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The Commentary critically reflects on the papers published in the Special Issue (SI) of Applied Linguistics Review titled 'Reflection and Reform of Applied Linguistics from the Global South: Power and Inequality in English users from the Global South'. While the papers in the SI add new insights to the recent innovations in the ontology and epistemology of Applied Linguistics based on research studies done in the contexts of Australia, Brazil, Hong Kong, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Nepal, the Commentary shows that more research studies on the multi-modal meaning-making processes and the spatiality and temporality of semiotic resources will give a greater understanding of the meaning-making processes. The Commentary also indicates that the politics underlying the governance, policy packages of neoliberalism in education, and hidden linguistic governmentality observable in language policies and practices in both Global South and Global North require further attention. Decoloniality, moreover, requires delinking from the academic practices that give immense importance to northern theories. Minimizing intellectual dependency on northern theories may help gain the intellectual sovereignty of the South. Hence, the Commentary indicates that it is high time to explore what the epistemological South and geographical South have to say about the Global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bengaluru/Bangalore, the capital city of the Indian state of Karnataka, has played a vital role in the advancement of communication and technology across the globe. Following the progressivist logic of neoliberal urbanism, the city evolved from the quiet, placid 'Pensioners' Paradise' into the bustling 'Silicon Valley of India' at an accelerated pace. Bangalore's sudden growth into a global cyberpolis has motivated its recent entry into the realm of crime fiction in English. The current paper draws on this connection and proposes to offer a spatial critique of the crime novels in Anita Nair's Inspector Gowda series, Cut like Wound (2012) and Chain of Custody (2016), set in Bangalore. To map the transitions in the spatial structures and social relations of this rapidly changing city, it uses interdisciplinary approaches of geocriticism and the postmodern social theories of space. Also, by analysing the representations of residential segregation in Nair's novels, the paper intends to foreground how social inequalities, gentrification, and ghettoization have contributed to the raging scenario of crime and violence in Bangalore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blasphemy law (BL) has become a central issue for the international community in various parts of the world in the last three decades. In almost every case involving the BL, especially in Muslim countries, such as Pakistan, Malaysia, and Indonesia, they are always responded with violence or threats of attack that cause many victims, loss of homes, damage to places of worship, evictions, stigma of being heretical, severe punishments, or extra-judicial killings. When international human rights law (IHLR) and declaration of the right to peace are adopted by the international community, at the same time, the number of violence related to the application of BL continues to increase. This paper aims to examine the ambiguity of the concept of the BL in Pakistan, Indonesia, and Malaysia, and how its lead to the weak of enforcement that creates social injustice and inequality. Then, referring to Galtung's theory of structural violence and other experts of peace studies, this paper argues that blasphemy law should be included as a form of structural violence. Therefore its challenges these States to reform their BL in which its provisions accommodate the state's neutrality and content high legal standards. Thus, through guarantee the fully enjoyment of human rights for everyone may support the States to achieve sustainable peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The argument in this paper is that international lawyers—scholars and practitioners alike—should be cognisant of the fact that different economic distributions within nations will lead to the establishment of different international legal systems in terms of their formation and evolution, as well as in relation to the extent to which they are respected and adhered to. Rising economic inequality within nations is an issue of incredible systemic importance to international law; it should be pushed further up the agenda when it comes to devising the laws between them because this will, on balance, assist in creating a more peaceful and prosperous world underpinned by an effective law of nations that is up to the types of contemporary challenges which of necessity require more cooperation between states. Accordingly, from the perspective of this paper, international lawyers should, at a minimum do the following (i) give consideration to the direction of distributional trends within nations when attempting to understand how current international law works (i.e. how it formed, evolves and the extent to which it is respected and adhered to); (ii) give consideration to these same trends when conceptualising and designing the international law(s) of the future and (iii) to the extent necessary, think about the development of the mechanisms at the international law level that encourage and enable the reduction of economic inequality within nations with a view to ensuring that the better functioning, at a systemic level, of the international legal system in general, as well as the various parts of which that system is comprised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of European Review of Contract Law is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of African