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Chen, L., 2020. The green building design of subtropical ocean climate adaptability. In: Li, L. and Huang, X. (eds.), Sustainable Development in Coastal Regions: A Perspective of Environment, Economy, and Technology. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 112, pp. 50-54. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.With the increasing global warming, climate change has affected human survival and development, which has become an important problem facing the world. Therefore, green building has become the most important development trend, which is an important measure of the corresponding sustainable development strategy. Through green building, China can implement energy conservation and emission reduction strategy, which will better deal with global warming. Green building needs mult-disciplinary technology combination, which needs to set the design goal according to the local environment, form and function. By strengthening the natural regulation of climate, green buildings can better apply the environmental climate change, which will meet the requirements of energy conservation and health. This paper mainly studies the adaptability of the subtropical marine climate green building, which can better design the building in line with energy conservation, health and function. Taking Guangzhou as an example, this paper analyzes the adaptive design of green building through examples.

Xie, T.; Liu, J.; Wang, H., and Zhang, F., 2020. Management strategy of coastal soil and water resources along the Yellow River under the climate change background. In: Wan, Z. (ed.), Coordinated Sustainable Development in Coastal Areas: Environment and Economy. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 109, pp. 45–50. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.The soil erosion along the Yellow River is serious, which is mainly caused by human activities and the lack of soil and water conservation measures. This leads to a large amount of sediment flowing into the Yellow River and eventually into the ocean, resulting in water pollution and ecological imbalance. This paper analyzed the impact of climate warming on coastal soil and water loss, and include rainfall, wind energy, temperature, vegetation and surface slope as basic factors in the InVEST model. Climate warming factors are also explored to get the impact factors of soil and water loss. In addition, this paper puts forward some measures from environmental economic aspect to deal with the experience of the three Gorges reservoir for Shannxi Province. This paper come up with targeted soil erosion control strategies, hoping to improve the current situation of soil erosion through scientific planning in river coast area, powerful law enforcement and R&D investment.

Nina S.-N. Lam.; Qiang, Y.; Li K.; Cai, H.; Zou, L., and Mihunov, V. 2018. Extending Resilience Assessment to Dynamic System Modeling: Perspectives on Human Dynamics and Climate Change Research. In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 1401–1405. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.It is widely known that the same type and strength of hazard could lead to very uneven impacts on different communities due to their varying vulnerability and resilience capacity. Hence, identifying the factors that make a community more resilient to hazards is critical to its sustainability and is central to climate change research and planning. This paper addresses three questions: what is the best way to measure community resilience to disasters and how to identify the key indicators? How do the resilience indicators dynamically interact in a quantitative manner that would lead to long-term resilience? And how can we translate the scientific results into practical tools for decision making? Using the population change pattern in the Mississippi River Delta as a case study, this paper demonstrates the use of a relatively new resilience assessment method called the Resilience Inference Measurement (RIM) method to measure resilience. Then, a newly developed spatial dynamic model is used to simulate population changes in the study area. The results show that without any changes in the current condition, the coastal portion of the study area will continue to suffer population loss and the region is unlikely to sustain in the future.

Wamsley, T.V.; Collier, Z.A.; Brodie, K.; Dunkin, L.M.; Raff, D., and Rosati, J.D., 2015. Guidance for developing coastal vulnerability metrics. Appropriate coastal zone management and storm-damage risk reduction requires the assessment of vulnerability in natural and human environments. Confusion arises, however, as vulnerability is conceptualized in many different ways and is closely related to other concepts such as risk and resilience. This paper defines nomenclature, presents a conceptual definition of vulnerability, and lays out a proposed conceptual approach for identifying and defining meaningful metrics to ensure a complete assessment of coastal vulnerability. While the focus of this paper is developing metrics for assessing vulnerability to coastal storms, the approach is valid for a wide range of systems and hazards at multiple scales and can explicitly consider the impacts of climate change. The approach is demonstrated through application to a simply coupled human-environment system ...

International audience; This paper provides an overview of the papers published in this Special Issue « Coastal Evolution under Climate Change along the Tropical Overseas and Temperate Metropolitan France » of Journal of Coastal Research. This special issue reflects the large diversity of mainland and tropical French coast and highlights the complex, site-and timescale-specific, combination of factors driving coastal evolution. Many contributions reveal a strong climate control on storm wave activity and, in turn, coastal response. In some contributions, the inherited geology and anthropogenic factors clearly appear affect coastal change. This special issue emphasises the need to monitor the coast combining different means to improve our understanding and predicting capacities of the natural variability of coastal response in a changing climate.

