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Using the new technology and technique to improve and optimize the building performance from the conceptual design phase has a significant meaning. The introduction of Artificial Intelligent algorithms together with the advancement in computing capability recently open the doors to new horizon. In this paper, the application of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) to predict the cooling load of building from early design is investigated. The building cooling load estimation for most building is complicated and time consuming due different design options, location, weather data...And the outputs are also many like cooling load, heating load, etc... Many commercial, complex software packages for heating load and cooling load of specific building. ANFIS can help to predict the energy consumption based its learning capability of large data from building in general and heating and cooling loads in particular. The building energy dataset now can be generated using computational BIM model using Dynamo for Autodesk Revit by Autodesk Inc., Grasshopper for Rhinoceros, McNeel corporations. In this paper, the dataset is generated by Autodesk Ecotect and is provided freely by UCI dataset repository to download. By ANFIS the energy consumption of residential building is predicted precisely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reaching the maximum level of the users' comfort in the building is an important role. At the same time, it is vital to have occurred minimum negative environmental effects. Having an atrium as a popular area in the building needs to investigate thermal performance. This paper finds out the effects of the floor heigh into the internal condition as the liner atrium with optimum shading device during the warm period. This paper illustrated the different results according to the atrium building height as floor numbers including 1, 3, and 5 floors in Famagusta, North Cyprus climate. As finding in all building height simulation models in August is the maximum discomfort condition month and maximum cooling loads as air-conditioning system, because of internal building gained and ventilation gains, (single floor Qz between 330 to-330 watts, Qv:-2000 to 2000 watts), (three floors Qz between 1200, 2200 watts to-1200,-2200 watts, Qv:-7000 to 7000 watts), and (five floors Qz between 2000, 4500 watts to-2000,-4500 watts, Qv:-12000 to 12000 watts) however, the optimum shading device as 35% over the south external facade of atrium applied but the fully air-conditioned is necessary especially from morning to afternoon time. It found that, while the floor height of the total building and atrium height increased, heat transferring massively occurred during morning time especially as passive performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy consumption has become the challenge especially in developing countries such as India and China. In recent times, increasing fears about the environmental impressions of energy consumption and global warming has exaggerated this concern. The building sector is consuming one-fourth of the share at state level power consumption in Punjab where the procurement of coal even becomes the challenge and thermal plants needs to be stopped leading to almost blackout in the state. This paper examines the energy saving conformations leading to reduction in energy management of the building. To achieve this, a residential building is modeled in Design builder software and simulation is carried with Energy Plus integrated tool. In this paper, simulation were carried out with variety of double glass formations with infill material such as argon and air in gap of 12 mm. Full year simulation was performed for the composite climate. Simulation results indicated the considerable reduction in solar gains by 28.28% and cooling load by 27.08%. Further, initial assessment was carried out by calculating approximately the cost of double glass unit and payback period for different window formations. It is recommended to use the double glass unit empanelled window formation which has the potential to reduce the electricity bill considerably. The initial cost is approximately 2.12 times more than traditional window which be offset by the savings over energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimization of energy consumption is important, especially in building these days. The energy consumption of Mechanical – Ventilating – Air conditioning (MVAC) systems always the largest proportion in total energy consumption. One of the most effective approach is the estimation and prediction as close as possible to the real operation mode of the MVAC in reality. However, the tasks of energy consumption estimation request large efforts, time consuming but low precise results. Most designers roughly calculate the energy consumption at first and the using automation control to manipulate the system operation later. With the help of the newest, cutting edge technology in soft computing like ANN, ANFIS and intelligent optimization methods, the designers now can apply these technologies to achieve the reliable, rapid, precise results for the further convincing designs. In this paper, the authors simply apply