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Abstract: We discuss various epistemological, foundational and practical aspects concerning the treatment of uncertainty, expressing the opinion that the approach followed in de Cooman''s paper is neither useful nor convincing. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Recently, new sensors with active pixels were brought to market. These sensors export local variations of light intensity in the form of asynchronous events with low latency. Since the data output format is a stream of addressable events and not a complete image of light intensities, new algorithms are required for known problems in the field of Computer Vision, such as segmentation, VO, SLAM, object, and scene recognition. There are some proposed methodologies for object recognition using conventional methods, convolutional neural networks, and third-generation neural networks based on spikes. However, convolutional neural networks and spike neural networks require specific hardware for processing, hard to miniaturize. Also, several traditional Computer Vision operators and feature descriptors have been neglected in the context of event sensors and could contribute to lighter methodologies in object recognition. This paper proposes an algorithm for local binary pattern extraction in sparse structures, typically found in this context. This paper also proposes two methodologies using local binary patterns to captures with event-based sensors for object recognition. The first methodology exploits the known motion performed by the sensor, while the second is motion agnostic. It is demonstrated experimentally that the LBP operator is a fast and light alternative that enables variable reduction using PCA in some cases. The experiments also show that it is possible to reduce the final feature vector for classification by up to 99 , 73 % when compared to conventional methods considered state-of-the-art while maintaining comparable accuracy. • Sparse-LBP extraction algorithm. • Methodologies for memory-efficient object recognition with event-based sensors. • Surface of active events representation using hash tables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews progress in the field of urban tourism, revisiting and challenging the validity of the paradoxes presented in the paper by Ashworth and Page (2011). To do this, the paper examines the expansion of research endeavours in urban tourism in relation to these paradoxes, including the outputs in dedicated journals on city tourism along with the wider range of outputs generated since 2011 in social science. It also revisits the initial proposition set out regarding an imbalance in attention in urban tourism research (Ashworth 1989, 2003) and how this has been addressed through a broader development of thinking at the intersection of urbanism and tourism. It is a selective review of progress in the field, highlighting the challenges of deriving theory from western modes of analysis that need re-thinking in relation to the global south, notably Africa as well as developments in Asia and the Middle East. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Assessing human rights engagement as a series of events rather than long-term trends. • Paying attention to events allows conceptualization of multiple types of state performances when it comes to human rights. • Arab Spring changed voting patterns of most repressive states serving on the Human Rights Council. • A few repressive states (China, Cuba, Russia) did not shift their voting patterns. Sociological research on human rights analyzes the degree to which states engage with international human rights commitments over time. Yet we have a limited understanding of how specific events shape the long-term trajectory of human rights norms. This paper explores the effect of the Arab Spring on voting in the UN Human Rights Council. Using multiple growth curve models, I find that the emergence of the Arab Spring changed the voting patterns of most non-free states, but only temporarily, and that this holds even when controlling for protest events facing a given country. In contrast, a small set of non-free states did not change their votes during the Arab Spring. Drawing on research from cultural sociology, this paper explains these divergent voting patterns as heterogenous performances in the face of an event causing deep uncertainty such as the Arab Spring. The paper concludes that commitments to human rights norms must account for how events puncture broader trends, and that engagement with the human rights regime – and perhaps other performances of state legitimacy — requires an understanding of the multiple audiences, events, and policy possibilities to which states are attuned in international forums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores value chain governance through a discourse approach to an event which included an exhibition and a conference. This approach appears promising for investigating industries in their formative phase and is particularly relevant for new renewable energy sectors. By studying the European offshore wind value chain, the paper investigates the coupling between wind industries and offshore industries as an encounter of various conventions. The key speakers at the conference, particularly those from the utility companies, introduced new principles for organizing the value chains they are leading, in order to reduce costs, and turn the immature sector into a mature one. Their storyline of industrialization by standardization breaks, however, with the storyline demonstrated