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Introduction: Private hospitals, despite their enormous weight in the economy and society, have traditionally had little presence in the press. In the present study, we will analyse the impact of the creation of Xanit Hospital Internacional within the Malaga private hospital panorama in the local press. Objetive: To analyse whether such a relevant and significant event as the creation of the Xanit hospital has helped them to achieve a greater media presence. Methodology: We will analyse all the news about the 6 main private hospitals in the province of Malaga in the 3 most important newspapers in the province over a period of 5 years. Results: Private healthcare centres have increased their presence in the local press, with Xanit Hospital Internacional being the one with the highest number of press appearances, even though it is not the most important private hospital in the province. Conclusions: The repercussion of the hospitals in the local press is low, and with low impact news. However, the creation of Xanit has led to a slight increase in this trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aetiological ignorance of the 1918 flu, added to the high mortality that it caused, led to the appearance of a multitude of drugs and health products to tackle it. Objective: To analyze the advertisements that were published in the Spanish press during the influenza epidemic of 1918. Methodology: A selection of advertisements containing the concept 'influenza' was made in the newspapers of the digital newspaper library of the National Library of Spain, between January 1, 1918 and December 31, 1920. Results: There was an increase in the frequency of publication of advertisements, which were characterized by the description of the product to be offered and its validity against the epidemic of flu. Conclusions: It is observed the great advertising coverage that newspapers gave to the influenza epidemic of 1918 and the large number of advertisements that emerged to cure the disease, which produced a huge impact on spanish society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Due to its great socioeconomic repercussions, back pain represents a major public health problem. The Internet is one of the primary sources of information for people with back pain. Objectives: To describe and analyze the recommendations in the Spanish general press about the prevention and treatment of back pain, as well as to evaluate its sources and the explanations on the concept "pain". Methodology: Content analysis of articles published in the digital version of El País, El Mundo, ABC and La Vanguardia. Results: 56 articles were found. The most frequent recommendations are: physical exercise (84%), ergonomic strategies (64%), lifestyle change (34%), visiting specialists (21%), acute analgesia treatments (16%) and pain education (8%). The most prevalent sources are specialists. Explanations of pain are very rare. Conclusions: Some of the recommendations offered in newspaper articles do not have sufficient scientific evidence and derive from unreliable and outdated sources. It is necessary that those responsible for this type of articles use quality sources, are more critical of the selected data and ensure that the information offered is supported by the actual scientific evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Before this health crisis, health and medicine journalism was already a subject of study in journalism schools. At the University of Extremadura, while COVID-19 began to take over the media sphere, in January and February, a teaching innovation practice was carried out. Objective: To measure the degree of excellence of the information from the Spanish digital press while motivating class work. Methodology: Through a "case study", students were structured through working groups to analyze the news about the pandemic in the main print media in their digital editions of El País, El Mundo, La Vanguardia, El Abc and La Razón. Results: 43 analysis units have been analyzed in 226 news items that constitute the first information on COVID-19 in the Spanish press, which the students have perceived as informative (67,6%), far from sensationalism but lacking originality. Conclusions: It is clear that for journalism students the press has given priority to the news without a great deal of interpretation, and on the other hand, that these types of proactive initiatives in the classroom encourage practice, awaken motivation and facilitate learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The study of the relationship between the current health crisis and media contributes to the understanding of how society captures and guides the situation, given the influence of topics reported by media. Objectives: This research aims to study the evolution of the presence of news about COVID-19 on the front pages of main Spanish newspapers. Methodology: The method is based on the review of the three most relevant Spanish newspapers (El País, El Mundo and La Vanguardia) from January 21 to March 14, 2020, drawing from a content analysis of the front pages (N = 301). Results: Results show, on one hand, the increasing weight of COVID-19 on the front pages, and, on the other, although there are differences between newspapers, these do not reveal a 'global' presence of the virus on covers until a few days before the declaration of the state of alarm. Conclusion: The study contributes to the understanding of the evolution of COVID-19 from the analysis of newspaper front pages in Spain and results may involve comparative analyzes in relation to other crises, time periods and geographic contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Traditional media in Spain are playing a prominent role in the coverage of