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Short presentation given in the mini-workshop on "Research Object Hub (RoHub) for FAIR research data management and Open Science in practice",during the Collaboration Workshop 2023. 16 participants attended this mini-workshop where the basics of Research Objects were presented. Scheduled:CW23 Day 2: Wednesday, 3 May 2023 from 15:10 - 16:10 BST (14:10 - 15:10 UTC; 60 minutes) Facilitator(s):Anne Fouilloux (Simula Research Laboratory), Alejandro Coca-Castro (The Alan Turing Institute) and Jean Iaquinta (The University of Oslo) Abstract:RoHubis a Research Object (RO) management platform that enables researchers to collaboratively manage, share and preserve their research work. RoHub implements the full RO model and paradigm: resources associated to a particular research work are aggregated into a single FAIR digital object, and metadata relevant for understanding and interpreting the content is represented as semantic metadata that are user and machine readable. In this mini-workshop, you will learn how to use RoHub to search, create and reuse different types of ROs: Bibliography-centric, data-centric, executable, software-centric, workflow-centric ROs. A new RO can either be created from scratch (empty Live RO) or from another existing RO (fork RO) and aggregate new objects (or modify existing objects) through its whole life cycle. This means, RO is filled incrementally by aggregating relevant resources such as software, workflows, datasets, documents according to its typology that are being created, reused or repurposed. These resources can be modified at any point in time. We can copy and keep ROs in time through snapshots which reflect their status at a given point in time. Snapshots can have their own identifiers (DOIs) which facilitates tracking the evolution of a research. At some point in time, a RO can be published and archived (so called Archived RO) with a permanent identifier (DOI). New Live ROs can be derived based on an existing Archived RO, for instance by forking it. In this mini-workshop, we will fork an existing executable RO containing a Jupyter Notebook as a main resource. Then we will check its reproducibility (through a Binder service such as MyBinder and/or EGI Binder) and modify the Jupyter Notebook. Finally, the updated Jupyter Notebook will be saved in the forked RO to update it. We will also discuss the reusability of Jupyter Notebook by introducing the need for defining and adopting Best practices. As an example, we will use theEnvironmental Data Science Book(EDS)where the EDS community has defined clear guidelines for submission and reviewing, templates for creating and scheduling notebooks using GitHub Actions CI/CD tools, FAIR practices through RoHub and Binder to facilitate fully documented, shareable and reproducible notebooks. Audience:Researchers with basic knowledge of Jupyter Notebooks and programming (Python, R, Julia).

Ein Datenmanagementplan (DMP) ist für jedes Forschungsprojekt von entscheidender Bedeutung. Er hilft unter anderem Forschungsdaten effektiv zu organisieren, das Risiko des Datenverlusts zu minimieren und den Anforderungen von Förderorganisationen gerecht zu werden. In diesem Beitrag erfahren Sie, wie Sie einen umfassenden Plan erstellen können, der Ihre spezifischen Anforderungen erfüllt. Dazu stellen wir die wichtigsten Bestandteile eines DMPs, Best Practices und Hilfsmittel wie den Research Data Management Organiser (RDMO) vor. Die dreitägige HeFDI Data Week ermöglicht es Forschenden, Lehrenden und allen weiteren Interessierten, Themen und Angebote des Forschungsdatenmanagements kennenzulernen und zu erproben. Darüber hinaus werden den Teilnehmenden Daten- und Coding-Kompetenzen vermittelt sowie Dienste und Angebote verschiedener hessischer Infrastruktur-Einrichtungen und Zentren vorgestellt., Die HeFDI Data Week ist ein Angebot der Landesinitiative HeFDI - Hessische Forschungsdateninfrastrukturen, welche vom Hessischen Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kunst (HMWK) finanziert wird.

