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This study aimed to develop a set of mean ± standard deviation (SD) intake values for South African (SA) children for 36 of the 45 food parameters included in the original Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) tool. The SA food composition database contains 30 of the 45 food parameters included in the original DII®, and a supplementary database was developed for six of the food parameters not included in the SA database. The SA child mean ± SD intake of macronutrients, micronutrients and select flavonoids was calculated by age in years, using eight data sets from dietary surveys conducted in SA in the last three decades. A total sample of 5412 children was included in the calculation of the mean ± SD. The current study sample was determined to be representative of 1–<10-year-old children in SA, and the plausibility of the mean intake values was confirmed by being in line with age-appropriate recommendations. Furthermore, an increase in energy, macronutrient, and most micronutrient intakes with increase in age was evident. The generated mean ± SD values for SA children can be used for calculation of the inflammatory potential of the dietary intake of SA children in the age range of 1–<10-year-old children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stable isotope techniques using 13 C to assess vitamin A (VA) dietary sources, absorption, and total body VA stores (TBSs) require determination of baseline 13 C abundance. 13 C-natural abundance is approximately 1.1% total carbon, but varies with foods consumed, supplements taken, and food fortification with synthetic retinyl palmitate., Objectives: We determined 13 C variation from purified serum retinol and the resulting impact on TBSs using pooled data from preschool children in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ethiopia, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zambia and Zambian women., Methods: Seven studies included children (n = 639; 56 ± 25 mo; 48% female) and one in women (n = 138; 29 ± 8.5 y). Serum retinol 13 C-natural abundance was determined using GC-C-IRMS. TBSs were available in 7 studies that employed retinol isotope dilution (RID). Serum CRP and α 1 -acid-glycoprotein (AGP) were available from 6 studies in children. Multivariate mixed models assessed the impact of covariates on retinol 13 C. Spearman correlations and Bland-Altman analysis compared serum and milk retinol 13 C and evaluated the impact of using study- or global-retinol 13 C estimates on calculated TBSs., Results: 13 C-natural abundance (%, median [Q1, Q3]) differed among countries (low: Zambia, 1.0744 [1.0736, 1.0753]; high: South Africa, 1.0773 [1.0769, 1.0779]) and was associated with TBSs, CRP, and AGP in children and with TBSs in women. 13 C-enrichment from serum and milk retinol were correlated (r = 0.52; P = 0.0001). RID in children and women using study and global estimates had low mean bias (range, -3.7% to 2.2%), but larger 95% limits of agreement (range, -23% to 37%)., Conclusions: 13 C-natural abundance is different among human cohorts in Africa. Collecting this information in subgroups is recommended for surveys using RID. When TBSs are needed on individuals in clinical applications, baseline 13 C measures are important and should be measured in all enrolled subjects., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

This study aimed to develop a set of mean ± standard deviation (SD) intake values for South African (SA) children for 36 of the 45 food parameters included in the original Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII ® ) tool. The SA food composition database contains 30 of the 45 food parameters included in the original DII ® , and a supplementary database was developed for six of the food parameters not included in the SA database. The SA child mean ± SD intake of macronutrients, micronutrients and select flavonoids was calculated by age in years, using eight data sets from dietary surveys conducted in SA in the last three decades. A total sample of 5412 children was included in the calculation of the mean ± SD. The current study sample was determined to be representative of 1-<10-year-old children in SA, and the plausibility of the mean intake values was confirmed by being in line with age-appropriate recommendations. Furthermore, an increase in energy, macronutrient, and most micronutrient intakes with increase in age was evident. The generated mean ± SD values for SA children can be used for calculation of the inflammatory potential of the dietary intake of SA children in the age range of 1-<10-year-old children.