by the firms in offshore oil and gas, and maritime industries at the exhibition. The latter offshore suppliers find evidence of quality in their business history and their trust-based relations to their clients. Theoretically the paper contributes to the global value chain governance debate by offering another perspective on power. The discourse approach helps us explain how influential actors could enforce one convention over another. The paper contributes methodically by suggesting a discourse approach to events. Events appear as a significant arena for negotiating industry formation and convenient for researcher’s data gathering for text analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At any particular moment, the energy security of an energy system is at risk from events, both external and internal, that can affect its operation. By analyzing these risks, the state of the system’s energy security can be determined. If the method is generic, it can be applied to any energy system and the entities that support its operation. Despite the potential benefits of such a method, a review of the literature shows that existing methods of analysis focus on, for example, limited parts of the system or specific types of energy. To address this shortcoming, this paper presents a method for analyzing the risks to the energy security of any entity in an energy system. The method, derived from work at the National Institute for Statistics and Technology (NIST), determines the risks to an entity using the well-known properties of events (rate-of-occurrence and expected stress) and entities (flows, time-to-recover, and stress-tolerance). The paper demonstrates how the method can be applied using both qualitative and quantitative data to measure, analyze, and potentially improve a system’s energy security. Several examples are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on an event, the World Alternative Games (WAG), as a site for the development and maintenance of community. The research shows how a rural community uses its own interpretation of space to create new activities, inspire collaborative development and promote tourism within a particular locale. Drawing upon ethnographic research undertaken at the third edition of the WAG in 2016, it provides a social constructivist account of community participation. Activities, interactions and symbolic connections occurring in the spaces of Britain's smallest town shed light on the processes through which a sense of rurality develops in relation to an out-of-the-ordinary use of the rural landscape. • Events help foster a strong sense of community identity. • Small-scale events in rural areas allow for new and unique uses of space. • Events can be important in (re)defining a sense of place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper examines the principles and practices of Islamic hospitality, outlining the diverse ways in which Islam intersects with ‘hospitality’ and the ‘hospitality industry’. The intangible elements of Islamic hospitality are initially discussed, particularly the importance of the host–guest relationship and differing cultural interpretations. The discussion then evaluates the tangible aspects of Islamic hospitality through identifying trends, developments and challenges within the hotel sector, the food production and service sector, and the festivals and events sector. The work adopts a global perspective, examining Islamic hospitality with reference to both OIC (Organization of Islamic Cooperation) countries and non-OIC countries. The paper also considers new sector opportunities and acknowledges the social difficulties associated with the development of Islamic hospitality within the Western world, notably Islamophobia. Finally, the paper indicates ways forward for future research. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In the age of big data, entreprises' information systems are ingested with data generated from social media which raises the need to integrate it in their business intelligence process for better decision making. However, these new data, streaming, voluminous, unstructured and variant, bring existing data warehousing systems and integration tools to their knees which motivated us to conduct this research work. In this paper, we propose a large scale system based on distributed storage and parallel processing to succeed social media data warehousing. In fact, we combine Storm and Hadoop for structured events extraction from social media data and their integration in the data warehouse. We take the advantage of real time analysis of streaming data offered by Storm and batch processing of large volumes of data of Hadoop which facilitated streaming social media data analysis task. For conceptual representation, we propose a customized multidimensional model in which we add an intermediate table to connect the social media data warehouse with the enterprise data warehouse. We implement it using Oracle 12c and we fed it with events extracted from 1000 000 tweets using Pentaho data integration tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a degree of consensus in the academic literature that innovation is a vital source of competitive advantage. Although some processional aspects of innovation have been examined in detail, the process of implementation of innovation at an organisational level has been neglected, especially in the tourism literature. This paper adopts a relational perspective to examine the implementation of innovation within the burgeoning Chinese modern music festivals sector. The findings of six detailed