the COVID-19 disease. Objective: To study the visual representations of the SARS-Covid-2 virion in television news programs and printed press, the designer's motivations and their relationship with scientific images of the virion. Methodology: A mixed qualitative-quantitative methodology has been followed, with interviews with experts and a statistical analysis with a Chi-Square test applied to 1,732 pieces of news, extracted from the printed version of 19 Spanish daily newspapers, and 121 images of the virion in 5 television news programs. Results: Scientific illustrations were used in 36.02% of newspaper's pieces of news, and only in 11.57% of TV news programs images. Conclusions: Newspapers are more faithful to scientific images than TV news. The most used image assets use the most representative virus forms: elongated spicules ending in tentacles, intended for the sensitization of the dangerousness of the virus than to a merely informative objective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The news coverage of health emergencies faces the temptation to give in to alarmism and morbid curiosity. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the degree of compliance with the ethical principles of journalism in the COVID-19 information on the front pages of the Spanish newspapers. Methodology: Content analysis of the photos on the front pages (n=344), published between January 1 and April 15, 2020 (n=608) in general information newspapers (n=6), regional and national, that amount the 43.9% of the Spanish daily readers. Results: 3.5% of images questioned or violate precepts contained in ethical codes, especially in relation to the right to privacy and the right to one's own image. Violations around pain and suffering, alarmism, the presumption of innocence, security or political pressure are not representative. Conclusion: The photographic display was restrained, respectful and opted for extensive metaphorical snapshots. Protection mechanisms against the pandemic --personal protection equipment (PPE), masks or glasses-- frequently made it difficult to recognize the protagonists. In addition, pixelated of the face was used extensively to prevent personal identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In Spain, the recreational use of cannabis is illegal. This illegality is once again part of a social debate in which certain political groups support a justified legalization based on economic benefits against some medical opinions that do not recommend the consumption decriminalization. Objective: This review aims to identify the approach given to consumption in Spain, both in the scientific field and in a more general one as the written press. The coherence or disagreement between the detected approaches can contribute to determinate if legalization will be a reality soon. Method: An analysis of scientific and non-scientific publications is carried out using three forms of research: a specialized search tool (Google Scholar), two national newspapers in their digital version (ABC and El País) and an online scientific citation indexing service (Web of Science). Results: The journalistic and the scientific field coincide in a negative approach regarding the cannabis consumption; in addition, its content turns out to be very focused on society. Conclusions: The high consumption of cannabis among the Spanish population despite the negative approach indicates a failure in the communication related with this problematic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The media play a fundamental role when it comes to promoting blood donation and building the symbolic values and contents associated with it. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the ways in which press treats blood donation and other issues related to transfusion medicine, based on an analysis of news published in the main newspapers of Spain during the year 2016. Methods: From a search conducted in the newspapers El Pais, El Mundo, ABC, La Vanguardia, El Confidencial and eldiario.es, 332 news items were selected. A simple frequency statistical analysis was performed, as well as a content analysis. Results: News items were classified by topic, finding that 45.5% of the news referred campaigns and calls for donation; 26.8% addressed organizational issues related to transfusion services and resources;19.6% dealt with medical research and therapeutic innovations; and 11.4% addressed didactic or educational issues. In addition, 24.4% of the news explicitly mentioned values such as altruism, generosity or solidarity, while 29.8% referred to specific territories or made comparisons between autonomous communities. Conclusions: We identified five functions that newspapers fulfill regarding the promotion and symbolic construction of blood donation: appealing, didactic, futuristic, ideological and construction of collective identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between Friday, October 13 and Monday afternoon, October 16, 2017, one hundred and forty-six fires were registered in Galicia. Sixty on Sunday and twenty-eight of these initiates at dawn, between midnight and nine in the morning Leaving a balance of four fatalities and some twenty wounded and a challenge for the media coverage of the media, specifically in its function of keeping the citizen informed in emergency situations. Therefore, the analysis of the information treatment in two newspapers, one of national coverage and another of regional coverage, analyzing the follow-up and content of its news, as well as compliance with the decalogue of recommendations for media and journalist of catastrophe events issued by the Colexio of Xomalistas. In addition, special consideration will be given to the fact that the aforementioned media incur the disclosure of Fake News during