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Abstract: With the urban rail transit network in Beijing becoming gradually intensive, the passenger flow organization also develops towards the type of the network mode. This paper analyzes the development trend of the urban rail transit network in Beijing. On the basis of a reasonable classification of emergencies occurred in urban rail transit, this paper puts forward the passenger organization model of rail transit network under emergency conditions, and then set a certain train accident of Beijing Metro Line 1 as an example to illustrate the practical application of the passenger emergency organization mode. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Passenger flow distribution in the metro system is fundamental for many applications such as network planning and design, passenger flow forecasting, individual travel activity modeling and emergency response management. However, in most metro systems the smart card automated fare collection (AFC) equipment in Beijing only record when and where a passenger enters and leaves the metro network. Therefore, how to accurately determine passenger flow distribution in unknown travel routes remains a challenging task for the managers. This paper presents a methodology for reconstructing metro passenger flow distribution from large-scale smart card data. A clustering method was first applied to group the travel time of passengers between origin–destination (OD) station pairs into different clusters. Then an approach was proposed that considered both uncertain walking time and transfer time, to estimate the theoretical travel time of all possible routes between the OD pair. An approach to measure the similarity was further employed to match each travel time cluster to a most-likely travel route, and finally obtained the passengers' flow of every route. Compared with two classical methods, the proposed approach was more accurate and efficient. • A data-driven methodology is proposed to obtain metro passenger flow distributions. • A similarity measure model is built to identify possible routes by clustering result. • The travel times are clustered to obtain the possible travel time groups. • Real data from the Beijing metro smart card system is applied to verify our approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The waterlogging disaster has become a major threat to the resilient development of cities, which needs a unified and systematic accounting framework to estimate potential waterlogging effects in terms of forming disaster prevention strategies. In this paper, we developed an emergy-based waterlogging footprint accounting framework applying depth-damage functions, input–output (IO) analysis and ecological footprint, considering both economic and environmental factors. Taking the old town Beijing as a case study, we simulated the urban waterlogging distribution with a hydrodynamic model (InfoWorks ICM) over different return periods (1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, and 50 years) at high resolution. This study first considered the economic impact caused by urban waterlogging to evaluate the direct economic loss and indirect economic loss by using the depth-damage function and IO model, respectively. The environmental loss was assessed with an ecological footprint and was unified by emergy with economic loss. Then, four emergy-based indicators were established to quantify the specific impacts of waterlogging on urban resilience. The results show that the waterlogging footprints grew constantly by 284.57% from 1 year to 50 years. The waterlogging footprints driven by environmental loss, which were overlooked, accounted for 13.02% of the total. The waterlogging footprint density and waterlogging resilience index showed high spatial heterogeneity, indicating that the sensitivity of subdistricts to waterlogging varies greatly. Our study provides a useful energy-based tool for assessing urban waterlogging losses and supports decision-making for waterlogging disaster mitigation and risk zoning management. • An emergy assessment of hydrological-based urban waterlogging loss was first conducted. • Losses of natural capital due to urban waterlogging disasters were quantified. • Economic and environmental losses were incorporated. • Urban waterlogging resilience was explained in context of metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthquakes can have a tremendous impact on the operations of university campuses. Since campus buildings are used for teaching, living, and entertaining, it is necessary to establish timely and effective emergency response strategies that accord with the functions of each building. Since there is currently no emergency response system that can provide real-time feedback and enable decision making during an earthquake, this paper proposes a university emergency response system based on multi-source data monitoring. The proposed system offers priorities for rescuing people and maintaining facilities according to five indices: the number of people in the building, the building's command role, the potential danger of hazardous chemicals in the building, the extent of damage to the building, and the lifeline role of facilities in the building. Several methods are used in the process of decision making, including the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), linear regression, earthquake disaster simulation, and expert evaluation. The emergency response system is then applied to a case study of the Shahe Campus of the Central University of Finance and Economics in Beijing, where simulations of three typical scenarios under fixed seismic parameters are carried out and compared. The system proposed in this paper makes the campus's earthquake emergency