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How moral decision-making occurs, matures over time and relates to behaviour is complex. To develop a full picture of moral decision-making, moral development and moral behaviour it is necessary to understand: (a) how real-time moral decisions are made (including relevant social and contextual factors), (b) what processes are required to develop to enable mature moral decisions, (c) how these processes develop over time, and (d) how moral decisions relate to behaviour. In this paper, psychological and social neuroscience theories of moral decision-making and development are briefly reviewed, as is the development of relevant component processes. Various component processes and factors are seen as required for moral decision-making and development, yet there is no comprehensive framework incorporating these components into one explanation of how real-time moral decisions are made and mature. In this paper, we integrated these components into a new framework based on social information processing (SIP) theory. Situational factors, and how both cognitive and affective processes guide moral decisions was incorporated into the Social Information Processing-Moral Decision-Making (SIP-MDM) framework, drawing upon theories and findings from developmental psychology and social neuroscience. How this framework goes beyond previous SIP models was outlined, followed by a discussion of how it can explain both real-time moral decisions and moral development. We concluded with how the SIP-MDM framework could be used to guide future research and theory development in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Anthropocene presents novel challenges for environmental management. This paper considers the challenges that the Anthropocene poses for social learning techniques in adaptive management. It situates these challenges with respect to how anthropogenic forcing on the Earth system affects the conditions required for: (1) The cooperative exercises of social learning; (2) The techniques used for assessing the fit of institutions to social-ecological systems; and, (3) The strategies employed for identifying management targets that are transformed by human action. In view of these challenges, the paper then examines how the practices of shadow networks may provide paths for incorporating a broader, more robust suite of social learning practices in the Anthropocene. The paper emphasizes how novel challenges in the Anthropocene demand increased attention to ethical practices, particularly those that establish center-periphery relationships between social learning communities and shadow networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emerging discipline of Animal–Computer Interaction (ACI) aims to take what in Interaction Design is known as a user-centred approach to the design of technology intended for animals, placing them at the centre of the design process as stakeholders, users, and contributors. However, current regulatory frameworks for the involvement of animals in research are not animal-centred, regarding them as research instruments, unable to consent to procedures that may harm them, rather than consenting research participants and design contributors. Such frameworks aim to minimise the impacts of research procedures on the welfare of individual animals, but this minimisation is subordinated to specific scientific and societal interests, and to the integrity of the procedures required to serve those interests. From this standpoint, the universally advocated principles of replacement, reduction and refinement aim to address the ethical conflicts arising from the assumed inability of individual animals to consent to potentially harmful procedures, but such principles in fact reflect a lack of individual centrality. This paper makes the case for moving beyond existing regulations and guidelines towards an animal-centred framework that can better support the development of ACI as a discipline. Firstly, recognising animal welfare as a fundamental requirement for users and research participants alike, the paper articulates the implications of a welfare-centred ethics framework . Secondly, recognising consent as an essential requirement of participation, the paper also defines criteria for obtaining animals׳ mediated and contingent consent to engaging with research procedures. Further, the paper argues for the methodological necessity, as well as the ethical desirability, of such an animal-centred framework, examining the boundaries of its applicability as well as the benefits of its application. Finally, the paper puts forward a series of practical principles for conducting ACI research, which imply but also essentially exceed the welfare and ethics requirements of current regulatory frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Moral identity can be conceptualized as a goal. • Children, adolescents and adults all have a moral identity goal. • Goal characteristics can be assumed to change over the course of development. The field of moral identity research comprises two different views as to when moral identity emerges in the course of development. While some describe moral identity as a developmental achievement of middle childhood, others maintain that it does not emerge before adolescence or early adulthood. The present paper bridges these views by introducing a new theoretical framework for conceptualizing moral identity development. Within this framework, moral identity is conceptualized as a goal, namely the goal to be a moral person. Children, adolescents and adults are all assumed to have this moral identity goal. Yet, its goal characteristics are expected to systematically change with development: from concrete to abstract, from externally to internally motivated, and from prevention- to promotion-oriented. From the age of responsibility to adult maturity, important changes are proposed in how the moral identity goal is represented and how it motivates moral action. By outlining these changes, the paper links early- and late-onset views of moral