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Abstract: Deception is commonly seen in everyday social interactions. However, most of the knowledge about the underlying neural mechanism of deception comes from studies where participants were instructed when and how to lie. To study spontaneous deception, we designed a guessing game modeled after Greene and Paxton (2009) “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(30), 12506–12511”, in which lying is the only way to achieve the performance level needed to end the game. We recorded neural responses during the game using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). We found that when compared to truth-telling, spontaneous deception, like instructed deception, engenders greater involvement of such prefrontal regions as the left superior frontal gyrus. We also found that the correct-truth trials produced greater neural activities in the left middle frontal gyrus and right superior frontal gyrus than the incorrect-truth trials, suggesting the involvement of the reward system. Furthermore, the present study confirmed the feasibility of using NIRS to study spontaneous deception. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We measured contrast thresholds for the identification of faces and facial expressions as a function of the center spatial frequency of narrow-band additive noise. In adults, masking of mid spatial frequencies (11–16c/fw) caused the largest elevation in contrast threshold (Experiment 1). Ideal observer analysis revealed that adults were equally sensitive to available information at low and mid spatial frequencies, both of which they used more efficiently than high spatial frequencies. The drop-off of sensitivity at high spatial frequencies began at a lower spatial frequency for recognizing facial identity than for recognizing facial expression. As a result, the critical band was higher for expression than for identity. The critical band for both identity and expression shifted to slightly lower values as distance increased (Experiment 2), a pattern indicating only partial scale invariance. Children aged 10 and 14years showed similar tuning but needed more contrast (Experiment 3). The patterns suggest that adults use finer details for recognizing facial expressions than for identifying faces, a tuning that appears as early as age 10. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In order to identify impacts of photovoltaic (PV) power plant on surface radiation, this paper conducted a comparative study on the surface radiation and surface albedo characteristics between the PV site and reference site in the Gobi area in Xinjiang, China in the summer of 2020. The results show that, the upward long-wave radiation at the PV site was significantly lower than that at the reference site in the night, while the two were basically the same during the daytime. The average surface albedo at the PV site (0.14) was 39.1% lower than that at the reference site (0.23). Net radiation was higher at the PV site than that at the reference site throughout the whole day. The average net radiation of the underlying surface at the PV site was 30.7% more than that at the reference site, 75% of which was contributed by lower upward shortwave radiation and 25% was due to nocturnal lower upward longwave radiation at the PV site. • Average surface albedo at photovoltaic power site decreases 39.1%. • Upward long-wave radiation at photovoltaic power site decreases significantly. • Average net radiation at photovoltaic power site increases 30.7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]