DAILIDIENĖ, I.; DAVULIENĖ, L.; KELPSAITEĖ, L., and RAZINKOVAS, A., 2012. Analysis of the climate change in Lithuanian coastal areas of the Baltic Sea. This paper investigates the changes in the long-term hydroclimatic conditions in the SE Baltic Sea, along the Lithuanian coast, on the basis of the monitoring data obtained within a 45-year period (1961–2005). Furthermore, the paper discusses the processes behind those changes. Time series of relevant data along the Lithuanian coast from previous centuries were used to investigate climatic variability and trends. The study finds an increased period of westerly winds during winter. During recent decades, the impact of global climate change on sea-level rise has drawn wide interest, since the coastline changes have ecological, economic, and social impacts on the coastal areas of the Baltic Sea. The analysis of the trends for the Lithuanian coastal zone found results similar to those obtained from global and regional analyses showing increasing sea le...

Ma, X. and Huang, Y., 2020. The construction of low-carbon coastal city based on the analysis of industrial energy consumption. In: Li, L. and Huang, X. (eds.), Sustainable Development in Coastal Regions: A Perspective of Environment, Economy, and Technology. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 112, pp. 29-32. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Energy is the “blood” of national economic development, which will directly affect the development and core competitiveness of social economy. With the rapid economic development of coastal cities, the coastal cities energy consumption is increasing. Among them, the energy consumption of the three major industries is the main component of the total energy consumption, which is also one of the important “bottlenecks” hindering the development of the industry. At the same time, coastal cities have a more developed industrial system. With the low-carbon cities development, the continuous rise and natural disasters of global temperature have occurred frequently. Therefore, we must slow down climate change, which will ensure the human beings development. Therefore, low-carbon cities will become an important part of urban sustainable development. By vigorously promoting low-carbon economy, we can reduce the low-carbon content of coastal city construction. Therefore, this paper first forecasts the three major industries energy consumption in the Bohai Rim region. Based on the industrial energy consumption prediction, we can analyze the indicators of coastal low-carbon cities in the Bohai Rim region. Finally, some suggestions can be put forward.

Wang, Y.P.; Jiang, R.G.; Xie, J.C.; Zhao, Y., and Li, F.W., 2020. Water resources management under changing environment: A systematic review. In: Guido Aldana, P.A. and Kantamaneni, K. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Coastal Management, and Marine Science Technology. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 104, pp. 29–41. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Under the influences of climate change, human activities and socioeconomic development, the water resources management (WRM) has become more complex and uncertain. The paper visualizes and quantifies the knowledge base, domain and structure of the WRM using the bibliometric analysis and knowledge map. The visualized knowledge maps are used to investigate the development trend, scientific collaboration, subject categories, core research topics and the newest research fronts of the WRM. 9028 publications on the WRM were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection databases for the period of 1990-2018. Results indicated that the research on the WRM maintained an increasing trend for the past 29 years. China contributed the most publication, and Germany cooperated the most with other countries/regions, which were two active contributors of the WRM research. The co-word analysis and burst detective analysis of keywords showed that climate change and ecosystem were the research hotspot of the WRM knowledge base. The co-occurrence analysis and burst detective analysis of subject categories found that the Environmental Sciences & Ecology and Green & Sustainable Science & Technology were the core direction of the WRM knowledge domain. Solving the practical problems through model simulation was the core of the WRM knowledge structure under the changing environment using the cluster analysis and document co-citation analysis. It is suggested that the WRM managers should take the sustainable and adaptive development as goal, ensure the health and integrity of the ecosystem, integrate stakeholders into the WRM, which should help to make the WRM more adaptable under changing environment.

Phillips, M.R.; Jones, A., and Thomas, T., 2018. Climate Change, Coastal Management and Acceptable Risk: Consequences for Tourism. In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 1411–1415. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.An evaluation of the present day status of a coastline is fundamental in deciding whether to actively manage or to refrain from intervention. Unfortunately, with climate change and assessments of acceptable risk based on ongoing costs to defend, decisions need to be taken that reduce difficult and expensive decisions for future generations, i.e. sustainable management of the shoreline. The coastline provides economic opportunities, and tourism is one of the main stakeholders at risk from managed retreat and no active intervention decisions. Therefore, which aspect of risk takes priority, as barriers to effective Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) are inadequate capacity and finance? This paper shows the consequences of taking ‘managed retreat’ and ‘no active intervention’ decisions with no implementation strategy in place. The economic consequences for coastal stakeholders does not only include loss of tourism income but also assets and residential properties. Established processes for establishing risk and evidence gathering are questioned with recommendations for future strategies made. Subsequently, arguments are put forward that initial large scale assessments should be supplemented by smaller scale studies when decisions of ‘managed retreat’ and ‘no active intervention’ are proposed. Assessments should also include costs of lost business and infrastructure.

