ampulla revealed the presence of a pseudocyst. Stenting via the minor papilla was impossible because the minor papilla was obstructed. Instead, a stent was inserted into the ventral pancreatic duct. Endoscopic transgastric drainage of the cyst was effective, and the patient was discharged, 7 months after admission. The patient is healthy, but the gastric stent needs to be replaced regularly. Conclusion In children, PD can manifest with pancreatic pseudocyst that causes pancreatic ascites, even in the absence of pancreatitis. This may be a previously unrecognized manifestation of PD in children, and clinicians need to be aware of it.

Trichomonas vaginalis , the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection in the world, has been reported to establish persistent infections that may be influenced by changes that the vagina undergoes with age. A spherical and immotile form of T. vaginalis , knowns as a pseudocyst, may play a role in persistent infections and has been induced in conditions that parallel those of the premenopausal vagina in vitro. Pseudocysts have been identified in several Trichomonas and Tritrichomonas species and are hypothesized to contribute to persistent infections in several of them. The in vitro study of T. vaginalis will be improved through the use of more physiologically relevant culture conditions and introducing new technologies such as vagina-on-a-chip. Current methods may be resulting in inconsistencies in the biology and pathogenicity of T. vaginalis in vitro compared to in vivo. Recent studies have proposed that Trichomonas vaginalis , the causative agent of trichomoniasis [the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in humans] can establish persistent infections in the vagina. T. vaginalis infections are often asymptomatic but can have adverse consequences such as increased risk of HIV-1 infection and cervical cancer. Despite this, it remains an understudied infection. A potential agent of persistent infections is the 'pseudocyst', a spherical form of T. vaginalis identified by several laboratories and linked to persistence in related species such as the avian parasite Trichomonas gallinae and cattle parasite Tritrichomonas foetus. Additional robust and reproducible research on pseudocysts and persistent T. vaginalis infections is required, which may ultimately shed light on how to better diagnose and treat trichomoniasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients have a high prevalence of coronary artery disease, and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is one of the essential treatments. ESRD patients undergoing CABG surgery have an increased risk of postoperative complications, including acute pancreatitis. Here, we present the unique case of an exceptionally large pancreatic pseudocyst caused by pancreatitis in an ESRD patient after CABG surgery. A 45-year-old male with ESRD under maintenance hemodialysis received CABG surgery for significant coronary artery disease. Two weeks later, he experienced worsening abdominal pain and a palpable mass was noticed in the epigastric region. Computer tomography revealed an unusually large pseudocyst measuring 21 × 17 cm in the retroperitoneum due to necrotizing pancreatitis. The patient underwent percutaneous cystic drainage, and the symptoms were significantly improved without surgical intervention. Factors such as prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time, postoperative hypotension, and intradialytic hypotension appeared to have contributed to the development of severe pancreatitis in this case. This report highlights the rarity of a giant pancreatic pseudocyst in an ESRD patient after CABG surgery and emphasizes the importance of vigilant postoperative care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We report the development and validation of a combined DNA/RNA next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform to improve the evaluation of pancreatic cysts. Background and Aims: Despite a multidisciplinary approach, pancreatic cyst classification, such as a cystic precursor neoplasm, and the detection of high-grade dysplasia and early adenocarcinoma (advanced neoplasia) can be challenging. NGS of preoperative pancreatic cyst fluid improves the clinical evaluation of pancreatic cysts, but the recent identification of novel genomic alterations necessitates the creation of a comprehensive panel and the development of a genomic classifier to integrate the complex molecular results. Methods: An updated and unique 74-gene DNA/RNA-targeted NGS panel (PancreaSeq Genomic Classifier) was created to evaluate 5 classes of genomic alterations to include gene mutations (e.g., KRAS, GNAS, etc.), gene fusions and gene expression. Further, CEA mRNA (CEACAM5) was integrated into the assay using RT-qPCR. Separate multi-institutional cohorts for training (n = 108) and validation (n = 77) were tested, and diagnostic performance was compared to clinical, imaging, cytopathologic, and guideline data. Results: Upon creation of a genomic classifier system, PancreaSeq GC yielded a 95% sensitivity and 100% specificity for a cystic precursor neoplasm, and the sensitivity and specificity for advanced neoplasia were 82% and 100%, respectively. Associated symptoms, cyst size, duct dilatation, a mural nodule, increasing cyst size, and malignant cytopathology had lower sensitivities (41--59%) and lower specificities (56--96%) for advanced neoplasia. This test also increased the sensitivity of current pancreatic cyst guidelines (IAP/Fukuoka and AGA) by >10% and maintained their inherent specificity. Conclusions: PancreaSeqGCwas not only accurate in predicting pancreatic cyst type and advanced neoplasia but also improved the sensitivity of current pancreatic cyst guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Pseudocyst is the most frequently observed cystic lesion of the pancreas and generally develops on the basis of pancreatitis. The aim of this study was to present cases of pancreas pseudocyst treated with endoscopic or surgical cystogastrostomy. Material and Method: A retrospective evaluation was made of patients who underwent an invasive procedure because of pancreas pseudocyst between January 2021 and June 2023. Results: The patients comprised 5 (55.5%) females and 4 (44.5%) males with a mean age of 50 years. The etiology of pseudocyst was observed to be biliary pancreatitis in 6 (66.6%) patients, postpartum pancreatitis in 2 (22.2%) patients, and pancreas head cancer in 1 (11.1%) patient. Cystogastrostomy was performed with placement of an endoscopic stent in 4 (44.5%) patients, laparotomy was performed in 3 (33.3%) patients when the endoscopic intervention failed, and direct surgical cystogastrostomy was performed in 2 (22.2%) patients. The mean time between pancreatitis and the invasive intervention was 115 days. The procedure was repeated in 4 (44.5%) patients applied with a stent and in 1 (11.1%) patient who underwent laparotomy. Change of stent was made in 2 patients applied with a stent. According to the Pan pancreas pseudocyst classification, all the patients were type 4. During a mean 7-month follow-up period, wound site infection was observed in 2 patients, and intra-abdominal abscess in 1. Conclusion: Cystogastrostomy with minimally invasive endoscopic drainage+stent can be used as the first option in the treatment of pancreas pseudocysts. When endoscopic interventions are not appropriate or not successful, conventional surgery can be safely selected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We aimed to determine when a coexisting pseudocyst was likely to complicate the nonsurgical treatment of pancreatolithiasis. Methods: We treated 165 patients with pancreatolithiasis nonsurgically between 1992 and 2020, including 21 with pseudocysts. Twelve patients had a single pseudocyst less than 60 mm in diameter. Pseudocysts in the other nine patients had diameters of at least 60 mm or were multiple. The locations of pseudocysts along the length of the pancreas varied from the area with stone involvement to the pancreatic tail. We compared the outcomes in these groups. Results: We found no significant differences in pain relief, stone clearance, stone recurrence, or the likelihood of adverse events between pseudocyst groups or between patients with vs without pseudocysts. However, 4 of 9 patients with large or multiple pseudocysts required transition to surgical treatment (44%) compared with 13 of 144 patients with pancreatolithiasis and no pseudocyst (9.0%) (P=0.006). Conclusions: Patients with smaller pseudocysts typically underwent nonsurgical stone clearance successfully with few adverse events, similar to findings in patients with pancreatolithiasis and no pseudocysts. Pancreatolithiasis complicated by large or multiple pseudocysts did not cause more adverse events but was more likely to require transition to surgery compared with pancreatolithiasis without pseudocysts. In patients with large or multiple pseudocysts, early transition to surgery should be considered when nonsurgical treatment is ineffective.