response more rapid and reasonable, providing new ideas for promoting the development of emergency management systems and sustainable campus operations at colleges and universities. Multi-source data based university emergency response system is proposed. The decision framework is timely and effective under limited cost. Specific buildings' electricity consumption reflects the real-time indoor population. Time characteristics and key areas based emergency resources should be allocated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowing the dynamic road risk for pedestrian evacuation and having an efficient evacuation plan play a very important role in the serious disasters such as earthquake, tsunami and hurricane. In this paper, the dynamic road risk for pedestrian evacuation in a densely populated area of Beijing was studied with consideration of different influencing factors. Firstly, the eight influencing factors including road width, node degree, safety betweenness, road resistor coefficient, building threat, pedestrian counterflow, illegal vehicle parking and traffic flow were considered to assess the road risk for pedestrian evacuation. Secondly, based on complex network theory, electric circuit theory and real situation of the roads, the comprehensive assessment function for road risk was developed quantitatively based on the eight influencing factors. Thirdly, we analyzed road risk for pedestrian evacuation considering different situations: current condition, regular condition, and optimal condition; the risk distribution maps were drawn to directly show the risk level. Through assessments, the roads with high risk for pedestrian evacuation were found, and an optimized evacuation plan was obtained and analyzed. This mathematical model can guide the emergency evacuation in real time. The process and the results are essential for improving the efficiency of evacuations which should considerably reduce the possibility of injuries, deaths and other losses in the disaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When disaster relief is executed by a monopolistic emergency management agency, this entity is responsible for the procurement and storage of relief goods in the given area. In the case of extreme disasters, relief goods are generally donated to the affected area from all over the world, but the delivery of these donations normally takes time. To ensure effective disaster relief, the emergency management agency should consider extreme disaster scenarios in the procurement of relief goods. Besides, both the supply and demand of relief goods can be differently affected by the disaster depending on its magnitude. And the management agency aims to minimize costs while accounting for potential shortages. In this study, we propose and develop a combined entrusted reserve and option (CEO) contract for humanitarian relief goods procurement. In our model, both the supply and demand of relief goods are described as functions of disasters intensity. Further, a bi-objective optimization problem is formulated with the model to minimize the management agency's expected cost and conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) based shortage risk. Then, we use the epsilon-constraint method to solve the problem and obtain the optimal CEO contract. We also conduct a case study of disasters occurred in Beijing, China from 2000 to 2014. The CEO contract is shown to alleviate losses related to the disasters and reduce costs of the management agency. Insights to further improve the effectiveness of the CEO contract are also discussed in the paper. • A supply risk model which is dependent on disaster intensity is constructed. • A demand model which is dependent on disaster intensity is constructed. • The shortage risk of the extreme disaster is considered. • A CEO contract is proposed for the relief goods procurement. • Sensitivity analyses based on case study provide practical managerial insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Keep in pace with the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2010 Shanghai Expo, engineering events of different types and sizes are coming to China more than it had ever happened during years. Obviously, these could all cause safety problems. To organize the event perfectly, a lot of questions occur: How to provide the best safety to everyone participate in our event? How to deal with the emergencies during the event? These questions are the most important element of holding a successful event. This paper discusses the necessity of engineering risk management during events. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: To take into account reasonably the safety requirements of the disabled on emergency evacuation in the design, usage, management and emergency response of public places, the authors of this paper organized on-site experiments for 100 disabled individuals (40 people with no supporting tools, 20 people using a single crutch and 40 people two crutches) and 17 healthy people at a subway station in Beijing. The experiments were designed to measure the unimpeded free walking speed of the participants during horizontal and stair ascending/descending movement, and to assess the possible impact of passage width on movement speed. Based on the results of the tests, the authors systematically analyzed the speed variation patterns with disability grade, gender and passage width. The validity of the value of an important parameter for evacuation safety design in the prescribed fire codes in mainland China, the width of a single stream of people, is assessed. Finally the results of the experiments are compared with that from other researches to identify the similarities and differences between them. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]