Palginomm, V.; Orviku, K.; Suursaar, U.; Kont, A.; Tonisson, H., and Rivis, R., 2018. Lessons Learned from Record-High Storm Surges and Associated Inundations in Parnu, SW Estonia. In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 1391–1395. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Due to changes in atmospheric circulation and warmer winters, the frequency of strong westerly storms associated with high sea level in ice-free sea conditions has increased over the last half-century on the western coast of Estonia including in Parnu City. During the last 50 years Parnu has suffered from two remarkably high storm surges and associated inundations – in 1967 (2.53 m above mean sea level) and in 2005 (2.75 m). This paper addresses the problem of coastal floods in Parnu, analyzing different action plans in order to protect the city against floods, which may get even more disastrous due to climate change induced sea level rise. Our analysis showed that application of adaptation measures seems to be the most reasonable option for Parnu, while the expenses on building a protective dam exceeds the potentially avoidable losses. A managed retreat was not acceptable either because the city would lose its identity as a famous summer resort with excellent sandy beaches. Dissipation of storm surge water over adjacent low-lying uninhabited territories would not give any clear effect reducing the high water level only by 5 centimetres as maximum. In case of adapting to temporary extensive floods, a more efficient warning system and better communication between the authorities and the local people are needed.

Miura, H.; Ito, Y., and Suenaga, Y., 2018. Construction of Climate Change-Adapted Seaweed Beds on the Japanese Coast. In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 391–395. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Japanese coastal seaweed beds are experiencing a long-term decline in area coverage in a phenomenon called isoyake, which has massively impacted the fisheries industry. Therefore, research has been performed on seaweed bed restoration. Consequent measures have been implemented along with the promulgation of relevant technology. Meanwhile, increasing seawater temperatures and other environmental changes associated with climate change, which is one of the causes of isoyake, are spreading globally and have become increasingly severe in recent years. With respect to methods of coping with the effects of climate change, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fifth Assessment Report (2014) calls for “adaptation” to effects that have already occurred and unavoidable medium- and long-term effects. In this context, this paper discusses the present state of and future forecasts for seaweed beds on the Japanese coast, and it then considers the future trends of climate change-adapted seaweed bed construction.

Tuck, M.E.; Ford, M.R.; Masselink, G., and Kench, P.S., 2018. Physical Modelling of Reef Platform Hydrodynamics. In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 491–495. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Low-lying coral reef islands are considered extremely vulnerable to the implications of climate change, particularly sea level rise. Over the last decade numerical modelling has been the primary method used to predict the future state of coral reef islands in response to rising sea level. However, disregarding complex island morphodynamics, numerical models treat islands as geomorphically inert landforms despite evidence showing islands fluctuate in size, shape and position on the reef flat across a range of timescales. In order to improve our understanding and incorporate reef island morphodynamics into predictive models, a physical modelling methodology is applied to a motu, a gravel island generally located on the windward side of coral reef atolls. Physical modelling experiments took place in the Coastal Basin at the COAST laboratory, Plymouth University, UK. A 1:50 scale reef platform was constructed based on the morphology of the reef platform on the windward side of Funafuti atoll, Tuvalu. Wave processes on the reef platform have a strong influence on island geomorphology and therefore accurate replication of the hydrodynamic processes are a crucial aspect of successfully physically modelling island morphodynamics. This paper details the reef platform hydrodynamics observed during 18 experiments where wave height, wave period and water level were varied. Results highlight the successful application of physical modelling to reproduce field observations of reef platform hydrodynamics in the flume, demonstrating the accuracy of the scaled physical modelling experiments.

Liu, W.; Feng, Q., and Zhang, F., 2017. Spatial-temporal variation characteristics of NPP in the Heihe River basin, Northwestern China, in a recent 10-year period calculated by CASA model. In: Zhi, Y. and Guido Aldana, P.A. (eds.), Sustainability of Water Resources and the Development of Coastal Environments: Select Proceedings from the 2016 International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE2016). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 80, pp. 36–47. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. In this paper, the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of NPP and related factors in the Heihe River basin were analyzed using the meteorological data of the Heihe River basin, SPOT/NDVI data, and other modified mathematical statistical methods. The results show that during the 1999–2010 period the total NPP in the Heihe River basin exhibited a fluctuating increasing trend, reaching 0.3×1012 gC/a. The multiyear variation value of NPP was 0.19~601.09 gC/m2/a in the whole basin, 3.5 g...