Languages & Linguistics is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Sozialreform is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In der aktuellen Soziologie werden Diskussionen über die Herstellung von sozialen Differenzkategorien, deren Wechselwirkungen und damit einhergehenden Produktionen sozialer Ungleichheitsverhältnisse insbesondere über intersektionale Ansätze geführt. Kritik an intersektionalen Ansätzen richtet sich auf ihre Fokussierung auf eine begrenzte Anzahl bereits gut erforschter Differenzkategorien und auf Konstruktionsprozesse (doings), wobei tendenziell Dekonstruktionsprozesse (undoings) ausgeblendet werden. Der Beitrag greift beide Kritikpunkte auf, um sie für die intersektionale Theoriebildung fruchtbar zu machen. Erstens wird statt auf die klassische Trias aus race, class,gender das Differenzmerkmal Alter fokussiert, um dessen Relevanz als ‚metrische Variable' deutlich zu machen. Zweitens wird zusätzlich zu doing age ein undoing age als Konzept ausgearbeitet. Um die Differenzkategorie Alter einer intersektionalen Betrachtung zugänglich zu machen, entwickelt der Beitrag damit einen multiperspektivischen Analyserahmen. Current sociological debates about the construction of categories of social difference as well as their interdependencies and the accompanying production of social inequalities adopt predominantly intersectional approaches. Criticism of such approaches focus primarily on a limited range of already well-researched categories of social difference as well as processes of their construction (doings), whereas processes of their deconstruction (undoings) tend to be neglected. This paper addresses both points of criticism in order to enhance intersectional theory building. To do so, it focuses on the construction of age as a category and 'metric' of social difference (doing age) instead of the traditional triad of race, class, and gender. Based on this, the concept of undoing age is introduced. To make age as a category of social difference accessible to intersectional analysis, the paper, in conclusion, develops a multi-perspective framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes how corporate social responsibility (CSR) generates an impact on wage inequality. We find that wage inequality decreases (resp. increases) with the degree of CSR when the substitution elasticity between unskilled labor and capital in the production of the urban sector is sufficiently small (resp. large). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the distributional consequences of a systematic variation in expenditure shares and prices. Using European Union Household Budget Surveys and Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices data, we construct household-specific price indices and reveal the existence of a pro-rich inflation in Europe. Over the period 2001–15, the consumption bundles of the poorest deciles in 25 European countries have, on average, become 11.2 percentage points more expensive than those of the richest deciles. We find that ignoring the differential inflation across the distribution underestimates the change in the Gini (based on consumption expenditure) by almost up to 0.04 points. Cross-country heterogeneity in this change is large enough to alter the inequality ranking of numerous countries. The average inflation effect we detect is almost as large as the change in the standard Gini measure over the period of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thomas Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Century makes hardly any reference to the ethics of inequality. Surprisingly, this is an omission shared by most of his critics. In this paper I investigate the literature on which he and his reviewers might have drawn and speculate on the reasons why they did not. I outline the four 'views of society' and the related issues in moral philosophy that were presented by Michael Schneider in his book on the distribution of wealth. I then summarise the criticisms of Piketty made by those few reviewers who did show some interest in ethical questions and examine the slightly earlier and quite different case against reducing inequality made by one of these critics, N. Gregory Mankiw. I consider the economic, political and social costs of inequality identified in a book-length study of Piketty's work by Steven Pressman, and conclude by reflecting on the reasons for the widespread neglect of moral philosophy by mainstream economists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of inherited wealth in modern economies has increasingly come under scrutiny. This study presents one of the first attempts to shed light on how demographic aging could shape this role. It shows that, in the absence of retirement annuities, or for a given level of annuitization, both increasing longevity and decreasing fertility should reduce the inherited share of total wealth in a given economy. Thus, aging is not likely to explain a recent surge in this share in some advanced economies. Shrinking retirement annuities, however, could offset and potentially reverse these effects. The paper also shows that individual bequests will be more unequally distributed if aging is driven by a drop in fertility. In comparison, the effect of increasing longevity on their distribution is non‐monotonic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document titled "Inhalt des 52. Jahrgangs" is a journal article from the Zeitschrift für Soziologie. It contains a collection of research papers on various topics in sociology. Some of the topics covered include quality criteria in sociology, the usability of non-probability samples for opinion polls, multilingualism-oriented perspectives on street-level bureaucrats, the organization of digital platforms, interpretative models of work in colonial and gender dimensions, and the intergenerational transmission of divorce. The article also includes papers on gender, status, and visibility in sociology journals, Pierre Bourdieu's legal thought, migration-related diversity in urban space, and the future of social rights. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