RO-Crate (https://doi.org/10.3233/DS-210053) is a lightweight method to package research outputs along with their metadata, based on existing Linked Data standards. Bioschemas (https://bioschemas.org/) provides metadata schemas to add structured metadata to webpages on Life Science, based on schema.org. Signposting (https://signposting.org/) specifies a lightweight yet powerful approach to increase the FAIRness of scholarly objects, based on Web standards. The combination of these standard-based approaches make resources easy to navigate by machines, provide an unambiguous way for machines to access FAIR metadata and content in a single request, and reduce content-negotiation hassle that can give unpredictable results. This tripartite combination is of benefit for repositories and publishers, as they can non-disruptively add FAIR Signposting headers for machine navigation, support RO-Crate imports and align with Bioschemas specifications, making FAIR Digital Objects achievable with existing technologies over HTTP. Our broad communities have a strong foundation in ELIXIR, through individual engagement, as well as in ELIXIR-aligned projects (EOSC-Life, BY-COVID, EOSC4Cancer, EuroScienceGateway, Biodiversity Genomics Europe). Bioschemas is deployed by 67 ELIXIR resources, and its community have built rich profiles and matured biochemistry types like Protein into schema.org. While ELIXIR’s role in RO-Crate initially was fairly workflow-focused (e.g. WorkflowHub, WfExS), the rest of the RO-Crate community is quite data-centric, with recent adaptation by biodiversity and plant science initiatives. We are therefore now arranging several training events (including at ELIXIR AHM) and virtual training modules to improve uptake of FAIR using our pragmatic approach to rich metadata using established Web technologies.

In most places on the planet vegetation thrives: it is known as “greening Earth”. However in certain regions, especially in the Arctic, there are areas exhibiting a browning trend. This phenomenon is well known but not fully understood yet, and grasping its impact on local ecosystems requires involvement of scientists from different disciplines, including social sciences and humanities, as well as local populations. Here we focus on the Troms and Finnmark counties in northern Norway to assess the extent of the problem and any link with local environmental conditions as well as potential impacts. We have chosen to adopt an open and collaborative process and take advantage of the services offered by RELIANCE on the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC). RELIANCE delivers a suite of innovative and interconnected services that extend the capabilities of the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) to support the management of the research lifecycle within Earth Science Communities and Copernicus Users. The RELIANCE project has delivered 3 complementary technologies: Research Objects (ROs), Data Cubes and AI-based Text Mining. RoHub is a Research Object management platform that implements these 3 technologies and enables researchers to collaboratively manage, share and preserve their research work. We will show how we are using these technologies along with EGI notebooks to work open and share an executable Jupyter Notebook that is fully reproducible and reusable. We use a number of Python libraries from the Pangeo software stack such as Xarray, Dask and Zarr. Our Jupyter Notebook is bundled with its computational environment, datacubes and related bibliographic resources in an executable Research Object. We believe that this approach can significantly speed up the research process and can drive it to more exploitable results. Up to now, we have used indices derived from satellite data (in particular Sentinel-2) to assess how the vegetation cover in Troms and Finnmark counties has changed. To go a bit further we are investigating how to relate such information to relevant local parameters obtained from meteorological reanalysis data (ERA5 and ERA5-land from ECMWF). That should give a good basis for training an Artificial Intelligence algorithm and testing it, with the objective of getting an idea about the possibility of “predicting” what is likely to happen in the near future with certain types of vegetation like mosses and lichens which are essential for local populations and animals.

This paper takes an industrial extraction heating unit as the research object, introduces a heat storage device into the steam bypass and proposes two schemes for discharging, one for electricity users and the other for heat users. The unit’s original peak shaving plan, bypass peak shaving plan, and bypass heat storage combined peak shaving plan were analyzed in this paper by building a unit analysis model in Ebsilon software. The results show that the bypass heat storage combined peak shaving scheme for power users has the largest peak shaving range, it has increased by 163.87MW compared with the original unit when the heat supply get to the largest. In one storage and discharge cycle, the scheme of bypass heat storage combined peak shaving discharging to electricity users has the highest cycle thermal efficiency and the highest operating profit, compared with the bypass peak shaving scheme, the operating revenue of the scheme has increased by 16.85%.

The study aimed to investigate and compare the contents of carboxymethyllysine (CML) in two kinds of broilers during postmortem ageing and storage. The contents of CML in raw and boiled (100 °C, 30 min) broiler briskets and legs which were from white feather broilers (n = 8) and yellow feather broilers (n = 8) with ageing and storage at 4 °C for 0–168 h were determined. Postmortem ageing and storage had a significant (P 0.05) change, while that in boiled brisket meat significantly (P 0.05) effect on the CML contents in raw/boiled yellow feather broilers. Meanwhile, CML contents in white feather broilers were much higher than that in yellow feather broilers. Thus, white feather broilers can be selected as the research object to study the mechanism of ageing and storage on CML content in the postmortem broiler in the future.

