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Abstract: Previous studies of pounding responses of bridge structures to seismic loadings are usually based on the point to point pounding assumption by using the simplified lumped mass model or beam–column element model. It has been found these simplified models can be used to calculate bridge pounding response with consideration of only the longitudinal excitation. In a real bridge structure under seismic loading, pounding could take place along the entire or part of surfaces of the adjacent segments. Moreover, torsional response of the adjacent decks owing to the asymmetric deck or induced by spatially varying transverse ground motions at multiple bridge supports may result in eccentric poundings between adjacent bridge decks. A detailed 3D finite element model is necessary to consider the surface to surface and torsional response induced eccentric poundings and the corresponding damage. This paper performs numerical simulations of pounding damage between bridge girders and between bridge girder and the corresponding abutment of a two-span simply-supported bridge to spatially varying ground motions based on a detailed 3D finite element model by using the explicit finite element code LS-DYNA. The dislocation and unseating potentials of the bridge are also modelled. The bridge components including the bridge girders, abutments, pier, bearings, longitudinal reinforcement bars and stirrups are included in the model. The non-linear material behaviour including the strain rate effects of concrete and steel rebar are considered. The spatially varying ground motions are stochastically simulated. The damage mechanism of the bridge under spatially varying seismic loadings is examined. Numerical results show that the method adopted in the present paper can realistically capture the seismic induced damage of bridge structures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper outlines the use of a finite element model to simulate the behaviour for a standard steel bicycle frames under a range of measured load cases. These load cases include those measured both in the laboratory setting and also in the field, and include loads transmitted at key areas such as the dropouts and hub, the bottom bracket and drive, the headset and handlebars, and the seat post and saddle. The load cases analysed include static representations of dynamic bump situations which occur sporadically and also those which occur constantly or regularly such as those generated at the drive and handlebars during climbing or cruising. The resulting stresses within the bicycle are analysed in the context of frame performance relating to static and fatigue strengths and are also compared to similar load cases presented in the literature. Further research is required to understand the influence of tube profiles on frame strength, and to analyse the modes of failure for various bicycle designs and materials used under typical and extreme usage in order to understand the implications of design on safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground overload is one of the most important factors that threaten the safe operations of oil and gas pipelines. The mechanical behaviour of a buried pipeline under ground overload was investigated using the finite element method in this paper. The effects of the overload parameters, pipeline parameters and surrounding soil parameters on the stress–strain response of the buried pipeline were discussed. The results show that the maximum von Mises stress appears on the top of the buried pipeline under the loading area when the ground load is small, and the stress distribution is oval. As the ground load increases, the maximum stress increases, and the high stress area extends. The von Mises stress, plastic strain, plastic area size, settlement and ovality of the buried pipeline increase as the ground load and loading area increase. The buckling phenomenon of the no-pressure buried pipeline is more serious than the pressure pipeline. As the internal pressure increases, the high stress area and the maximum plastic strain of the buried pipeline first decrease and then increase, the settlement of the buried pipeline increases, and the ovality decreases. The von Mises stress, maximum plastic strain, settlement and ovality of the buried pipeline decrease with increasing buried depth, the surrounding soil's elasticity modulus, Poisson's ratio and cohesion. The maximum von Mises stress, high stress area, the maximum plastic strain, plastic area and ovality increase as the diameter–thickness ratio increases. The critical diameter–thickness ratio is 60, and the settlement of the buried pipeline first increases and then decreases as the diameter–thickness ratio increases. Finally, a protective device of the buried pipeline is designed for preventing ground overload. It can be repaired in a timely manner without stopping the transmission of oil and gas and widely used in different locations because of its simple structure and convenient installation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper presents the numerical simulations of thin-walled square hollow steel beams subjected to a uniform transverse blast load. The objectives of the numerical simulations were to gain an insight into the temporal distribution of the global and local deformation and the adiabatic temperature rise in the beams as a result of impulsive loading. Additionally, the finite element predictions using Ls-Dyna are compared to the experimentally observed global and local deformations. The full lengths of the beams were modelled using three material models based on the linear piecewise plasticity material model which incorporated strain hardening, with and without strain-rate hardening and with strain-rate hardening and temperature softening. The blast wave was simulated as a rectangular pressure pulse distributed over the top surface of the beams. Ls-Dyna and the material model used were found to predict the global and local deformation of the beams reasonably well. Incorporating strain-rate hardening was found to be important to be able to predict the global and local deformation of the beams. Thermal softening was found to play a small but not negligible role. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]