case studies show how identity, equality, guanxi, and a range of specific contextual factors, influence the development of relationships. These, in turn, affect innovation implementation, notably by influencing the acquisition and use of knowledge and other resources essential to the process. A conceptual model is proposed which explains the complexities of these relationships, their roles in innovation implementation, and incorporates mediating factors such as temporality, organisational structure, and the reliance upon volunteers found within events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Capital of Culture Programme and the UK Cities of Culture Programme have emerged as important vehicles in the realisation of the promise of culture led regeneration. However, while value of bidding both in terms of cultural value and public value is well documented, less attention has been given to those cities that loose in their attempts to become Capital of Culture. Drawing on the works of Turner, we conceive of the bidding phase of a competitive cultural mega event competition as a liminal phase; where the 'old' rules of cultural organising are put into flux, and where novel or creative solutions can be re-imagined. Using a case study methodology, the paper draws attention to the ways the bidding process shapes the cities, and the legacy effects made possible through engagement in the process. We show how the competitive nature of the bidding process (often with cities competing with their close neighbours), enables a particular form of civic pride, that is, civicism to enrol stakeholder support to 'do it for the bid' and set the scene for transformation. We propose that the legacy of bidding is not just about winning (or not) but leveraging the process for sustainable change. We discuss how two places, in competing to host a cultural mega event, used the bid to create change to redress structural and social inequalities. While the emphasis in the current discourse is a 'winner takes all', we evidence that this does not do justice to the transformative effect of bidding for those cities that do not go on to host the event. The framework presented in this work offers cities a model to reflect on the transformative potential of bidding for yearlong cultural events. • Mega event bidding process as creative, liminal phase that bring about transformations in the configuration of culture in places. • Local authorities in bidding cities experience altered routines and expansion of expertise in cultural policy and management. • of citizen engagement through civicism and comparison between competing cities is a key feature of the bidding phase. • Increased visibility and internationalisation of the local arts and culture sector shown as key legacy effects of bidding process regardless of outcome of the competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an event-triggered observation scheme is considered for a perturbed nonlinear dynamical system connected to a remote location via a communication channel, which can only transmit a limited amount of data per unit of time. The dynamical system, which is supposed to be globally Lipschitz, is subject to bounded state perturbations. Moreover, at the system's location, the output is measured with some bounded errors. The objective is to calculate estimates of the state at the remote location in real-time with maximum given error, whilst using the communication channel as little as possible. An event-triggered communication strategy is proposed in order to reduce the average number of communications. An important feature of this strategy is to provide an estimation of the relation between the observation error and the communication rate. The observation scheme's efficiency is demonstrated through simulations of unicycle-type robots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last three decades, festivals and events staged in public spaces have been an important element in the neoliberal regeneration of cities. However, so-called festivalisation strategies have been subject to criticism for their focus on economic imperatives to the detriment of the lives of urban residents. In many cities of the Global North, in particular, these debates have been accompanied by increasing calls for forms of urban governance that give more weight to local democratic processes and practices. This paper analyses these debates, focusing on the Scottish city of Glasgow, where the staging of festivals and events has long been a key factor in the city's rebranding. In recent years, city leaders have created processes designed to ensure that the voices of local people are heard. We analyse to what extent this turn towards more inclusive rhetoric is translated into practice when policy and planning processes are still governed by economic growth logics. We show how citizen participation and engagement processes to consult residents about the use of public spaces for festivals and events reinforce narratives of neoliberal citizenship, primarily acting to assimilate and neutralize opposition, rather than sharing power and decision-making with local citizens. The implementation of these policies in Glasgow represents an emblematic illustration of the neoliberal governance logics which prevent the local state from granting an increased role to citizens and local organizations, particularly in cities of the Global North. However, we conclude by highlighting some potentially fruitful new avenues to support greater transparency and accountability in public space governance. • In many cities, the use of festivalisation