Web-version: https://w3id.org/ro/crate/1.1 This document specifies a method, known as RO-Crate (Research Object Crate), of aggregating and describing research data with associated metadata. RO-Crates can aggregate and describe any resource including files, URI-addressable resources, or use other addressing schemes to locate digital or physical data. RO-Crates can describe data in aggregate and at the individual resource level, with metadata to aid in discovery, re-use and long term management of data. Metadata includes the ability to describe the context of data and the entities involved in its production, use and reuse. For example: who created it, using which equipment, software and workflows, under what licenses can it be re-used, where was it collected, and/or where is it about. RO-Crate uses JSON-LD to to express this metadata using linked data, describing data resources as well as contextual entities such as people, organizations, software and equipment as a series of linked JSON-LD objects - using common published vocabularies, chiefly schema.org. The core of RO-Crate is a JSON-LD file, the RO-Crate Metadata File, named ro-crate-metadata.json. This file contains structured metadata about the dataset as a whole (the Root Data Entity) and, optionally, about some or all of its files. This provides a simple way to, for example, assert the authors (e.g. people, organizations) of the RO-Crate or one its files, or to capture more complex provenance for files, such as how they were created using software and equipment. While providing the formal specification for RO-Crate, this document also aims to be a practical guide for software authors to create tools for generating and consuming research data packages, with explanation by examples.

Research Objects (ROs) have been proposed as a packaging mechanism to aggregate research outputs of scientific investigations and capture their context and metadata in a machine-readable manner. However, creating ROs (and collecting the respective metadata of their constituent resources) is still a time-consuming task. In this demo we present ya2ro, a tool designed to ease the creation of Research Objects following the RO-Crate specification. Given an input file with external resources available on the Web (datasets, software, publications and people), ya2ro will retrieve their metadata descriptions (if available), creating an aggregated RO-Crate available both in human-readable manner (HTML) and machine-readable manner (JSON-LD).

The numerous benefits of Open Science (OS) and of the four FAIR foundational principles -Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable- are increasingly valued in academia, although what OS and FAIR entail is still largely misunderstood. In such conditions putting in practice OS and applying the FAIR principles is challenging and underrated. However, realising OS is perfectly within grasp provided that an infrastructure supporting the management of the research lifecycle is available. RoHub is precisely a Research Object (RO) management platform implementing three complementary technologies: Research Objects, Data Cubes and Artificial Intelligence-based Text Mining services. RoHub enables researchers to collaboratively manage, share and preserve their research while they are still working on it (rather than after the work is finished). In this paper, three communities from Earth Sciences, namely Geohazards, Sea Monitoring and Climate Change, demonstrate how RoHub helped them to understand each other and to work openly, and more importantly how communities of practice play an important role in facilitating reuse and interdisciplinary collaboration. These findings are illustrated with several use cases from these various communities.