the Multi Layers, Back Propaganda Neural Network (MLB ANN) to estimate the building Heating Load (HL) and Cooling Load (CL). The Mean Square Errors (MSE) and Regression R Values (R) are used as the indicators for ANN with the dataset provided open access by UCI. The results prove that ANN can be reliable approach to predict energy consumption for complex, multi design option building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deal with the improvement of cooling load in office buildings in Semi-Arid Climates. Generally, the building in North Iraq consumes a lot of energy to satisfy cooling need due to the climate in northern Iraq is a hot atmosphere, as well as lack of sufficient construction techniques, materials, and operations without providing satisfactory comfort and health levels for the occupants, that lead to using a mechanical device (split unit) to achieve thermal comfort. Therefore, this paper aims to test some applying passive cooling strategies to reduce energy consumption and improve thermal performance in office buildings. Design builder and Energy plus are used to present the dynamic role of the simulation tool in architecture. This study proposed a conventional office to be baseline module for simulation and selected one room from each orientation to simulate the current situation and then with various passive cooing variables to improve the office space cooling load. The study concluded that Window shading by the overhang, low solar transmittance, and decreasing window-to-wall ratio scored the best results for minimizing cooling loads by 17% -40% compared to the base case. The primary objective, which has been achieved through this article, emphasizes the importance of using Building Performance Simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of thermoacoustic refrigerators has been hindered by their low coefficients of performance and cooling load. This paper reports on literature on studies that sought to optimise individual and entire thermoacoustic refrigerator performance. These studies investigated individual components and suggested that a pin array stack with smaller spacing should be preferred. According to previous studies, developers of thermoacoustic refrigerators should select low thermal conductivity materials such as Mylar sheet, PLA or RVC. They should use low Prandtl number fluids, such as the Helium-Xenon mixture. The stacks should be short and positioned nearer the closed end of the resonator. Also, they should operate the thermoacoustic refrigerators at higher than atmospheric pressures for better performance. These optimal parameters sometimes work in a contrary manner, therefore is necessary to optimise the thermoacoustic refrigerator's geo-metric and operating parameters. Numerical studies which show that when properly optimised, thermoacoustic refrigerators can achieve coefficients of performance comparable to vapour compression systems are yet to be validated by experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archive Depot Building, in general, serves as a place to store, safe-keep, and maintain archives. Therefore, archives located in this building should be treated in accordance with the Head of ANRI (The National Archives of Indonesia) Regulation No. 31of 2015 on Guidelines for Establishment of Archive Depots. For this type of paper archive, its recommended temperature setting is that of 15oC to 22oC with moisture of 55. This building has 4 floors, and is located at Margonda Raya Street No. 54 Depok. The geographical location of this building is South Latitude. The building is facing west, and the building area is of 3211,12 ft2. From the design and calculation results, we obtained cooling loads of 264929.11 Btu/hr or equivalent to 77.62 kW. The specifications of air conditioners selected to meet the cooling load based on the calculation results are: 1 Outdoor Unit; Nominal Cooling Capacity of 78,6 kW. 2 Indoor Units; Nominal Cooling Capacity of 2800 W. 3 Indoor Units; Nominal Cooling Capacity of 3600 W. 4 Indoor Units; Nominal Cooling Capacity of 4500 W. 1 Indoor Unit; Nominal Cooling Capacity of 8000 W. Lastly, 3 Indoor Units; Nominal Cooling Capacity of 14000 W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unmatched construction increase happened in last decade and the domestic construction from late 80s can be labelled as inefficient energy units. Building sector consumes energy more than 54 % and residential sector around 24 % in north region. The rising cost of per unit energy is huge concern especially the cooling loads. The inefficient houses are raising the peak demand becomes a challenge to meet the demand versus generation. This issue must be addressed at micro level. The major energy loss happened through windows (being the crucial component of building services) and more heat inside the building than other components such as wall, roof etc. This paper investigates the possible reasons and gaps that why residential sector is not susceptible towards sustainable windows to lower their electricity bills. The research carried in two phases and questionnaire is framed to gather the data for analysis with aid of experts and literature reviews. It is concluded that awareness of occupant plays a pivotal role in