the event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The wave of wildfires in the autumn season of 2017, that claimed the lives of 45 people in Portugal and four in Galicia, brought up the big challenge to the media of provide immediate and qualitative information in disaster situations. Objectives: Determine the digital press priorities in Spain reporting about wildfires, explain news coverage and provide recommendations from a journalistic perspective. Methods: Quantitative and qualitative analysis of press articles about wildfires in Galicia in 2017 published as digital editions in EL País and La Voz de Galicia from October 13th to 23rd of 2017. Results: Both media give priority to the use of governmental sources and a single point of view. El País provide more balanced information in terms of topics and frames. La Voz de Galicia prefers human-interest frames more frequently. Conclusions: The editorial line of both media is reflected in the politicization of issues such as the allocation of responsibilities. El País stands out for using a deeper journalistic content and La Voz de Galicia uses a more superficial one with a tendency to sensationalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The behavior of citizens regarding health information can influence their relationships with other people and their decisions. Objectives: To increase the understanding of behavioral changes of Spanish citizens regarding health information (exposition, access, and use of it) between 2014 and 2018. Methodology: Six focus groups were organized with citizens in 2014 (N = 31) and four with specialized health communicators in 2018 (N = 23). The transcripts have been coded and analyzed with Atlas.ti 8 software. Results: In 2014 social networks began to occupy a central role as a means of access to health information, especially among the youngest. From the opinion of communicators, in 2018 there is now more quality information online, but the commercial strategies of the social networks encourage the exposure of citizens to fake-news (including pseudo therapies) and superficial contents (i.e. body image). Citizens have changed their issues of interest and their behavior regarding health information. The use of online information within the doctor-patient relationship do not seem to have changed. Conclusion: In four years there have been changes in the exposure and access to health information that could have consequences on health behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the survivors in Spain of the free distribution press is the specialized publication Diario Médico, which has been disseminating health issues among professionals of the National Health System for 25 years. We did an exploratory-descriptive study about its origins and current situation, paying attention to its labour in paper, through the printed product, and in Red, through diariomedico.com. The techniques are the interview with its deputy director and the analysis of its products. The mixed format defines Diario Médico: it maintains its commitment to offer information on paper, despite having reduced the periodicity from daily to weekly; leads its paper readers to Orbyt, the digital press kiosk of the promoter group, Unidad Editorial, where it offers seven pages a day in pdf format with information for subscribers, and on the Web, with an edition that opens to the participation of the user. The informative tone of its contents and its usefulness for society, together with the growing interest of the non-specialized public in medicine and health, lead to Diario Médico, in our opinion, to have a double objective public: society in general and professionals of the System in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses deeply the news related to Food Safety published throughout 2014 in the four newspapers of greatest diffusion in the Galician Community in order to know their journalistic treatment and the most relevant topics. The most recurrent themes were Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries. The Sea section was the one that included the largest number of news due to the importance of the fishing sector in Galicia. Information such as the distribution of fishing quotas or the Russian veto to European agricultural-food products was monitored continuously. News, related to nutrition and health, were also frequently published, highlighting the beneficial effect of the consumption of foods included in the Atlantic diet. Although serious food risks did not occur, the analyzed press also collected widely the health alert in France attributed initially to the consumption of Galician mussels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the extensive literature, more and more scientific contributions support the effectiveness of creatine supplementation. From a clinical perspective, it has been shown to be beneficial for a large number of diseases; while in the sports field, it has been recognized as the most effective nutritional supplement in improving exercise tolerance, increasing muscle strength and developing of lean body mass. However, there are some myths about this substance, largely amplified by the media. The objective of this study is to analyze the content of creatine news in Spain between 2000 and 2015, to know the approach and orientation of the media treatment. We analyzed 123 news from Spain: 65.15% corresponded to the clinical setting and most treated the benefits of creatine; and 34.15% were from the sports area, highlighting messages with a negative tone towards this product. Publications with confusing information about creatine in news media, lead some athletes to make erroneous decisions that may affect both their nutritional status and their physical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]