Hydatid disease is a worldwide public health problem, especially in endemic countries, caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosis. The pancreatic location of this disease is exceptional, representing only 1% of all possible locations, making this a widely misdiagnosed entity. We report a case of a 42-year-old man with a history of alcoholism and recurring abdominal pain, who presented to the emergency department with acute pancreatitis revealing a hydatid pancreatic cyst mimicking as a pseudocyst of the pancreas. The diagnosis was established using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

Vascular involvement of pancreatic pseudocyst is a rare complication that can potentially result in a fatal outcome. If there is vascular involvement, the splenic artery is most often involved; its rupture and massive bleeding into the peritoneal cavity or retroperitoneal space can lead to hypovolemic shock. We report on a 66-year-old-male patient, who initially presented with atypical chest pain and was diagnosed with a rupture of the splenic artery pseudoaneurysm resulting from chronic pancreatitis. The patient was successfully treated by transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE). The patient’s condition improved and he was finally discharged without complications 22 days after admission. The splenic arterial involvement in the patient with pancreatic pseudocyst is an uncommon complication. Chest pain with pleuritic symptom is often misdiagnosed as cardiovascular or pulmonary disease. Proper management depending on hemodynamic stability can prevent a life-threatening event.

Open cystogastrostomy is the standard treatment for the operative management of pancreatic pseudocysts. We describe our technique of minimally invasive open cystogastrostomy for giant pediatric pancreatic pseudocyst. Preoperative incision marking on the most prominent part of the pseudocyst was done by ultrasound guidance. A transverse incision of approximately 3-4 cm was made, and a minilaparotomy was performed. Stay sutures were applied on the anterior wall of the stomach. The anterior wall was exteriorized; transverse gastrotomy was performed, and superior and inferior flaps were made. Deaver's retractor was placed inside the lumen, and cystogastrostomy was completed. We employed this technique in five male patients without any complications. All patients were allowed clear liquids on postoperative day 4 or 5; and gradually shifted to a soft diet. The mean duration of postoperative stay was 7 days. The size of the scar ranged from 3 to 5 cm. All patients were doing well on follow up. Our technique of minimally invasive open cystogastrostomy is a viable option for pancreatic pseudocyst in pediatric patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 42 year old woman with intermittent radiating pain in the lower left back tooth region, highlighting the clinical presentation, radiological findings, histopathological examination, and management of the condition.