advancement of sustainable windows besides other crucial factors such as orientation, make, glazing type etc. The collective efforts of architect, engineer, vendors and occupant can bridge the gap to reduce energy consumption. The initial cost of sustainable windows can be offset with savings and aid of government policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the implementation of heat pipe in the air conditioning system, specifically in an air circulating room. The use of air conditioning system in an air circulating room may increase the cooling load of the evaporator. In this experiment, the heat pipe is utilized for reducing the inlet air temperature in order to reduce the cooling load of the evaporator. Thermal analysis of the Heat Pipe Air Conditioning System (HPAC) is conducted with variation of vertically-installed adiabatic and initial air cabin temperature of 30°C with Air Conditioner (AC) setting temperature of 20°C; 18°C; 16°C. The thermal analysis is then compared with the HPAC without the adiabatic. The result shows that the utilization of vertically-installed adiabatic in the heat pipe of the HPAC decreases the inlet air temperature with cooling load of 5,981 kW; 6,978 kW; 7,477 kW, respectively to the AC setting temperature, compared to the HPAC without adiabatic with the result of 6,48 kW; 7,477 kW; 8,474 kW. The HPAC with vertically-installed adiabatic shows a lower energy use within the range of 29,1% – 37,7% for the AC compressor and 16,6% – 23% according to the cooling rate. The results indicate that the implementation of heat pipe with vertically adiabatic in the air conditioning system in a circulating room is more effective compared to without using the adiabatic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, solar powered air conditioning machines have made increasing progress as air conditioning systems are almost a must in every building in Indonesia. Indonesia is a tropical area that can receive sunlight all year round. This study examines the design and performance of a solar-powered air conditioning system that is integrated with a photovoltaic (PV) system consisting of PV panels, solar chargers, DC power controllers/inverters and batteries. This air conditioning system can be used in non-electrical areas. The first step in this research is the calculation of the cooling load for the space to be conditioned and obtained about 1 ton of refrigeration (3.52 kW). Based on this cooling load, a photovoltaic (PV) system has been estimated and constructed with the necessary connections. Data logging systems have been used to measure the temperature of the main components in the cycle such as the compressor inlet and outlet as well as the evaporator and condenser. The input power for the system as well as the coefficient of performance (COP) for the system under Indonesian climatic conditions are measured throughout the day. The coefficient of performance varies from 2.9 to 8.5 for the system and this result is compared with the performance of the conventional system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduced a procedure for determining cooling load in the passenger carbody of a high-speed train. Since the high-speed train was operated in Indonesia, topography, e.g., elevation, and environmental conditions, e.g., relative humidity, wet and dry bulb temperature, were considered constant parameters. Latent and sensible cooling loads from seven sources were estimated by referring to a method of ASHRAE standard. A complete cooling load calculation procedure on high-speed train has been presented. A case study has also been carried out. From the case study, we analyze the profile of cooling load of high-speed train from every heat source. The results achieved that sensible cooling load dominated the total of cooling loads was about 60%. Ventilation and passenger's sources contribute about 37% and 25% of total cooling loads respectively, followed by the fan/motor as the third source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper deals with the performance evaluation of a solar district cooling system for a residential compound in three different locations (Abu Dhabi, Riyadh and Palermo). A three-step procedure has been developed: 1. estimation of the cooling load; 2. performance prediction of the district cooling network; 3. optimization of the cooling production plant. The work compares four different technologies: triple, double and single-stage lithium-bromide absorption chillers driven by Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTC-3sABS, PTC-2sABS and PTC-1sABS) and 1-stage lithium-bromide absorption chillers fed by Evacuated Tube Collectors (ECT-1sABS). A multi-variable optimization has been carried out to find out the best combination of solar field area and thermal energy storage capacity. For each technology, the best solution has been selected by minimizing the primary costs under the constraint of a solar fraction target 70%. The results show that all plant configurations are strongly affected by ambient condition and cooling load characteristics. The PTC-3sABS system is potentially the most efficient configuration, but it is penalised by the high investment costs. The case ETC-1sABS is based on the components (collectors