Watson, P.J., 2016. Acceleration in U.S. mean sea level? A new insight using improved tools. The detection of acceleration in mean sea level around the data-rich margins of the United States has been a keen endeavour of sea-level researchers following the seminal work of Bruce Douglas in 1992. Over the past decade, such investigations have taken on greater prominence given mean sea level remains a key proxy by which to measure a changing climate system. The physics-based climate projection models are forecasting that the current global average rate of mean sea-level rise (≈3 mm/y) might climb to rates in the range of 10–20 mm/y by 2100. Most research in this area has centred on reconciling current rates of rise with the significant accelerations required to meet the forecast projections of climate models. The analysis in this paper is based on a recently developed analytical package titled “msltrend,” specifically designed to enhance estimates of trend, real-time velocity and acceleration in the ...

Hildinger, A.; Braun, A. 2016. Outlining an approach to address geospherical and biospherical aspects of Coastal Squeeze in the Mediterranean. In: Vila-Concejo, A.; Bruce, E.; Kennedy, D.M., and McCarroll, R.J. (eds.), Proceedings of the 14th International Coastal Symposium (Sydney, Australia). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 75, pp. 997 - 1001. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Sea level changes and growing anthropogenic pressures on coasts worldwide represent a pressing matter that urges investigations across disciplines. The Coastal Squeeze concept is appropriate for this purpose. It addresses coastal dynamics regarding geomorphological and anthropogenic impacts like landward constructions i.e. barrages, with a focus on coastal management. Regarding the role of coastal ecosystems in mitigation to climate change and sea level rise the ecological impacts caused by coastal squeeze can no longer be neglected. The paper develops a research concept to link geospherical and bio...

Hou, H., 2020. Research on forming and controlling technology of building foundation materials in coastal cities under marine climate. In: Bai, X. and Zhou, H. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Environmental Protection, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 115, pp. 21-23. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Reasonable construction methods should be selected, effective technical measures should be taken, and construction should be carried out strictly and conscientiously according to the requirements of construction acceptance specifications and operation specifications, so as to ensure the quality of construction projects. In the process of urban development, human activities have become the main cause of climate change. For housing construction projects, the foundation treatment of foundation is the most important item during construction, and it is also the key point of construction, which will significantly play a role in ensuring the benefits of the project. In the process of urbanization in coastal areas, land use has changed significantly, population has increased greatly, and urban industry has expanded rapidly. In the architectural design of coastal areas, the design difficulty and engineering cost are much higher than those of ordinary areas, because the treatment of building foundation in coastal areas is becoming more and more important. This paper discusses the forming and control technology of building foundation materials in coastal cities under the marine climate.

Sanitha, S.K. and Madeswaran, P., 2020. Taxonomy matters in monitoring and EIA studies: An urgent need to revive systematic and taxonomy research in India. In: Sheela Nair, L.; Prakash, T.N.; Padmalal, D., and Kumar Seelam, J. (eds.), Oceanic and Coastal Processes of the Indian Seas. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 89, pp. 71-76. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Human-induced loss of biodiversity is affecting the functions and services of the earth's ecosystems. Large regions of the biosphere are expected to be affected by the projected climate change, further aggravating the health of the ecosystems. It has been widely recognized that the successful management of any ecosystem cannot occur without an effective assessment of its regional biodiversity. However, monitoring or ecology studies exploring the relationship between biota and the environment have often overlooked the role of biodiversity. Since biodiversity is increasingly becoming an important component of ecosystem management, taxonomic accuracy is fundamental to prevent erroneous assessments and decisions in management and conservation policy. This paper therefore discusses how lack of taxonomy research is hindering marine monitoring and EIA studies in India. Here, we use the macrofaunal data from the Seawater Quality Monitoring (SWQM) program, the coastal monitoring program of India. We observed that the uncertainty in the biological data hampered a sound interpretation of the observed pattern, and is a major challenge to monitoring and EIA studies. Therefore, taxonomic uncertainty may lead to wrong conclusions and ultimately to inappropriate management plans.Four major difficulties in effective biodiversity studies in India were identified. These are (1) lack of experts; (2) lack of appropriate support and funding for biodiversity studies; (3) the need to update regional literature for identification of most marine invertebrates and (4) lack of interaction among Indian researchers. Given the slow progress in taxonomy research, particularly marine invertebrates, there is an urgent need for networking among the Indian and international scientists, effective training, and an integrated approach. Reliable taxonomy offers an opportunity to provide relevant information to policy makers and environmental managers for skillfully manage the marine systems.

Hamza, A.J.; Esteves, L.S.; Cvitanovic, M., and Kairo, J., 2020. Past and present utilization of mangrove resources in Eastern Africa and drivers of change In: Malvarez, G. and Navas, F. (eds.), Global Coastal Issues of 2020. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 95, pp. 39–44. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Mangroves offer natural coastal protection and are carbon sinks, playing a key role in mitigating climate change impacts. Despite their recognized importance as the main livelihood of many coastal communities in developing countries, mangroves are being lost at fast rates impacting overwhelmingly the poorest people. The pressures of changing climate and human activities urge a better understanding of the drivers leading to mangrove loss and degradation and the effects on coastal communities. A systematic literature search was undertaken to review the current understanding of how mangroves have been used through time in Kenya and identify the key drivers of change. Results from 32 articles identified extraction of wood for construction and fuel as the major use of mangrove in Kenya. Direct needs of mangrove resources are the major cause of changes in the mangrove areas and this is due to lack of harvesting plans. The paper emphasizes the need to identify ways in which changes in mangroves can become opportunities to improve coastal communities living conditions.