According to standard measures of income inequality, the Nordic countries rank among the most equal economies in the world. This paper studies whether and how this picture changes when the focus is on inequality of income composition, meaning the heterogeneity in individuals' factor income shares. We show that, for all countries, a shift in capital incomes toward the top since the early 1990s causes rising heterogeneity in individuals' factor income shares. To explain this result, we highlight the role of dual taxation systems. For Denmark in 2009–2013, Finland (1990–2007), and Norway (1991–2005), rising capital shares contributed to changes in personal income inequality, while for Sweden our results lead to disregard the capital share as a determinant of increasing income inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper discusses the role of law in ensuring that the agricultural productivity of small-scale women farmers in Nigeria is not encumbered by cultural practices and absence of extant laws and policies. Employing the feminist theory, it examines the existence and enforcement of equality rights for women to access productive assets including land, credit and agricultural extension services. It explores the specific challenges women encounter from perspectives other than limited access, including gender-based violence and gender-specific roles. The aim of the paper is to challenge some ubiquitous sociocultural practices that hinder the active participation and contribution of small-scale women farmers in agriculture and food security in Nigeria. It suggests how laws and policies can help increase this productivity. It concludes with recommendations on adequate legal frameworks, policy awareness, a commitment to promote women’s rights, as well as increased public investment in rural infrastructure to promote production of adequate, affordable and safe food in an environmentally and socially sustainable manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let ℍ 2 {\mathbb{H}^{2}} be the hyperbolic space of dimension 2. Denote by M n = ℍ 2 × ℝ n - 2 {M^{n}=\mathbb{H}^{2}\times\mathbb{R}^{n-2}} the product manifold of ℍ 2 {\mathbb{H}^{2}} and ℝ n - 2 (n ≥ 3) {\mathbb{R}^{n-2}(n\geq 3)}. In this paper we establish some sharp Hardy–Adams inequalities on M n {M^{n}} , though M n {M^{n}} is not with strictly negative sectional curvature. We also show that the sharp constant in the Poincaré–Sobolev inequality on M n {M^{n}} coincides with the best Sobolev constant, which is of independent interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most equivalence scales that are applied in research on inequality do not depend on income, even though there is strong empirical evidence that equivalence scales are actually income-dependent. This paper explores the consistency of results derived from income-independent and income-dependent scales. We show that applying income-independent scales when income-dependent scales would be appropriate leads to violations of the transfer principle. Surprisingly, there are some exceptions, but these require unrealistic and strong assumptions. Thus, the use of income-dependent equivalence scales almost always leads to different assessments of inequality than the use of income-independent equivalence scales. Two examples illustrate our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the recent work of Zheng et al., in this paper, we first present a new extension Hartfiel's determinant inequality to multiple positive definite matrices, and then we extend the result to a larger class of matrices, namely, matrices whose numerical ranges are contained in a sector. Our result complements that of Mao. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the magnitude of intergenerational income mobility in less developed, high inequality Chile. Following a known methodology where fathers’ incomes are predicted from standard income determinants such as education and occupation, we get comparable estimates of the intergenerational income elasticity in the range of 0.57 to 0.74 and 0.63 to 0.76 for ages 25-40 and 31-40, respectively. These values place Chile at the high end of the available international evidence. Considering Chile’s high income inequality, this finding supports the hypothesis proposed in the literature of an inverse relationship between cross-sectional income inequality and intergenerational income mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relational Egalitarianism focuses on the construction of equal social relationships between persons. It strongly opposes luck egalitarianism, which understands equality as a distributive ideal. In Cohen's theory of justice, luck egalitarianism and relational egalitarianism simultaneously exist, and Cohen provides arguments corresponding to each. In this paper, we explore the manifestation of tension between these two forms of egalitarianism in his theory. In addition, we also reconstruct some possible solutions provided by Cohen to soften this tension, including the three approaches of market mechanism, egalitarian ethos and value pluralism, and find them to be unsuccessful. This tension is a serious challenge that needs to be addressed in Cohen's theory of justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first section of this paper argues that we can find in Kierkegaard an idea of equality, epitomized in the notion of "the neighbor" presented in Works of Love, which is highly relevant for, among other things, a critical engagement with today's "identity politics." The