identity development and identifies avenues for future empirical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a research context of ever-widening public engagement, we are facing new ethical questions about the presentation of sensitive historical material. This paper explores the complex ethical negotiations faced by researchers when sensitive visual material is presented in museums and galleries. I explore this in relation to a recent exhibition on the history of a mental hospital which displayed portraits of patients from the early twentieth century. I consider how we might navigate a dual responsibility both to the privacy and confidentiality of long dead patients and their relatives with a commitment to challenge the myths and stigma surrounding histories of mental health. I conclude by suggesting that there are both opportunities and risks involved in the translation of research into exhibitions. For researchers, museums offer more creative forms of mitigation to help navigate the risks of exploiting vulnerable groups. However, ethical calculations need to take place in context, and considering the lives of the dead, the living and the imagined. • Public-facing research amplifies ethical considerations of research. • Ethical considerations are even more acute when using sensitive visual sources. • Exhibitions can mitigate some of the risks associated with sensitive visual sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on calling reflects a shared value that work as a calling can be an ethical good, an integral part of a life well-lived. However, scholarship is unsettled on whether calling is primarily for the personal fulfillment of the worker who experiences it, or whether it must be socially valuable, serving the interests of others. This paper explores whether and how primarily self-oriented callings can be seen as having ethical value by studying third-person accounts of calling in the Portraits of Grief, memorials of 9/11 victims. We found that callings were attributed to people working in multiple occupations but were more likely for first responders than financiers. Further, we compared portraits in which callings were depicted as self-oriented with those that emphasized service to others across the same two occupations. We use ethical theory to confirm why other-oriented callings are seen to have ethical value but also to explain how self-oriented callings may be ethically valuable in the eyes of others. These insights advance research on calling and also have practical implications for workers' pursuit of careers. We also introduce other-reported, archival data as a rich source for inquiry into calling. • Scholarship is unsettled on whether calling is for self or others. • 9/11 victim data depict two forms of calling, self-oriented and other-oriented. • Our data show occupational variances in frequency of forms of calling. • Our findings suggest that both forms of callings are seen to have ethical value. • Our analysis grounds perceptions of self-oriented callings in ethical theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While 'good government' has long been hailed as a defining feature of colonial Hong Kong, this paper argues that it should be seen as an epistemological ordering frame whose existence relied upon constant processes of moralization undertaken by many actors across multiple scales. Central to this was the invocation of certain ways of thinking about the roles of government and citizens implicit in Chinese historical experience. These moral constructs, transplanted and transformed within the colonial milieu, became central elements in the way many British officials and Chinese residents came to express themselves, and by doing so constituted themselves as governing subjects upholding colonial rule. To explore the role of these constructs in particular situated practices and broader strategies of colonial governance, this paper focuses on two case studies concerning the improvement of public health amidst growing threats of epidemics between 1900 and 1908. Although these efforts were not successful in containing the spread of diseases, the emphasis on self-help and revival of 'local traditions' for encouraging people to improve their neighborhoods helped engender a sense of pride an solidarity amongst the Chinese residents and propagated the idea that Hong Kong was an orderly, 'civilized' Chinese society superior to that of mainland China itself. Although both case studies are drawn from particular sites, it is clear that the initiation, implementation and effects of the projects were not confined to the local scale, but were tied to larger shifts in the forms of governance and emerging political discourses beyond Hong Kong. They thus highlight the 'networks of multiple scales' and the translocal processes through which competing conceptions of Hong Kong and its relations to the world were actively being constructed by different actors under colonial rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws on and develops a range of concepts and methodologies from ‘more-than-human’ and animal geographies to map some embodied historical geographies of elephant hunting in mid-nineteenth-century Ceylon. It focuses in particular on the exploits of Samuel Baker and some of his contemporaries. The paper attends to the attachments, crossings and ethics that passed between hunted and hunting bodies to flesh out the colonial visions of these ‘seeing men’ of empire. It critically engages with existing work on hunting and colonial natural history by examining interwoven human and nonhuman experiences, exploring elephant hunting as a collection of embodied and co-evolutionary processes with complex material histories. Drawing out the importance of embodiment, affect and intercorporeal exchange the paper then reflects on the performance, epistemology and ethics of hunting practice and traces the role played by a code of sportsmanship in orientating and legitimating the ethical sensibility of hunting. In conclusion the paper details what is gained from this style of embodied historical