Komunikācija un mediju studijas Informācijas un komunikācijas zinātnes Communication and Media Studies Information and Communication Sciences Maģistra darba sastāvā ir divas galvenās daļas – teorētiskā un empīriskā. Teorētiskajā daļā apkopots materiāls par naratīva analīzi, rāmēšanas teoriju, reģionālo mediju specifiku, klimatu un klimata pārmaiņām kā tādām, kas iekļauj jaunākos atklājumus un pētījumus par tām. Empīriskā daļa fokusējas uz četru reģionālo mediju (“Druva”, “Bauskas Dzīve”, “Ventas Balss”, “Dzirkstele”) rakstu analīzi, kas atlasīti pēc noteiktas atslēgas vārdu kopas, lai atklātu dominējošos naratīvus. Empīriskajā daļā arī lasāmi interviju pārskati. Pētījuma objekts ir reģionālie mediji, un pētījuma priekšmets – klimata pārmaiņu naratīvi un rāmējums. Maģistra darba pamatā ir pārliecība, ka Latvijas reģionālajos medijos novērotie naratīvi par klimata pārmaiņām saka, ka Latvija iestājas pret klimata pārmaiņu progresēšanos un tiecas uz atbildības līmeni un labklājību, kā arī tas, ka reģionālie mediji klimata pārmaiņas pārsvarā nerāmē. Pētījuma tēma ir aktuāla, jo klimata pārmaiņas radikāli mainījušas un maina mūsu ikdienu, uzskatus, paradumus, biznesa vidi un citas jomas. Pateicoties medijiem un saturam tajos sabiedrībai ir labāks priekšstats par situācijas nopietnību, labāks priekšstats par Zaļā Kursa dzīves stilu Mediji spēlē lielu lomu tajā, kur virzīsies sabiedrības nostāja, uzskati un apņemšanās. Pētījuma mērķis ir atklāt dominējošos naratīvus (to uzbūvi un atšķirības starp tiem) par klimata pārmaiņām Latvijas reģionālajos medijos (“Druva”, “Bauskas Dzīve”, “Ventas Balss”, “Dzirkstele”) laika posmā no 2021. gada novembra līdz 2022. gada aprīlim. Pēc veiktā pētījuma iegūtajiem datiem var tikt secināts, ka reģionālie mediji ziņas un publikācijas rāmē, bet salīdzinoši maz. Vairāk tiek domāts pie naratīva, kas starp visiem medijiem dominē, ka Latvija tiecas uz korporatīvu atbildību un ilgtspēju, pielāgojas un pilda Eiropas Savienības noteiktās prasības un tiecas uz klimata neitralitāti. Reģionālo mediju redaktoru un intervētās ekspertes nostāja attiecībā pret klimata pārmaiņu politiku Latvijā ir negatīva vai intervētie nav ar to iepazinušies gana daudz, lai komentētu. Naratīvi tiek plānoti un veidoti konstanti attiecībā par to, kas reģionam aktuāls klimata kontekstā, pētījuma rezultāti to apstiprina, jo tematikas ziņā, katrs reģions raksta vairāk par viņiem nozīmīgām klimata problēmām. Master’s thesis has two main parts – theoretical and empirical. In the theoretical part there is a compilation of narrative analysis, news framing theory, regional media specifics, climate and climate change as such, including explanation, description about some new discoveries and research about it. Empirical part focuses on four Latvian regional media (“Druva”, “Bauskas Dzīve”, “Ventas Balss”, “Dzirkstele”) publication analysis, which were selected by specific group of key words. In the empirical part there is also an overview on the done interviews. Research object is set to be regional media, and subject – climate change narratives and framing. This thesis is based on belief that the narratives observed in Latvian reginal media say that Latvia stands against climate change progressing and stives towards responsibility and welfare, also on the belief that selected reginal media mostly hasn’t framed climate change in their publications. This research is topical, because climate change has radically changed and still is changing our everyday, beliefs, habits, business environment and other. Thanks to media and their content society has a better understanding about the seriousness of the situation, better understanding about the Green Course and has the information about everything they can do to adapt to the Green Course. Media has a big role in which direction the society’s beliefs, demands and commitment will be going. The aim of this thesis is to find out what are the dominating narratives in Latvian regional media (their differences and structure) in the time period of November 2021 till April 2022. After the analysis it can be concluded that selected media frames climate change but relatively little. More is thought about narrative, which between all media dominates that Latvia aims to corporative responsibility and sustainability, adapts and fulfils requirements set by European Union and strives towards climate neutralization. The position of regional media editors and the interviewed expert in relation to the climate change policy in Latvia is negative or the interviewees are not familiar enough with it to comment. Narratives are planned and created constantly regarding what is relevant for the region in the context of climate, the results of the study confirm this, because in terms of subject matter, each region writes more about climate problems that are important to them.

Research Objects (ROs) are becoming a popular means to capture the context and research artefacts associated with a research investigation in both human-readable and machine-readable formats. However, it is unclear how well ROs themselves adhere to the FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable) principles. In this work, we describe a comprehensive analysis of the FAIR assessment of more than 2500 ROs across multiple disciplines. Our work integrates FAIROs, our existing RO evaluation service, in the ROHub platform. We discuss the challenges of calculating the FAIR assessment of aggregations of resources, and how we supplement the FAIROs tests with information from the RO-Crate descriptor file generated by ROHub.

In this research research obyek to check Angkringan Batang Batu representing a effort providing food and beverage with open natural atmosphere berlamat walked A.M. Sangaji No.27 Rt.9 Sub District Of Sukarame District of Tenggarong with owner Mr. Aria of Nurzaman. As for sold food and beverage Angkringan Batang Batu like fried rice, noodles fry, cheese banana and still many again and also assorted beverage and juice of sop fruit which enthused many consumer to relax nighttime. Intention of this research is to know how big influence of Atmosphere variable of Angkringan, Quality of Product and Image (Image) influencing Satisfaction Of Consumer Angkringan Batang Batu Tenggarong and know most dominant influence of independent variable which influence Satisfaction Of Consumer Angkringan Batang Batu Tenggarong. In data analysis, as according to research object where variable suspected more than one, hence analysis utilized for the verification of hypothesis in this research quantitative analysis with model of Multiple Regresi. Based on the description, it can be concluded that the first hypothesis stated stated "That the atmosphere variable, the quality of the product and the image simultaneously have an effect on customer satisfaction on Angkringan Batang Batu in Tenggarong" is accepted and proven trueKeyword : Satisfaction