Verwaest, T.; Houthuys, R.; Roest, B.; Dan, S., and Montreuil, A.-L., 2020. A coastline perturbation caused by natural feeding from a shoreface-connected ridge (headland Sint-Andre, Belgium). In: Malvarez, G. and Navas, F. (eds.), Global Coastal Issues of 2020. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 95, pp. 701-705. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.This paper explains how a local seaward perturbation, headland Sint-Andre, in the straight sandy coastline of Belgium can persist for centuries. The diffusive longshore transport gradients on the beach are counterbalanced by a sediment supply from off-shore via a shoreface-connected ridge. A UNIBEST-CL+ 1D coastline model is set up to describe the genesis of this coastline feature. From the size and shape of the perturbation and taking into account the diffusivity caused by the longshore transport gradients, the average sand supply from offshore is estimated to be 55,000 m3/year and it is hindcasted that the connection of the ridge to the coastline occurred between 300 and 400 years ago.

Leach, C.; Kennedy, D.M.; Carvalho, R.C., and Ierodiaconou, D., 2020. Predicting compartment-scale climate change impacts related to Southern Ocean wave forcing: Port Fairy, Victoria, Australia. In: Malvarez, G. and Navas, F. (eds.), Global Coastal Issues of 2020. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 95, pp. 1157-1161. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. On the southern coast of Australia one of the principle impacts of climate change will be a change in wave magnitude and direction resulting from intensification of the Southern Ocean storm systems. In Victoria, Australia, this is likely to cause significant change in sediment dynamics and possible shoreline re-orientation. In this paper, Port Fairy (western coast of Victoria) is used as a case study to explore the sensitivity of this embayment to changing wave climate conditions. Bed level change rates and spatially variable sediment transport rates are investigated. The results indicate that a southerly shift in the wave climate could intensify sediment transport processes and erosional patterns in this area.

Faivre, G.; Vieira da Silva, G.; Aimbie, J.; Ware, D.; Tomlinson, R.; Mackey, B., and Hong, Z., 2020. Coastal processes within a coral reef lagoon system: Erakor lagoon, Efate Island, Vanuatu. In: Malvarez, G. and Navas, F. (eds.), Global Coastal Issues of 2020. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 95, pp. 1427–1432. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the South Pacific are highly vulnerable to climate change and development pressure due to their small size, isolation and exposure to natural hazards. Much of the Pacific SIDS population reside within the coastal zone as does the majority of critical infrastructure where resilience is challenged by exposure to natural hazards including inundation and erosion, and impacts from cyclones and tsunamis,. During extreme events, wave energy is a significant damage vector whose impact on populations and infrastructure is mediated by the presence and structural characteristics of adjacent coral reefs. Understanding the role of the structural characteristics of reefs in the dissipation of wave energy is critical to planning climate change resilience for SIDS given climate change will alter water levels, waves climates and the condition of coral reefs. The aims of this paper are to understand (1) the wave dissipation over a coral reef and hydrodynamic circulation within a coral reef lagoon in Erakor lagoon, Port Vila the capital of Vanuatu, and (2) the impact of sea level rise on the wave energy, wave runup and impacts to the shoreline. The information from this assessment can help inform coastal adaptation planning in response to climate change and rising sea levels. The approach is based on using field data to calibrate a numerical model of coastal processes. A wave buoy and five pressure sensors were deployed to measure wave dissipation over the Erakor lagoon's reef and current meters used in the lagoon to measure circulation and residential time. Data processing shows the importance of the reef geomorphology and water levels on wave dissipation.

Wang, F.; Tian, Y., and Xiong, L., 2019. Climate change scenarios and implications for marine system sustainability. In: Gong, D.; Zhu, H., and Liu, R. (eds.), Selected Topics in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 94, pp. 55–59. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Strengthening climate change scenario research is a prerequisite for reducing the impact of climate change on the marine system. This paper systematically reviews the evolution of climate change scenarios from three aspects: its meaning, main characteristics and application. The results show that: (1) Different climate scenarios have played an important role in previous IPCC assessment reports. Special report on emission scenario (SRES) reduce the difference of climate simulation results among different research teams. Representative concentration path (RCP) scenarios strengthen the reference role of emission scenarios for researchers and decision makers in research and response to climate change. Shared socioeconomic path (SSP) scenarios integrate climate policy and socio-economic scenarios to better meet climate change. Research group needs of response, adaptation and vulnerability; (2) Scenario generation technology has gone through three stages of historical data space-time analogy, serial development and parallel development, the improvement of which shortens the development cycle and enhances the consistency of results; (3) The difference of different scenarios is reflected in the characteristics and applications of scenarios, and links the mapping between SRS, RCP and SSP scenarios.