analysis which unsettles any simple spatio-temporal territorialisation of (post-) colonial historical geographies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: ‘Virtual globe’ software systems such as Google Earth are growing rapidly in popularity as a way to visualise and share 3D environmental data. Scientists and environmental professionals, many of whom are new to 3D modeling and visual communications, are beginning routinely to use such techniques in their work. While the appeal of these techniques is evident, with unprecedented opportunities for public access to data and collaborative engagement over the web, are there nonetheless risks in their widespread usage when applied in areas of the public interest such as planning and policy-making? This paper argues that the Google Earth phenomenon, which features realistic imagery of places, cannot be dealt with only as a question of spatial data and geographic information science. The virtual globe type of visualisation crosses several key thresholds in communicating scientific and environmental information, taking it well beyond the realm of conventional spatial data and geographic information science, and engaging more complex dimensions of human perception and aesthetic preference. The realism, perspective views, and social meanings of the landscape visualisations embedded in virtual globes invoke not only cognition but also emotional and intuitive responses, with associated issues of uncertainty, credibility, and bias in interpreting the imagery. This paper considers the types of risks as well as benefits that may exist with participatory uses of virtual globes by experts and lay-people. It is illustrated with early examples from practice and relevant themes from the literature in landscape visualisation and related disciplines such as environmental psychology and landscape planning. Existing frameworks and principles for the appropriate use of environmental visualisation methods are applied to the special case of widely accessible, realistic 3D and 4D visualisation systems such as Google Earth, in the context of public awareness-building and agency decision-making on environmental issues. Relevant principles are suggested which lend themselves to much-needed evaluation of risks and benefits of virtual globe systems. Possible approaches for balancing these benefits and risks include codes of ethics, software design, and metadata templates. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper proposes a cultural–developmental approach to moral psychology. The approach builds on and synthesizes findings from different research traditions, including the cognitive-developmental, domain, two orientations, three ethics, and moral identity traditions. The paper introduces a conception termed a cultural–developmental template. The template charts developmental patterns across the life course for moral reasoning in terms of the three Ethics of Autonomy, Community, and Divinity. The template, however, is not one-size-fits-all. Its general developmental patterns accommodate to the different constellations of Ethics held by culturally diverse peoples. From the present theoretical proposal follows a set of specific research expectations as well as a set of broader research implications for how to conduct research on morality from the vantage points of both culture and development. These expectations and implications include consideration of moral emotions, definitions of morality, and cultural variation in the life course itself. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to identify and explain a rather large impediment to the use of mixed method research designs that begin with survey data. Although supplementing quantitative survey analyses with insights derived from qualitative work is increasingly popular, there is also heightened concern about ethical issues in research, particularly the confidentiality of human research subjects. Surprisingly, there has been little discussion about how these two trends intersect, and the extent to which they are compatible. In this paper I argue that because of the important obligation to protect human research subjects’ identities (and, to a lesser extent, the proliferation of publicly available datasets), few researchers are actually in a position to implement this type of mixed methodology. Despite their noted advantages over mono-method designs, mixed method designs that start with quantitative data and subsequently supplement it with qualitative insights may not achieve the dominance that many have supposed and desired. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper we give results on (p-)blocks with the defect groups isomorphic to an extra special group of order p 3. We are particularly interested in the number of irreducible ordinary characters, and the number of irreducible Brauer characters in the block. The situation splits naturally into two cases according to the exponent of the extra special group; in this paper we concentrate on the exponent p 2 case. We prove that Olsson''s Conjecture (Theorem 4.6) and Brauer''s -Conjecture (Proposition 5.13) hold for the exponent p 2 case. We are also able to calculate two important block invariants ( and ) in this case. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• The current paper provides an overview of human evaluation practices in NLG. • The current paper gives an overview of the steps necessary to undertake a human evaluation study. • Building on findings from NLG, but also statistics and the behavioral sciences, the current paper provides a set of recommendations and best practices for human evaluation in NLG. Currently, there is little agreement as to how Natural Language Generation (NLG) systems should be evaluated, with a particularly high degree of variation in the way that human evaluation is carried out. This paper provides an overview of how (mostly intrinsic) human evaluation is currently conducted and presents a set of best practices, grounded in the literature. These best practices are also linked to the stages that researchers go through when conducting an evaluation research (planning stage; execution and release stage), and the specific steps in these stages. With this paper, we hope to contribute to the quality and consistency of human evaluations in NLG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper argues that the model of ethical legitimacy of criminal law should be welcomed. Two types of legitimacy may be recognized - primary and secondary. Primary legitimacy derives its validity from its coherence with ethical principles of responsibility, thus together shaping a message about what is right and wrong. Under this interpretation, severing of the ties between law and ethics does not mean that criminal law ceases to bind in the formalistic sense. Clearly, however, in such a case it loses one of the fundamental rationales for its validity, and it becomes increasingly more difficult to enforce it. Secondary legitimacy, contemporarily often considered the only one, reposes the validity of criminal law in decisions of an authorized legislator, thus deciding upon the bindingness of normative determinations (however, other constructs may also perform this function). Justifiability of ethical legitimacy of criminal law, where the principle of dignity of the person is dominant, is shown by reference to the example of unconscious non-intentionality. Of course, ethical legitimacy of criminal law and the choice of a constitutional anthropological vision have implications not only for this institution. Others include the theory of a criminal act, attempt, assignment of liability for a consequence, defences and errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about justice and punishment and their compatibility or incompatibility. The author's topic is the future of punishment and, more specifically, the necessity of punishment in a just social order. In the first part of this paper, the author locates the topic within current debates in critical criminology and the sociology of criminal law. The author argues that it is important to turn to relevant discussions in moral and political philosophy for answers to questions such as whether punishment is necessary, just and, therefore, fully justified in a just social order in the next part of the paper, the author presents one particular theory of a just social order which is itself largely based on a specific theory of justice. Together they represent an extremely well developed case for how punishment can be justified rationally and integrated into a conception of a just social order. In the third part, the author discusses some of the assumptions underlying their assertion that punishment is necessary, even in a just social order.

This paper presents qualitative research on the attitudes and behaviors of environmental studies graduate students toward meat eating, and their strategies for coping with the cognitive dissonance induced by the issues related to meat eating and production. The research draws on theoretical and empirical research on the issue of meat eating and the psychological processes involved in it, and by analyzing in-depth interviews it reveals that these students exhibit partially different coping strategies than what studies on general population show, as a result of their awareness and their social circle. The results show that even though these people do not usually regard meat eating as wrong or undesirable in principle, they are well aware of the ethical and environmental issues related to it. In their attitudes and behavior the students are significantly influenced by their friends and fellow students amongst whom they perceive avoiding meat as a social norm. A generalization of the results suggests that the psychological dynamics of meat eating among environmentally informed and engaged people in general may be different than in general population. Further research into this group of people is proposed, most importantly from a socio-cultural point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Is the recommendation of the WHO, endorsed by all member states, that all blood donations should be voluntary and non-compensated ethically coherent and realizable in practice? In a recent paper, Farrugia et al have argued for a plurality of both compensated and non-compensated systems, claiming that, from both an ethical and practical perspective, the classical concept of the ‘the gift relationship’, advocated over 40 years ago by Richard Titmuss, is unnecessary and inadequate. This paper focuses on the ethical aspects of this debate, considering the concepts of altruism, reciprocity and social solidarity as they apply to the procurement of blood and blood products, as well as evidence regarding safety of different sources of blood and the motivations of regular donors. It concludes with a discussion of the view summarized in a recent publication by Campbell (2009), that, although the body may be monetized, doing so would result in a loss of human value. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Despite the successes of financial incentives in increasing uptake of evidence-based interventions, acceptability is polarized. Given widespread interest in the use of financial incentives, we update findings from Giles and colleagues' 2015 systematic review (n = 81). The objectives of this systematic review are to identify what is known about financial incentives directed to patients for health-related behavior change, assess how acceptability varies, and address which aspects and features of financial incentives are potentially acceptable and not acceptable, and why. PRISMA guidelines were used for searching peer-reviewed journals across 10 electronic databases. We included empirical and non-empirical papers published between 1/1/14 and 6/1/18. After removal of duplicates, abstract screening, and full-text reviews, 47 papers (n = 31 empirical, n = 16 scholarly) met inclusion criteria. We assessed empirical papers for risk of bias and conducted a content analysis of extracted data to synthesize key findings. Five themes related to acceptability emerged from the data: fairness, messaging, character, liberty, and tradeoffs. The wide range of stakeholders generally preferred rewards over penalties, vouchers over cash, smaller values over large, and certain rewards over lotteries. Deposits were viewed unfavorably. Findings were mixed on acceptability of targeting specific populations. Breastfeeding, medication adherence, smoking cessation, and vaccination presented as more complicated incentive targets than physical activity, weight loss, and self-management. As researchers, clinicians, and policymakers explore the use of financial incentives for challenging health behaviors, additional research is needed to understand how acceptability influences uptake and ultimately health outcomes. • We systematically reviewed acceptability of financial incentives directed to patients for health-related behavior change. • We identified 47 empirical and non-empirical papers in the post-2013 literature. • Papers included perspectives of the general public, policymakers, health care professionals, and patients. • Five acceptability-related themes emerged: fairness, messaging, character, liberty, and tradeoffs. • Stakeholders generally preferred rewards over penalties, vouchers over cash, and smaller values over large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite decades of interest in moral character, comparatively little is known about moral behavior in everyday life. This paper reports a novel method for assessing everyday moral behaviors using the Electronically Activated Recorder (EAR)—a digital audio-recorder that intermittently samples snippets of ambient sounds from people’s environments—and examines the stability of these moral behaviors. In three samples (combined N = 186), participants wore an EAR over one or two weekends. Audio files were coded for everyday moral behaviors (e.g., showing sympathy, gratitude) and morally-neutral comparison language behaviors (e.g., use of prepositions, articles). Results indicate that stable individual differences in moral behavior can be systematically observed in daily life, and that their stability is comparable to the stability of neutral language behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morality is a topic of burgeoning scientific interest, and the relevance of personological factors to moral behavior has interdisciplinary implications for the social sciences, public policy, and philosophy. However, relatively little research has investigated the role of personological factors in moral life, perhaps because of lingering skepticism about the robustness of moral traits. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether morality is consistent across many occasions of everyday life, implying that personological factors play an important role in moral behavior. A novel method of assessing moral behaviors was developed and employed in two experience sampling studies (4075 total observations). Results showed that moral behavior is consistent in many different ways, suggesting that personological factors substantially impact moral life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health data exchange is a major challenge due to the sensitive information and the privacy issues entailed. Considering the European context, in which health data must be exchanged between different European Union (EU) Member States, each having a different national regulatory framework as well as different national healthcare structures, the challenge appears even greater. Europe has tried to address this challenge via the epSOS ("Smart Open Services for European Patients") project in 2008, a European large-scale pilot on cross-border sharing of specific health data and services. The adoption of the framework is an ongoing activity, with most Member States planning its implementation by 2020. Yet, this framework is quite generic and leaves a wide space to each EU Member State regarding the definition of roles, processes, workflows and especially the specific integration with the National Infrastructures for eHealth. The aim of this paper is to present the current landscape of the evolving eHealth infrastructure for cross-border health data exchange in Europe, as a result of past and ongoing initiatives, and illustrate challenges, open issues and limitations through a specific case study describing how Italy is approaching its adoption and accommodates the identified barriers. To this end, the paper discusses ethical, regulatory and organizational issues, also focusing on technical aspects, such as interoperability and cybersecurity. Regarding cybersecurity aspects per se, we present the approach of the KONFIDO EU-funded project, which aims to reinforce trust and security in European cross-border health data exchange by leveraging novel approaches and cutting-edge technologies, such as homomorphic encryption, photonic Physical Unclonable Functions (p-PUF), a Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) system, and blockchain-based auditing. In particular, we explain how KONFIDO will test its outcomes through a dedicated pilot based on a realistic scenario, in which Italy is involved in health data exchange with other European countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conceptualize the journey to ethical veganism in the stages of the transtheoretical model of change, from precontemplation through contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. At each stage, we explore the psychological barriers to progressing towards veganism, discuss how they manifest, and explore ways to overcome them. It is hoped that this paper can be used as a guide for animal advocates to identify the stage an individual is at, and understand and overcome the social and psychological barriers they may face to progressing. We argue that, while many people are ignorant of the cruel practices entailed in animal farming, many deliberately avoid thinking about the issue, are unable to appreciate the scale of the issue, and simply tend to favour the status quo. When engaging with the issue of farm animal suffering, meat-eaters are largely driven by cognitive