strategies has been criticized for being overly focused on economic imperatives. • As the case of Glasgow illustrates, some cities have reframed their event policies to put more emphasis on local citizens. • Despite a change in rhetoric, new policy commitments merely extend neoliberal urban logics to the realm of citizenship. • To counter neoliberal logics, inclusive urban policies should contain significant reflection on the distribution of power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air traffic flows show large seasonal variability, but arrivals and departures may also be significantly influenced by specific events which generate peaks, which generate peaks rising above baseline traffic. While seasonal variations of air flows are well studied in literature, the daily variations and their causes are seldom analysed and quantified. The paper aims at filling this gap by exploring and quantifying the effect of holidays and events (conferences, trade fairs, sport events) in terms of passenger daily fluctuations. We identified the elements affecting these variations and searched for correlations with daily demand fluctuations using an OLS econometric model applied to Milan Malpensa airport. The model allows one to reproduce the observed daily traffic, identifying the baseline component of traffic (depending on the calendar) and the additional effect ascribable to holidays and occasional events. Results show which types of events generate a visible traffic increase. The effect of some of them can be very significant indeed. The largest international design and fashion shows taking place in Milan generate up to more than 20% extra passenger traffic compared to the normal baseline traffic. In addition, the analysis showed that their effect is not limited to the event days, but impacted on the surrounding days as well. Holidays also influence the patterns of demand, creating additional traffic on certain days and more pronounced peaks, which also differ according to seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In risk assessment we are typically faced with a huge number of potential scenarios and events, and in practise some of these are ignored, either because they are not identified or because of judged low probability. However, a scenario or an event may occur despite being extremely unlikely. Considering a large population of such scenarios and events, the occurrence probability is not necessarily negligible. In this paper we take a closer look at this challenge, the main aim being to clarify the issue and provide some recommendation on how to best handle it in practise. A main conclusion is that the risk assessment should be placed in a sufficiently broad framework, ensuring that the outcome and main event spaces are complete, and sufficient focus is placed on the hypotheses and assumptions supporting the detailed scenarios that are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel method for assessing prediction of extremal hydrological events. • Bayesian causal modelling tool for predictive assessment. • Hybridization of Classical and new Hydrology based on Artificial Intelligence. • HydroPredicT_Extreme as a new tool for the prediction of potential flooding events. • Applicability to different time scales of extreme and sudden events. Disastrous losses related to high-flow events have increased dramatically over the past decades largely due to an increase in flood-prone regions settlements and shift in hydrological trends largely due to Climate Change. To mitigate the societal impact of hydrological and hydraulic extremes, knowledge of the processes leading to these extreme events is vital. Hydrological modelling is one of the main tools in this quest for knowledge but comes with uncertainties. For that it is necessary to deeply study the impact of hydrological models' structure on the magnitude and timing of extreme rainfall-runoff events. This paper is mainly aimed to show the development of a method called "HydroPredicT_Extreme" based on Bayesian Causal Modelling (BCM), a technique within Artificial Intelligence (AI). This method may enhance predictive capacity of extreme rainfall-runoff events. "HydroPredicT_Extreme" follows an iterative methodology that comprise 2 main stages. First one comprises a mixed graphical/analytical method from Hydrograph. This stage is conditioned by two initial constraints which are, a) pluviometry station is representative of hydrograph downstream flow behaviour; b) there must be independence of events. This first stage comprises sub-phases such as: 1.1. Calculation of Response Time (RT) through a mixed graphical/analytical approach, 1.2 Subtraction of RT from the flow series to remove the Rainfall-Flow delay; 1.3 Calculation base flow rate; 1.4 Subtraction base-flow from flow series to work on absolute inputs. Second man stage is called Bayesian Causal Modelling Translation (BCMT) that comprises the 2.1 Learning, 2.2 Training, 2.3 Simulation through BCM modelling, 2.4 Sensitivity Analysis-Validation. This whole methodology will become a digital application and software that could be extrapolated to several similar case studies. This may be coupled with posterior devices for the prevention of catastrophic flood consequences in the form of MultiHazard-Early Warning System (MH-EWS) or others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the execution of business processes several events happen that are recorded in the company's information systems. These events deliver insights into process executions so that process monitoring and analysis can be performed resulting, for