Zhu, F.; Huang, W.; Cai, Y.; Teng, F.; Wang, B., and Zhou, Q., 2014. Development of a river hydrodynamic model for studying surface-ground water interactions affected by climate change in Heihe River, China. Over the past 50 years, glacier area in Qilian Mountain of the Heihe River basin has decreased by 29.6%, mainly resulting from the climate change. Understanding the interactions of surface and ground water interaction will be very helpful for studying climate-change impact on Hehei River basin. This paper presents the development of one-dimensional river hydrodynamic model for surface and ground water interactions (RHM-SG). Surface-water flow is described by the modified one-dimensional Saint Venant equations, which is solved by Preissmann scheme. The flow exchange between surface and ground water is described by Darcy's equation. Five model validation tests include uniform flow over sloping bed, one flood process, and river flow with interactions of ground water. Model tests demonstrate that...

Albuquerque, M., Espinoza, J., Teixeira, P., de Oliveira, A., Correa, I., Calliari, L., 2013. Erosion or Coastal Variability: an evaluation of the DSAS and the Change Polygon methods for the determination of erosive processes on sandy beaches. There has recently been growing concern about issues related to erosive processes on sandy beaches and climate change in the scientific community. Several methodologies have been proposed in the worldwide literature to quantify coastline retreat on shorelines in an accurate way. It has been questioned whether these methodologies show the erosive process or the shoreline variability in a certain area. From this perspective, this paper aims at characterizing the accuracy of the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) and the Change Polygon Method in the studies of regression on shorelines which are prone to erosion. Data collected by a GPS-RTK along Hermenegildo Beach, located in the south of Brazil, and the geo-referencing of satellite images enabled the ou...

Wahl, T., Haigh, I.D., Dangendorf, S., and Jensen, J., 2013. Inter-annual and long-term mean sea level changes along the North Sea coastline. Globally, mean sea levels are rising and there is concern that the rate of rise will accelerate throughout the 21st century significantly impacting growing coastal communities. Currently, most coastal management assessments are based on global mean sea level projections from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fourth Assessment Report. However, temporal and spatial variability of mean sea level change needs to be identified in order to establish an accurate projection of coastal management needs due to erosion and flooding associated with global sea level rise. This paper assesses historic changes in mean sea level from the beginning of the 19th century to present using 30 long and high quality tide gauge records located around the coastline of the North Sea. The North Sea coast is one of the most densely populated coastlines in the world. It co...

In the Northwest coast of Portugal, the shoreline evolution is leading to several problems, such as loss of territory and infrastructural damages, mainly caused by the sea wave’s action. This study aims to predict the impacts of climate change on the shoreline evolution in this coastal area. Coastal stretches studied were Esmoriz-Furadouro and Vagueira- Mira, due to their vulnerability related with the low lying sandy coast, the deficit of sediments, the presence of urban waterfronts and the narrow width of the sand spit that separates the ocean from the Aveiro lagoon. The paper describes the application of two shoreline evolution models (LTC and GENESIS) to the projection of shoreline evolution between 2010 and 2100. A reference scenario considering the present typical wave climate and the mean sea water level was compared with 3 other future scenarios that may result from climate change effects, combining different wave climates and mean sea levels (0.42 and 0.64 m above present level). Considering the numerical models' results, maps of the shoreline position were represented every 30 years. The results allowed the analysis of the shoreline retreat, the areas of lost territory and the alongshore sediment transport volumes in several cross sections. A strong trend of shoreline retreat was found for all the scenarios, although the retreat rates tend to decrease along time. Comparing the reference scenario with the climate change scenarios, a slight clockwise rotation of the shoreline was predicted, also increasing the average shoreline retreat from 6% to 11%, depending on the considered scenario. published