dissonance, which manifests as motivated reasoning aimed at protecting one's image of oneself and one's society. This is facilitated by confirmation bias and complicit media which cater to the preferred views of their meat-eating audience. Even once convinced of veganism, habit and willpower present further barriers to acting on those beliefs. This is all in the context of a speciesist and carnistic culture where meat consumption is normal, farming is noble, and vegans are 'others'. We locate and elucidate each of these biases within the stages of the transtheoretical model and discuss the implications of this model for animal advocates and for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: ‘Good’ governance and adaptive co-management hold broad appeal due to their positive connotations and ‘noble ethical claims’. This paper poses a fundamental question: is adaptive co-management ethical? In pursuing an answer to this question, the concept of adaptive co-management is succinctly summarized and three ethical perspectives (deontology, teleology and existentialism) are explored. The case of adaptive co-management in Cambodia is described and subsequently considered through the lens of ethical triangulation. The case illuminates important ethical considerations and directs attention towards the need for meditative thinking which increases the value of tradition, ecology, and culture. Giving ethics a central position makes clear the potential for adaptive co-management to be an agent for governance, which is good, right and authentic as well as an arena to embrace uncertainty. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: All introduced natural enemies present a degree of risk to nontarget species. Since most biological control programs use relatively host-specific natural enemies, the risk to nontarget species is generally very low, particularly from biological control of weeds, which uses extensively tested and validated host-specificity testing procedures to predict risk. However, many of the published comments about risks of biological control are superficial or misleading, often inappropriately lumping risk from all taxa of agents as “the risk of biological control,” and ignore the potential benefits, rather than dealing with species-by-species risk and benefits. Particularly confounding accurate predictions is the common mixing of parameters of hazard and exposure in discussions of risk. In this paper, traditional risk analysis techniques are discussed and adapted for biological control. How people perceive risk is the key to understanding their attitude to risk. Some of the criticisms of biological control relating to inadequate post-release monitoring are valid and the ethical responsibilities of biological control scientists in this area are also discussed. Biological control scientists should address objectively the criticisms of biological control, continue to review and adjust current host-specificity testing procedures and make appropriate changes. This process will result in better science, ultimately delivering more focused programs, and altering the perception of risk from biological control agents by objective observers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article focuses on the incest as an offence under criminal law in Scotland where incest legislation of 1567 was only recently reformed in 1986. It is shown that the strong moral reaction to the topic of incest in Scotland has received a substantial basis in laws to regulate, first, the family and, second, the sexual victimization of children in families. It is also shown how the legal interpretation of incest changed to the question of child sexual abuse as a modern crime. There follows an analysis of the Scottish reformers proposed recommendations for changes to Scottish incest law which, in a final step, leads to an alternative interpretation of the recommendations. The aim of the paper is to study how reforms in the area of Scottish incest law have been organized to make changes that abide in accordance with doctrines which are, by definition, universal. The conceptualization of incest prohibition is rooted in the moral philosophy of the eighteenth century.

Several commentators have linked morality and law-and-order panic campaigns to politico-economic crises facing the state and the need on the part of powerful interest groups in society to assert collective consciousness. The core of this argument is that state and media response to minority group demands is not random but is calculated to neutralize and pre-empt any effective challenge to dominant groups in society. For example, in the North American and British context, it has been argued that the concern with crime in the streets and the high level of public support for harsh criminal actions may be viewed as reflections of antagonism toward or intolerance of non-white minorities and the political gains made by these minorities. A detailed examination of the applicability of this hypothesis to the treatment of the Palestinians in Israel is yet to be carried out. This paper contrasts Palestinian perception of the Intifadah and its impact upon them, to that offered by official spokespersons and the media.

Abstract: This paper provides some philosophical comments on Rose''s prevention paradox, suggesting why that paradox seems so difficult, and why policy-makers should care about solving it. The assumptions underlying the paradox section sets out two ways of understanding the notion of “benefit” in public health programmes, and shows how the prevention paradox arises from combining both understandings. Thinking through the paradox section argues that if we find the second understanding of benefit appealing, then we should rethink how we typically assess preventive public health measures. The implications section shows how these theoretical arguments imply that public health practitioners should care about solving the prevention paradox, rather than simply denying the legitimacy of one of the two views from which it arises. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]