and chillers) with the lowest unit costs: nevertheless, the low chiller’s COP has a detrimental impact on the required solar field area and, consequently, on the overall costs. The double-stage chillers driven by PTCs resulted to be the most cost-effective solution, mainly for site locations with high level of beam solar radiation, where the troughs perform better than ETCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to its favorable environmental and thermodynamic properties, for split-type air conditioners (STAC), HC-290 is oneof the refrigerants that holds the most promise. But on the other hand, HC-290 is combustible. For safety reasons, it is important to upgrade the STAC design for lowering the refrigerant charge is necessary. To overcome this limitation, it is suggested to use newly designed falling film condensing method. The novel condenser was tested after being set up on a STAC. The main objective was to observe whether with the minimum charge in the system what will be the cooling load and COP of the system. Traditionally used horizontal sopper tubes in the condenser was replaced by the vertical copper tubes, connected with upper header and followed by lower collector. Thus, lowering the pressure drop as refrigerant gets divided into number of tubes. The use of a falling film condenser significantly lowers the refrigerant charge while still upholding safety and energy efficiency standards, according to test results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia as a maritime country has enormous capture fisheries potential. On the other hand, the use of technology in catching and cooling fish catches is still very limited. This study aims to design a fish hold insulation for fishing vessels 5 Gross Tonnage as a solution in maintaining the freshness of the fish caught. Fishing boat using flat hull ship design has been used as a study case with the main dimension is length overall 8.2-meter, breadth 2.6-meter, draught 0.8-meter. Based on the calculation standards used, the fish hold insulation design is obtained of 4-meter length, 2-meter width and 1.5-meter height. From all existing load calculations, the total cooling load that must be provided by the evaporator to keep the fish hold room air temperature at 0 ° C is 472.4 Watt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia’s economic and population growth is predicted to increase energy needs by 4.1 GW each year until the year 2030. This increase in energy needs will be supplied by fossil fuels. Most of the energy consumption is in the household and commercial sector, taking up 61.5% of the total electrical consumption. Hence, reducing energy consumption in this sector is critical. A method known as Building Performance Simulation enables to simulate a building energy consumption, given the climate condition, building envelope properties, occupants activity pattern, lighting system and other components of the building cooling load. Strategies can be applied in the simulation to improve building energy performance. Simulation of a building that serves as a learning center in Universitas Gadjah Mada was conducted utilizing the IES-VE software. The LC-FEB is an eight-story building consists of rooms that functionalize as a library, audiovisual room, modern learning activity room, and instructional development service. This research is conducted to analyze the cooling load components that have the most impact, particularly for hot humid climate and a learning center building. A systematical method for cooling load calculation is proposed. From this study, it can be concluded that the largest heat gain comes from people heat gain (46%), followed by solar heat gain (18%), lighting heat gain (14%), natural ventilation heat gain (12%), and equipment heat gain (10%). It is shown that people's heat gain contributes the most to the overall cooling load. However, given the building function as a learning center, this particular load is considered already fixed for scenarios defined by the number of people and the type of activity. A passive design strategy that variates the building envelope by carefully taking into account the Yogyakarta’s climate condition, can be considered potential to reduce the solar heat gain component and therefore, reduces the total cooling load. It can conclude that for a learning center building, activity inside the building should be designed carefully. For a hot humid climate, the design of the building envelope should respond to the climate condition. This research shows that building thermal dynamics simulations will provide the opportunity for researchers to know directly what components need more attention in designing efficient buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy efficiency in refrigeration and air conditioning vapor compression systems has been focused on the development of modulation methods allowing variation of compressor energy consumption according to refrigeration requirements, or the use of alternative energies for running those compression systems. However, even when a compressor comes with frequency inverter, improper selection can lead the user to spend more energy during low cooling loads; or force the compressor to work under conditions for which it was not designed. Thus, the present article shows how the determination of the return gas temperature of the compressor can affect its performance and may vary according to the type of application. Therefore, the operation of reciprocating and rotary compressors was simulated and monitored under the same nominal conditions and determined its cooling effect and its compression capacity. The results show that for the same type of compressor, differences in system capacity are approximately constant regardless of the type of refrigerant used in low temperature applications. The compressor capacity for medium and low temperature systems is independent of return gas temperature using R-22. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduction of electrical energy consumption is the major issue for energy conservation in building. Ice slurry offers advantages in efficient cooling medium, capable of shifting the electricity demand and reduction in size of system compared over conventional cooling system. In this study, an attempt was made to develop an ice slurry as an efficient cooling application for replacing excessive use of indoor air condition. The cooling load is investigated through a case study in office building. Moreover, effect pump rotation and scraper are carried out to find out the optimum performance of ice slurry system. An evaluation from cooling load analysis reveals that two ice slurry generators can fulfil the demand of cooling load from sample building. The results show that higher speed of pump and scraper give best result regarding power consumption and ice production rate. It is concluded that ice slurry is a rewarding technology for thermal energy storage, especially in air conditioning application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of district cooling implementation opportunity in Jakarta will be reported. Two alternatives of district cooling system were simulated for a building complex district of about 1 km2 area situated in Jakarta. The two alternatives were a conventional centralized chiller system (ALT 1) and a combination of water chillers, brine chillers and TES (thermal energy storage) system (ALT 2). The methodology of the study was based on the cooling load estimation of the selected district using Trace 600 software, continued with selection and sizing of the main equipment alternatives, complete with the life cycle cost analysis. The simulation was divided into 5 zones based on the chilled water distribution. There were 34 buildings in the district consist of 1 residential area, 1 supermarket, 1 expo building, 1 hospital, 2 schools, 2 malls, 13 apartments, 7 hotels, and 6 office buildings. The peak cooling load in this district was found to be 35.800 TR (ton of refrigeration). For ALT 1, the system used the water-cooled chiller consisted of 8 base chiller of 5.000 TR each, 8 cooling towers, 8 chilled water pumps, 16 condenser water pumps, and 18 chilled water distribution pumps. The maximum daily energy consumption was 1,500,300 kWh. With 10% interest rate and 10% profit margin in 15 years operational periods, the chilled water rent price was found to be 3.77 cents US$/kWh in the first year. Due to its lower investment and operational cost, higher IRR, simpler equipments and easier to operate, the conventional centralized chiller system (ALT 1) is preferred over the district cooling with thermal energy storage system (ALT 2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking a commercial district as the research object, on the basis of historical energy consumption, a model of cooling load prediction is set up. Firstly, the original method of cooling load prediction is introduced. Then the cooling load indexes are corrected by using the historical energy consumption data. Finally, re-forecasting the cooling load of the commercial district again. The method can be used for cooling load forecasting of building as a guide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for estimating cryogenic load in IR payload systems for space application is presented. Commercially available software, Thermal Desktop 5.3, is used for the analysis. This method incorporates a CAD-based finite difference scheme and an oct-tree accelerated Monte-Carlo ray tracing algorithm to solve first principle energy equations via a nodal network. In this investigation, a generic spacecraft consisting of an optical payload and bus is developed using surfaces, node conductances and capacitances to generate SINDA/FLUINT input files. This method captures radiation and conduction parasitic loads in the focal plane assembly (FPA) and incorporates gray body radiation couplings between surfaces along with heat rates resulting from environmental heat fluxes (such as solar, Earth IR, and albedo). An example of how this method applies to a space flight application is described and presented using the developed thermal model. The predicted FPA and Optical Bench Assembly cooling loads and operating temperatures are presented for various beta angle orbits. The results indicate that the proposed methodology can accurately predict cryogenic load in optical payload systems for use in defining requirements in the initial stages of a program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]