Web-version: https://w3id.org/ro/crate/1.1 This document specifies a method, known as RO-Crate (Research Object Crate), of aggregating and describing research data with associated metadata. RO-Crates can aggregate and describe any resource including files, URI-addressable resources, or use other addressing schemes to locate digital or physical data. RO-Crates can describe data in aggregate and at the individual resource level, with metadata to aid in discovery, re-use and long term management of data. Metadata includes the ability to describe the context of data and the entities involved in its production, use and reuse. For example: who created it, using which equipment, software and workflows, under what licenses can it be re-used, where was it collected, and/or where is it about. RO-Crate uses JSON-LD to to express this metadata using linked data, describing data resources as well as contextual entities such as people, organizations, software and equipment as a series of linked JSON-LD objects - using common published vocabularies, chiefly schema.org. The core of RO-Crate is a JSON-LD file, the RO-Crate Metadata File, named ro-crate-metadata.json. This file contains structured metadata about the dataset as a whole (the Root Data Entity) and, optionally, about some or all of its files. This provides a simple way to, for example, assert the authors (e.g. people, organizations) of the RO-Crate or one its files, or to capture more complex provenance for files, such as how they were created using software and equipment. While providing the formal specification for RO-Crate, this document also aims to be a practical guide for software authors to create tools for generating and consuming research data packages, with explanation by examples., Recommendation published by researchobject.org - see https://w3id.org/ro/crate/1.1 for web version.

We developed a Library to create and modify Research-Object-Crates using the Java programming language. This is our presentation for the RO-Crate community meeting, giving an overview about the result.

This article takes each region of China as the research object, selects 30 inter-provincial panel data in China from 2008 to 2020, and conducts an empirical analysis of how green finance affects the ecological development of regional economy. The conclusions are as follows: (1)From a national perspective, the coefficient of the influence of green finance on ecological development is negative, and the coefficient of the influence of the quadratic term on ecological development is positive. The influence of green finance on ecological development is in a U-shaped relationship. The development level of the tertiary industry, economic development and foreign direct investment (FDI) also have a significant positive effect on ecological development, but the level of urbanization has a negative correlation with the development of regional ecological development. (2)From a regional perspective, the impact of green finance on ecological development in the central and western regions presents a "U"-shaped relationship, and it has a stronger effect on the central region. The coefficient of green finance in the eastern region on the impact of ecological development is greater than zero, but there is no significant impact. The level of economic development has a positive effect on the ecological development in three regions; urbanization also has a negative impact in three regions. The tertiary industry has positive impact on three regions, and foreign direct investment and ecological development change in the same direction the east and central of China, and no impact in west of China.

In order to deeply understand the combustion process of marine low speed two-stroke dual fuel engine under the background of “carbon neutrality”, MAN B&W 6S50ME-C-GI was taken as the research object, combustion processes of the full diesel (FD) and diesel ignited natural gas (DING) at 100 % load were tested and calculated. The results show that the total combustion duration period (CDP) under DING is 15.5°CA shorter than that under FD. The slow combustion period (SCP) and post combustion period (PCP) under DING were 1.75°CA and 15°CA lower than those under FD, respectively. At the same combustion time, the local high temperature region under DING is reduced by an average of 8 % compared with FD. The radial flame propagation velocity under DING and FD showed a “single peak” law, and the axial flame propagation velocity shows a “fluctuation” law. The difference is that the radial flame propagation velocity under FD shows attenuation to zero twice at 8°CA ATDC and 14°CA ATDC, and the flame propagation velocity of natural gas combustion is faster than that of diesel combustion. The maximum radial flame propagation velocity under DING is 2.5 m/s faster than that under FD. The maximum axial flame propagation velocity under DING is 0.7 m/s faster than that under FD.