second section argues that Kierkegaard's idea of equality is a religious-existential task, but also a task concerning our relationship with other human beings. The third section demonstrates how this idea of equality is evinced in the notion of "the neighbor." The last section offers some reflections on how we might begin to rethink the political based on this idea of equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines inequality and mobility using measures of income and consumption. Consumption is claimed to be a better measure of permanent income and thus well-being, but most studies of inequality and mobility using U.S. data use income. This paper uses cohort data from the Consumer Expenditure Surveys on total consumption to impute consumption in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Then, we use this imputed consumption and actual income from the PSID to examine changes in inequality and mobility. Similar to earlier findings, we show that there has been a large increase in income inequality but no concurrent increase in consumption inequality in the 1990s. Conversely, income mobility and consumption mobility are similar during this time period. Finally, we link the concepts of inequality and mobility using a social welfare function. The results suggest that income mobility and consumption mobility more than offset the increases in inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this short paper I explore whether a pro tanto argument for an unconditional basic income can be developed from a specific normative basis: the idea of epistemic equality as applied to organizations. In a broad sense, epistemic equality describes the idea that every individual has an equal right to speak up and to be heard if she has relevant information or knowledge to share, questions to ask, or complaints to bring forward. Epistemic equality has moral, instrumental, and instrumentally moral value in organizations. Drawing on Miranda Fricker's work on epistemic injustice (2009), I argue that we have good reasons to postulate epistemic equality as a normative ideal for organizations, even if - and precisely because - they are otherwise hierarchically structured. The hypothesis I then proceed to explore is that an unconditional basic income, by providing better opportunities for 'exit', might be a step that would strengthen epistemic equality in organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For feminist philosophers it is important to consider how the language of human rights can be used to support women's issues and how well it is established in political institutions. However, they suggest that human rights should be reformulated and supplemented with other ethical frameworks to ensure that injustices to women are not neglected. The aim of this paper is to argue that Nussbaum's capability approach can take into account feminists' insights into rationality, care and context to reform and to supplement the universal framework of rights. Finally I will illustrate Nussbaum's claim that human rights and capabilities need to complement each other through a discussion of the Brazilian case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we show that the moduli stacks of Bridgeland semistable objects on smooth projective 3-folds are quasi-proper algebraic stacks of finite type if they satisfy the Bogomolov–Gieseker (BG for short) inequality conjecture proposed by Bayer, Macrì and the second author. The key ingredients are the equivalent form of the BG inequality conjecture and its generalization to arbitrary very weak stability conditions. This result is applied to define Donaldson–Thomas invariants counting Bridgeland semistable objects on smooth projective Calabi–Yau 3-folds satisfying the BG inequality conjecture, for example on étale quotients of abelian 3-folds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inequality analysis plays an important role since the beginning of the last century, in the economic, social and political debate. From the first pioneering paper of Gini, this subject has become more and more fascinating. The several tools proposed in the literature for evaluating the inequality belong basically to two families: on the one hand there are inequality curves which represent (also graphically) the local pattern of inequality in all segments of the considered population; on the other hand, inequality indexes (that often can be derived from a particular inequality curve) which summarize its measure in one number. Different indexes are needed to reveal different viewpoints toward inequality. In this paper, the features of the relatively new inequality I( p) curve are described. Beyond many theoretical results, also an empirical analysis based on real income data of Flint is performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The group SSympeo(M, ω) of strong symplectic homeomorphisms or group of ssympeomorphisms of a closed connected symplectic manifold (M, ω) was defined and studied in [2], [3]. In these papers the author uses the L(1,∞)-metric on the group Iso(M, ω) of all symplectic isotopies. In this paper we study the set SSympeo(M, ω)∞ of ssympeomorphisms in the L∞- metric. We prove the equality between SSympeo(M, ω) and SSympeo(M, ω)∞. This generalizes Müller's result [6] asserting that Hameo(M, ω) = Hameo(M, ω)∞. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses existing biases - whether due to misinterpretation, culture or politics - in the application of women's rights under Islamic Shari'a law. The paper argues that though in its inception, one purpose of Islamic law may have aimed at elevating the status of women in pre-Islamic Arabia, biases in interpreting such teachings have failed to free women from discrimination and have even added 'divinity' to their persistent subjugation. By examining two case studies - Saudi Arabia and Egypt - the article shows that interpretative biases that differ in application from one country to the other further subject women to the selective application of rights. Dictated by norms, culture and tradition rather than a unified Islamic law, the paper shows how culture and politics have contributed to such biases under the pre-text of Islamic dictate. As such, it proposes a re-examination of 'personal status' laws across the region in light of international human rights norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental dimension and sustainability-related issues have increasingly gained momentum in Economic Geography. This paper argues that integrating the inequality perspective into Environmental Economic Geography (EEG) and trying to disentangle the manifold interrelationships between economic, social, and environmental disadvantage could be worthwhile efforts. Based on three case studies – the debate on urban environmental justice in German cities, the spread of alternative food systems and food-sharing initiatives in Germany, and the socially selective migration in hazard prone areas in rural coastal Bangladesh – we demonstrate that aspects of social inequality indeed matter for EEG thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, exponential stabilization and synchronization of complex-variable chaotic system are investigated. Periodically intermittent controllers are designed and applied to achieve the stabilization and synchronization. Based on the differential inequality method and the analysis technique, several simple and useful synchronization criteria are derived. Simulated examples are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift fur Wirtschaftspolitik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Inspired by Gaertner and Xu (2006), this paper examines the possibility to construct a social ordering over distributions of capability sets, and a measure of the value of individual capability sets, such that perfect equality of sets, across individuals, is preferable to a simple equality of the value of sets. It is shown that this is a rather demanding requirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper constructs a simple model that can account for both the negative relationship between growth and income inequality observed in the cross-country data and the positive relationship observed within countries over time. The model employs a dual-economy structure with formal and informal sectors. Growth is driven by formal sector human capital spillovers. Restrictive institutions impose barriers to formality that reduce the growth rate and increase inequality. Redistributive taxation lowers inequality but blunts the incentive to accumulate, lowering growth. Institutional structures vary more across than within countries. Consequently, variations in institutional barriers to formality may account for the negative relationship between growth and inequality found in the cross-country data. Variations in the intensity of redistribution may account for the positive relationship observed within countries over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economically highly developed countries are mostly democratic. But does this association constitute a causal relationship according to which democracy is a determinant of economic development? Or is it, conversely, economic development that paves the way for democratization? This paper gives an overview of the recent empirical literature that has dealt with this question. The empirical evidence raises doubts about the existence of any direct causation. However, there seem to be indirect causal mechanisms. Democracies seem to implement better conditions for the accumulation of human capital, in particular in terms of a rule of law. On the other hand, democracies do not simply arise as consequence of economic development, but because of an adequate social environment with little inequality, which may be associated with economic well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropological studies have shown that attitudes and behavior of majority of Muslims towards gender and women's issues are influenced by the combined patriarchal culture and patriarchal reading of Islamic teachings which is reflected in conventional fiqh. This creates room for domestic violence; men occupy a dominant position and women are obliged to show their submission to them, such submission being portrayed as divine order. Some of the men interviewed in this study defended their dominant position by exaggerating the interpretation of religious texts that grant special privileges to men. Because of its serious repercussions on women, and because it runs counter to the basic principles of Islam on justice and equality and the overall objective of sharia, i.e. maslahat (benefit, well being), such male-biased reading of religious texts should be challenged. Over 30 verses in the Qur'an support equality between women and men and refer to women's rights in various aspects of life. Many of these women-friendly Qur'anic verses are further supported by the Hadith, traditionally attributed to Prophet Muhammad. The question that emerges is: why are Muslims' attitudes quite contradictory to the spirit of gender equality and equity and women's emancipation advocated in the Qur'an's verses? Using three different perspectives: theology (fiqh), legal (the newly passed Indonesian law), and anthropological case studies, this paper explores the answer to the above question and suggests how the gap between Islamic ideals on gender and their realities can be bridged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present-day English and most European languages, the normative language is based to a large extent upon the usage of the speakers of the language who have the