Clarke, B and Harvey N., 2013. Wither coastal management in Australia—a call for National Leadership In: Conley, D.C., Masselink, G., Russell, P.E. and O’Hare, T.J. (eds.), Proceedings 12th International Coastal Symposium (Plymouth, England), Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 65, pp. 915-920, ISSN 0749-0208 The prominence of the coast in terms of the Australian Government’s policy has significantly diminished over the last decade. With the exception of planning for climate change and sea level rise there is an absence of forward thinking for the coast at the national level. This absence of national contribution towards direction setting has a filtering effect upon the states. Australia’s coastal environments are highly varied and exhibit an impressive array of habitats and species. A federal role in coastal management in Australia is warranted because nationally coastal resources have important social, cultural and economic status. However, important aspects of coastal management have been largely neglected in recent years (integrated management, coastal natural resource management, marine and estuaries planning). This is evidenced by the abolition of the key federal governmental committees and agencies that had a direct mandate for the coast. It is argued that national leadership is critical to support and coordinate what has in the past a somewhat disparate and fragmented allocation of effort and funding. This paper provides an analysis of recent changes within the Australian Government and coastal management decision-making, funding allocations and initiatives and governance; and proposes a series of recommendations for possible ways forward.

Carrero, R., Navas, F., Malvarez, G., and Caceres, F., 2013. Participative Future Scenarios for Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Coastal zones are rapidly changing all around the world due to strong human pressures such as urban sprawl, agriculture intensification, infrastructure expansion and industrial growth. In addition, climate change might become an important factor in the years to come, and its associated effects might affect coastal areas. To cope with this situation the need to adopt an Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) approach has been internationally recognised during the last decades. Nonetheless to be able to plan and manage coastal areas in the long-term while facing all the challenges that lie ahead, it is necessary to develop new tools that not only put into practice the ICZM principles but also incorporate and deal with the uncertainties that surround the future. In this paper, we present Participative Future Scenarios (PFS) as a tool to support decision-making in coa...

Kamranzad, B., Etemad-Shahidi, A., Chegini, V. and Hadadpour, S., 2013. Assessment of CGCM 3.1 wind field in the Persian Gulf Increasing of the greenhouse gases emission causes the climate changes. Therefore, usage of the marine renewable energy resources such as wind and wave energies has been increased during the last decades. Climate variability can change the wind and consequently wave patterns and the available energy amounts. Therefore, assessment of the potential effect of climate change on the wind regime is important. In this paper, wind characteristics obtained from a global climate model (CGCM 3.1) is used for assessing the effects of climate change on the wind regime in the Persian Gulf. CGCM 3.1 results were compared quantitatively with those of ECMWF in the Persian Gulf and the results showed that in comparison to ECMWF, CGCM 3.1 wind speeds are mostly underestimated for both average and maximum values. Dominant wind directions represented by two wind fields are nearly similar excep...

Thorne, K.M.; Takekawa, J.Y., and Elliott-Fisk, D.L., 2012. Ecological effects of climate change on salt marsh wildlife: A case study from a highly urbanized estuary. Coastal areas are high-risk zones subject to the impacts of global climate change, with significant increases in the frequencies of extreme weather and storm events, and sea-level rise forecast by 2100. These physical processes are expected to alter estuaries, resulting in loss of intertidal wetlands and their component wildlife species. In particular, impacts to salt marshes and their wildlife will vary both temporally and spatially and may be irreversible and severe. Synergistic effects caused by combining stressors with anthropogenic land-use patterns could create areas of significant biodiversity loss and extinction, especially in urbanized estuaries that are already heavily degraded. In this paper, we discuss current ideas, challenges, and concerns regarding the maintenance of salt marshes and their resident wildlife in light o...

Climate change will have pervasive effects on the world's coasts, but at broad scales these changes have typically proven difficult to analyse in a systematic manner. This paper explores an outcome-driven deductive methodology for geomorphological analysis that recognises the nonlinearity of coastal morphology and organises current knowledge and understanding using fuzzy logic concepts. Building on recent large-scale coastal investigations and with reference to a case study of the East Anglian coast, U.K., the methodology defines the active coastal system using a flexible generic classification and integrates expert opinion, using the notion of possibility, as a basis for the assessment of potential future geomorphological response to changes in sea level and sediment supply. Preliminary results for the East Anglian coast suggest that the constraining of the active coastal system by sea defences is already having, and will continue to be, a significant influence on coastal evolution irrespective of the rate of sea-level rise. Therefore, significant potential exists to guide future coastal evolution toward preferred outcomes by using this approach as a component of adaptive shoreline management. This methodology could be applied to a wide range of problems both in geomorphology and other subjects.

Antunes do Carmo, J.S., 2018. Climate change, adaptation measures, and integrated coastal zone management: The new protection paradigm for the Portuguese coastal zone. The efforts made to reduce the causes and mitigate the effects of global climate change continue to be critical in coastal areas. Many adaptation strategies implemented in coastal areas remain inadequate or ineffective. Using primarily events and interventions carried out along the Portuguese Atlantic coast, this work aims to show the paradigm shift that has occurred in Portugal since the last century (the 1990s) within the scope of the National Coastal Zone Management Strategy, taking into account the new guidelines for the implementation of coastal defence works. In this context, this paper also aims to assist coastal communities in carrying out operational coastal management by presenting and discussing management tools and primary options that should be considered in any adaptation programme that is to be implemented. Both nons...