Background: Pancreas divisum (PD), the most common pancreatic anomaly, is caused by the failure of pancreatic bud fusion in the embryo. Although most cases are asymptomatic, it can cause pancreatitis or epigastric pain. We report an unusual case of PD in an infant. Case presentation: The patient was a 9-month-old girl with no pertinent medical history. She had suffered vomiting and diarrhea for 1 week before transfer to our hospital. Her general condition was poor, and abdominal distention was noted. Blood tests revealed microcytic anemia with normal chemical markers. The parents reported no episode of pancreatitis. Ultrasonography revealed massive ascites, which was later found to be bloody. Enhanced computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging depicted a cystic lesion, approximately 2 cm in size, anterior to the second portion of the duodenum. During exploratory laparotomy, a pinhole was identified on the cyst wall, which was mistakenly identified as a duodenal perforation, and direct closure was performed. Postoperative levels of serum amylase and inflammation markers were elevated, and the amount of ascites increased, impairing oral feeding. The level of pancreatic enzymes in the ascites was high. Imaging studies were repeated, but the cause of pancreatic fistula was not identified. Conservative therapy, including administration of total parenteral nutrition, antibiotics, and octreotide, was initiated, but the situation did not improve. Three months after admission, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography showed a thick dorsal pancreatic duct communicating with a hypoplastic ventral duct, which was indicative of PD. Contrast medium leaking from the dorsal duct near the minor ampulla revealed the presence of a pseudocyst. Stenting via the minor papilla was impossible because the minor papilla was obstructed. Instead, a stent was inserted into the ventral pancreatic duct. Endoscopic transgastric drainage of the cyst was effective, and the patient was discharged, 7 months after admission. The patient is healthy, but the gastric stent needs to be replaced regularly. Conclusion: In children, PD can manifest with pancreatic pseudocyst that causes pancreatic ascites, even in the absence of pancreatitis. This may be a previously unrecognized manifestation of PD in children, and clinicians need to be aware of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Mesenteric cysts can be found throughout the entire intestine mesentery. Mesenteric pseudocysts are characterized by lack of endothelial lining. They are generally asymptomatic and the diagnosis can be made by imaging studies. Material and Method: Report of a clinical case Results: We present the case of a healthy 50-year-old woman consulted for a painless tumor on the left flank. She requested a CT and MRI where a thin-walled, homogeneous cystic tumor of 88mm in greatest diameter with septa and partitions was visualized. A laparoscopic approach was performed identifying a 12cm mass that protruded at the level of the mesentery of the second jejunal loop, it was resected without incident. The pathological anatomy reported a mesenteric pseudocyst, without elements of malignancy. Good subsequent evolution. Conclusions: Mesenteric cysts are extremely rare. They are generally located in the mesentery of the small intestine, as in the case presented. Taking into account the histopathological characteristics, they are classified into six groups. Although its malignant transformation is exceptional, the treatment always consists of its surgical resection. Laparoscopy is preferred for its well-known benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The in-hospital survival of patients suffering from acute pancreatitis (AP) is 95% to 98%. However, there is growing evidence that patients discharged after AP may be at risk of serious morbidity and mortality. Here, we aimed to investigate the risk, causes, and predictors of the most severe consequence of the post-AP period: mortality. A total of 2613 well-characterized patients from 25 centers were included and followed by the Hungarian Pancreatic Study Group between 2012 and 2021. A general and a hospital-based population was used as the control group. After an AP episode, patients have an approximately threefold higher incidence rate of mortality than the general population (0.0404 vs 0.0130 person-years). First-year mortality after discharge was almost double than in-hospital mortality (5.5% vs 3.5%), with 3.0% occurring in the first 90-day period. Age, comorbidities, and severity were the most significant independent risk factors for death following AP. Furthermore, multivariate analysis identified creatinine, glucose, and pleural fluid on admission as independent risk factors associated with post-discharge mortality. In the first 90-day period, cardiac failure and AP-related sepsis were among the main causes of death following discharge, and cancer-related cachexia and non–AP-related infection were the key causes in the later phase. Almost as many patients in our cohort died in the first 90-day period after discharge as during their hospital stay. Evaluation of cardiovascular status, follow-up of local complications, and cachexia-preventing oncological care should be an essential part of post-AP patient care. Future study protocols in AP must include at least a 90-day follow-up period after discharge. [Display omitted] Post-discharge mortality in acute pancreatitis is as important as in-hospital mortality. A follow-up plan and a screening program are recommended for patients with acute pancreatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]