highest social prestige. As a result, the model of prescriptivism which has been constructed by linguists working on these languages assumes that prescriptivism necessarily reinforces existing social inequalities (e. g. Aitchison 1981; Milroy and Milroy 1985; Crowley 1989; Cleary and Lund 1993; Battistella 1999, inter alia). There are languages, however, where this is not the case, in which the 'correctness'; of a form is determined by factors independent of the social status of the people who use it, and the situation in such languages is consistently misunderstood and misrepresented by linguists who apply mainstream sociolinguistic models to them (see, e. g., Ibrahim's 1987 criticism of Ferguson's 1959 interpretation of Arabic diglossia). The present paper, using data from a variety of languages, presents a descriptive framework for the categorization of languages according to a number of different parameters of 'correctness'; within this framework, languages such as English represent only one manner in which the parameters of 'correctness' may be aligned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden nachträgliche Wechsel von Jugendlichen zu Schulformen, die die Hochschulreife ermöglichen, mittels SOEP-Daten untersucht. Dabei werden auch mögliche Unterschiede zwischen den Bundesländern Bayern, Baden-Württemberg, Niedersachsen und Nordrhein-Westfalen, die unterschiedlich offene Schulstrukturen aufweisen, geprüft. Die zentrale Frage ist, ob solche Aufstiegsprozesse zu einer Veränderung von Bildungsungleichheiten, die zu Beginn der Sekundarstufe I bestehen, beitragen und ob es darin Unterschiede zwischen den untersuchten Bundesländern gibt. Zur Untersuchung der Bildungsungleichheiten wird zwischen einer konditionalen und unkonditionalen Analyseperspektive unterschieden. Die empirischen Befunde zeigen, dass es im Bildungsverlauf nicht zu einer Verstärkung von sozialen Herkunftseffekten kommt und dass Jugendliche mit Migrationshintergrund ihre Nachteile tendenziell abbauen können. Die Bundesländer unterscheiden sich nur unwesentlich in den Herkunftseffekten; in Baden-Württemberg scheinen jedoch Jugendliche aus Familien mit niedriger Bildung bessere Aufstiegsmöglichkeiten zu haben als in den anderen untersuchten Bundesländern. Based on SOEP (German Socio-Economic Panel) data this paper analyzes late student transfers to school types that lead to a university entrance qualification. In addition, possible variations between the states of Bavaria, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Lower Saxony, and North Rhine-Westphalia, which differ in the openness of their school structures, are examined. The central questions are whether greater educational opportunity leads to a lessening of the educational inequalities which were found to exist for these students at the beginning of secondary school and whether the school systems of the four states differ in this regard. The analysis of educational inequalities distinguishes between a conditional and an unconditional perspective. The empirical results show that there is no strengthening of the effects of social origin during the students' school careers. In fact, young people with a migration background tend to be able to reduce their disadvantages. Overall, the four states differ only marginally with respect to origin effects. However, in general, young people in Baden-Wuerttemberg seem to enjoy better advancement opportunities than in the other states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using tools from critical discourse analytic approaches informed by systemic functional linguistics, this paper is an examination of how social values - specifically equality values in Finland - are given meaning by differently socially positioned Finnish citizens, and how those meanings are positioned in constructions of identities. The focus of my examination is on how respondents align with different meanings of equality using linguistic resources of ENGAGEMENT and GRADUATION (James R. Martin and Peter R. R. White [2005], The language of evaluation. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan). I conduct my analyses on written texts that were elicited in response to open items on a questionnaire. Respondents include individuals recruited through a national random sample, and individuals with transgendered life experiences and/or Asperger's diagnoses. I consider how being positioned in the margins by institutionalized norms may interact with representation and alignment of Finnish equality in identification. I also pay attention to how individuals strategically reconcile meanings of equality with other important yet potentially conflicting values, such as national identity, sameness and moderation. I discuss the implications of the study in relation to the historical path of equality, and in terms of how particular formulations of equality may contribute to building and maintaining relations of domination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes interactions that took place during a set of workshops involving biomedical doctors and indigenous healers in northern Tanzania which promoted the use of indigenous knowledge in public health education and training. Such workshops are needed since, despite their success in treating patients for a number of health problems, healers are still misrepresented in the media and in wider society and are often confused with witchdoctors. In the context of inequality, then, the purpose of the workshops was to encourage the participants to learn from one another and to find ways to collaborate so that they could better treat patients in their area. The analysis assesses the efforts of the non-governmental organization that organized the workshops to create a culture of inclusion and equality among the doctors. The analysis shows how both parties are first