Estonia is a coastal country with a long coastline (3800 km) for which climate change and accelerated sea-level rise are key problems that need to be considered in any future impact assessment. Due to its flat, low-lying coastal zone, any rise in sea level places many coastal ecosystems and recreationally valuable sandy beaches at risk. Milder winters, combined with increased storminess and the absence of sea-ice cover, would exacerbate these impacts. However, isostatic uplift and the distance of coastal settlements from the present coastline could reduce these risks. This paper presents the potential impact of a 1-m global sea-level rise by 2100 if no adaptation is undertaken. Seven representative study areas, characterising all shore types in Estonia, were selected for sea-level rise vulnerability and adaptation assessment. The diverse structure of Estonia's coasts, the rapidly migrating shorelines, and the abundance of small islands were found to complicate reliable predictions regarding clima...

There has been considerable research into the science of global climate change, however, there is presently little guidance for coastal authorities on accounting for the physical impacts of ongoing climate change in future land use planning and coastal defence policy. For the central south coast of England, this paper briefly identifies ‘coastal climate change scenarios’for the next 80 years. A qualitative geomorphological appraisal of the potential impacts of these changes on coastal landforms and processes is presented, based upon generic ‘coastal behaviour systems’ that take account of the various sensitivities to change of the natural and managed coastline. Functions such as the sensitivity of coastal slopes to increasing effective rainfall, and barrier beaches to increased water levels, are considered. The likely future ‘behaviour’ of these systems, and in particular the potential for climate-induced changes, are identified. The likely response of the coastal systems then provides an objecti...

Recent and historic high-impact events have demonstrated the flood risks faced by exposed coastal areas. These risks will increase due to climate change and economic development. This requires a re-evaluation of coastal disaster risk reduction DRR strategies and prevention, mitigation and preparedness PMP measures. To this end, the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction formulated the Hyogo Framework for Action, and the EU has issued the Floods Directive. By their nature, neither is specific about the methods to be used to assess coastal risks, particularly those risks resulting from dune and structure overtopping, the non-stationarity of surge and flash flood events, and coastal morphodynamic response. This paper describes a set of open-source and open-access methods, tools and management approaches to fill this gap. A Coastal Risk Assessment Framework will assess coastal risk at a regional scale. Thus critical hotspots can be identified for which an impact-oriented Early Warning System/Decision Support System is developed. This can be applied in dual mode: as a forecast and warning system and as an ex-ante planning tool to evaluate the vulnerability. The tools are demonstrated on case study sites on a range of EU coasts with diverse geomorphic settings, land use, forcing, hazard types and socio-economic, cultural and environmental characteristics. Specific DRR plans will be developed for all sites. A management guide of PMP measures and management approaches is to be developed. The toolkit will benefit forecasting and civil protection agencies, coastal managers, local government, community members, NGOs, the general public and scientists. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Kuang, C.; Chen, W.; Gu, J.; Zhu, D.Z.; He, L., and Huang, H., 2014. Numerical assessment of the impacts of potential future sea‐level rise on hydrodynamics of the Yangtze River Estuary, China. Recent research suggests that sea levels are rising even faster than projected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Under a sea level rise (SLR) scenario, estuarine and coastal areas would be affected first. In this paper, the effects on the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) by potential future SLR are studied using a hydrodynamic (MIKE21) model. The model is calibrated with field data. Scenarios of 0.5, 1, and 2 m SLR in the flood season are simulated with the calibrated model. The predicted results show that under SLR (1) the tidal level of the YRE increases and its increase rate decreases gradually upstream along the channel; (2) the tidal wave propagates at a faster speed upstream, which leads to the advancement of a tidal limit and tidal current limit to the upstream; (3) the increases i...

Holgate, S.J.; Matthews, A.; Woodworth, P.L.; Rickards, L.J.; Tamisiea, M.E.; Bradshaw, E.; Foden, P.R.; Gordon, K.M.; Jevrejeva, S., and Pugh, J., 2013. New data systems and products at the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level. Sea-level rise remains one of the most pressing societal concerns relating to climate change. A significant proportion of the global population, including many of the world's large cities, are located close to the coast in potentially vulnerable regions such as river deltas. The Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL) continues to evolve and provide global coastal sea-level information and products that help to develop our understanding of sea-level and land motion processes. Its work aids a range of scientific research, not only in long-term change, but also in the measurement and understanding of higher frequency variability such as storm surges and tsunamis. The PSMSL has changed considerably over the past 10 years, and the aim of this paper is to update the commu...