The ecological environment of karst mountainous areas is fragile, and soil erosion has become an important factor restricting the social and economic development of these regions. How can the degree of soil erosion be scientifically assessed with a reasonable evaluation method? What is effect of the ecological environmental control measures? This study used extenics to assess the degree of soil erosion in karst mountainous areas. The typical karst mountainous area of Guizhou Province was used as the research object. In this study, a soil erosion monitoring indicator system for karst mountainous areas was developed, an evaluation model based on extenics was established, and an index correlation function and comprehensive correlation function were designed to assess the soil erosion of the karst mountainous areas. The key results were as follows. In the soil erosion monitoring index system, the soil nutrient indexes, soil erosion modulus, rock exposure, diversity index, flood season rainfall, population density and natural population growth rate had significant effects on soil erosion in the karst mountainous area. Additionally, we determined the grading standards for soil erosion intensity in typical karst mountains. Finally, the evaluation model was applied to a case study. The status of water and soil conservation was as follows: XW > ML > SB > ZS. These results provide new insights into the evaluation method, namely, extenics, which is helpful for conveniently, quickly and scientifically assessing soil erosion.

A better understanding of the adaptive behavior of office users is very important for creating comfortable indoor thermal environment and working healthily and efficiently. This study considers a multi-person office with air conditioning systems in Guangzhou, China as a research object. The relationship between users' adaptive behaviors and thermal satisfaction and influences of environmental parameters and gender on the probabilities of adaptive behaviors were studied. The logical regression method was used to conduct a probabilistic prediction analysis of adaptive behaviors in cold and hot environment. The study shows that user only accepts an indoor temperature change of approximately 1 °C higher than the neutral temperature in hot environment. Under the same thermal sensation vote, the indoor temperature when the user's adaptive behaviors are generated is approximately 1 °C higher (in hot environment) or lower (in cold environment) than that when no action occurs. The indoor temperature and globe temperature significantly affect the occurrence probabilities of adaptive behaviors (P

The ecological compensation (EC) mechanism is an innovative institutional arrangement which can effectively realize the coordinated development of social-economic growth and ecological protection. The current research on the evaluation of the implementation effect of EC mechanism mainly focuses on its environmental performance, how the EC mechanism guides the economically underdeveloped areas in the upper reaches of the basin to embark on the road of high-quality economic development, especially the mechanism of how EC triggers the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure, it is a topic worthy of in-depth discussion. This study takes China's first cross-provincial horizontal EC mechanism pilot (Xin'an River Basin EC) as the research object and regards it as a quasi-natural experiment. This paper selects the annual panel data of the 11 cities involved from 2009 to 2019 and builds a DID model to study the mechanism of EC affecting industrial structure adjustment systematically. The results show that the EC mechanism mainly promotes the adjustment of the industrial structure in the pilot area through two paths, this is achieved by triggering the transfer of backward or highly polluting industries and promoting the upgrading of the industrial structure. At the same time, technological innovation plays a part intermediary role in the impact of EC to promote the upgrading of industrial structure. Further analysis found that the larger the funds of compensation input, the higher the assessment intensity, the better the effects are. Finally, this study puts forward relevant policy recommendations to further release the potential of the horizontal EC for the reference of decision-makers.

The pore throat structure of sandy conglomerate reservoirs is more complex than that of conventional sandstone reservoirs. At present, research on the modal pore throat structure of sandy conglomerate reservoirs mainly focuses on tight reservoirs with diagenesis controlled, while research on weakly cemented reservoirs is limited. Taking the newly discovered Cretaceous Guyang Formation reservoir on the western edge of the Hetao Basin as the research object, the modal pore throat structure of this weakly cemented sandy conglomerate reservoir is studied. The petrological and pore throat characteristics are studied by performing various tests. Based on the inflection points of the multifractal curve of the pore throat radius of the studied sandy conglomerate reservoir, the pore throat structures of a sample are divided into three types: macrothroats, mesothroats and microthroats. The pore throat structures of every sample are composed of these three pore throat structures. The heterogeneity at the microscale is controlled by the proportions of these three pore throat types. Based on the proportions of macrothroats, mesothroats and microthroats, the modal pore throat structures of the studied sandy conglomerate reservoir are analyzed for the first time. The modal pore throat structures of the corresponding samples are characterized into unimodal, bimodal and multimodal structures. When the pore throat structure of the sandy conglomerate reservoirs of the Cretaceous Guyang Formation in the western margin of the Hetao Basin includes more microthroats, it is more homogeneous, resulting in a poorer reservoir quality. The fundamental reason for the development of the modal pore throat structure is the mixed deposition of grain sizes, and the modal pore throat structure is controlled by the combination of macrothroats, mesothroats and microthroats.