legitimated through narratives of equality in the official discourse of the workshops. Subsequently, however, the healers are delegitimized in their interactions with the biomedical doctors through unequal forms of address and through the conflation of indigenous healing with witchcraft. The analysis shows how inequality in discursive practices is a key site for enduring struggles over symbolic power, even in contexts where equality is explicitly on the agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is now generally recognised that to get the very best scientific outputs we need a diversity of inputs and talents however, progress is still slow. Whilst we have made some progress to improve equality, diversity and inclusion in the chemical sciences in relation to gender, there is still a long way to go. Today chemistry does not yet welcome everyone—but it should, and it will. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's response to writers Vieda Skultans and Gareth Williams to their comments on his paper. Although long concerned with issues of humane clinical care, as Vieda Skultans suggests in her reference to the author's earlier studies, this particular framing of the problem emerged in response to what appeared to be a narrow definition of the problem of ethics in announcements for the Cardiff conference on "Communication, Medicine and Ethics." Skultans observes that it is compellingly obvious and that studies of the health impact of social inequality that the author reviews have already been widely disseminated.

This paper discusses social mechanisms of discrimination and reviews existing field experimental designs for their identification. We first explicate two social mechanisms proposed in the literature, animus-driven and statistical discrimination, to explain differential treatment based on ascriptive characteristics. We then present common approaches to study discrimination based on observational data and laboratory experiments, discuss their strengths and weaknesses, and elaborate why unobtrusive field experiments are a promising complement. However, apart from specific methodological challenges, well-established experimental designs fail to identify the mechanisms of discrimination. Consequently, we introduce a rapidly growing strand of research which actively intervenes in market activities varying costs and information for potential perpetrators to identify causal pathways of discrimination. We end with a summary of lessons learned and a discussion of challenges that lie ahead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the influence of regional inequality within countries on internal conflicts. Regional inequalities are measured by the population-weighted coefficient of variation of regional GDP per capita. As the main innovation, I use a panel dataset of country-level regional inequalities, which covers 56 countries (835 subnational regions) between 1980 and 2009. I also consider a broader cross section dataset for the year 2005, which covers 110 countries (1569 subnational regions). Conflict is measured by the incidence of civil war (UCDP/PRIO data) and a risk measure of internal conflict (war, terrorism and riots) provided by the PRS Group's International Country Risk Guide. Logit estimations are employed as well as OLS fixed effects panel regressions. I find that regional inequalities increase the risk of internal conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns how legal mechanisms intended to address domestic violence (DV) can be better designed to adequately consider its gendered impacts and complexity. I analyze two traditional legal approaches to DV: a focus on women-only mechanisms and a gender-neutral approach. I then analyze two jurisdictions that have adopted such approaches to DV: Brazil and the United States, respectively. While each approach has benefits, both also have significant costs. I argue that it is possible to imagine an alternative, substantially more flexible system that is neither focused on women nor is gender-neutral. This alternative, which I call the mosaic approach (MA), aims at making DV law and policy more effective, and more just, by focusing on a mosaic of vulnerabilities, which may be more or less related to gender. The MA then proposes using an empirically-based mosaic of DV policies that match and address these vulnerabilities. At the core of the MA is an insistence upon an ongoing public scrutiny of the political choices that lurk behind resource allocation and vulnerability prioritization. Because public policy and law require some degree of generality, the risk of stereotyping in policy-design is probably unavoidable. This paper argues that the best response to this concern is to bring it to the very forefront of policy-making by actively grappling with how we categorize and prioritize people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can the concept of myths, as developed by Simone de Beauvoir in The Second Sex, help us to better understand and sociologically examine social inequalities in heterosexual couple relationships? Beauvoir has shown how women are defined as the Other. Her conceptualization of myths plays an important role in the production of asymmetry between men and women. How can we translate these myths, to a sociological micro level to examine couple relationships? We illustrate the feasibility of this approach through the comparison of two qualitative research projects from the 1990s and 2020s with dual-earner couples in transition to retirement. We try to find out how femininity and masculinity are defined in couple relationships, how they relate to each other, and whether asymmetry is at work. What has changed over time and are women (still) defined in a subordinate and derivative way from men? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]