instance, in prediction of upcoming process steps or the analysis of the run time of single steps. While event capturing is trivial when a process engine with integrated logging capabilities is used, manual process execution environments do not provide automatic logging of events, so that typically external devices, like bar code scanners, have to be used. As experience shows, these manual steps are error-prone and induce additional work. Therefore, we use object state transitions as additional monitoring information, so-called object state transition events. Based on these object state transition events, we reason about the enablement and termination of activities and provide the basis for process monitoring and analysis in terms of a large event log. In this paper, we present the concept to utilize information from these object state transition events for capturing process progress. Furthermore, we discuss a methodology to create the required design time artifacts that then are used for monitoring at run time. In a proof-of-concept implementation, we show how the design time and run time side work and prove applicability of the introduced concept of object state transition events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonality is a protracted problem for the tourism sector due to the uneven nature of demand and the relatively fixed nature of the supply of capacity and resources, particularly in the attraction sector. Managing the demand and supply at an individual business level poses many challenges for attraction infrastructure that is fixed in time and space and has a finite capacity. This paper explores how attraction managers develop and use special events as a tool to address issues of seasonality at a country level. The results show that: 70% of businesses remained open throughout the year, albeit with reduced opening hours to attract more visitors; 39% of attractions that stay open host special events; the local community is a key source market for special events; the periodicity of events and themes engage visitors most effectively. Business responses to seasonality are a more complex issue than conventional tourism research has recognised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question addressed in this paper is whether the language faculty provides new possibilities for concepts. Drawing on work from Hinzen and Sheehan (2013) and others, the claim is that I-language allows humans to see resemblances among events that are similar in only an abstract way mediated by their linguistic description, such as the hierarchical form that unites the class of events in which a boy chases a dog, not vice-versa. Experimental data are presented from five preliminary studies. These include a study of 61 preschool-aged children in an act-out procedure with and without verbal description, and a second with 63 adults in a picture choice procedure under conditions of verbal versus rhythmic shadowing. The methodological difficulties are discussed, particularly the use of rhythmic shadowing as an adequate control. Three further studies are reported that use adult participants in an implicit concept formation paradigm in an eyetracker, using a dual-task procedure with only verbal shadowing. These studies have the goal of discovering whether verbal shadowing selectively impairs certain abstract concepts and not others. Together the results suggest that verbal shadowing is selectively disruptive of the recognition of similarity across perceptually diverse events sharing a propositional description, but not of the formation of other abstract concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sheds new light on the subtle relation between probability and logic by (i) providing a logical development of Bruno de Finetti's conception of events and (ii) suggesting that the subjective nature of de Finetti's interpretation of probability emerges in a clearer form against such a logical background. By making explicit the epistemic structure which underlies what we call Choice-based probability we show that whilst all rational degrees of belief must be probabilities, the converse doesn't hold: some probability values don't represent decision-relevant quantifications of uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an attempt to stimulate debate about the decline of leisure studies and the rise of courses and subject fields defined by sport, events, tourism management. It is argued that although this decline has happened, there are two possible futures for a re-purposed leisure studies that would ensure its survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: To operate advanced plasma scenario (long pulse with high stored energy) in present and future tokamak devices under safe operation conditions, the control requirements of the plasma control system (PCS) leads to the development of advanced feedback control and real time handling exceptions. To develop these controllers and these exceptions handling strategies, a project aiming at setting up a flight simulator has started at CEA in 2009. Now, the new WEST (W Environment in Steady-state Tokamak) project deals with modifying Tore Supra into an ITER-like divertor tokamak. This upgrade impacts a lot of systems including Tore Supra PCS and is the opportunity to improve the current PCS architecture to implement the previous works and to fulfill the needs of modern tokamak operation. This paper is dealing with the description of the architecture of WEST PCS. Firstly, the requirements will be presented including the needs of new concepts (segments configuration, alternative (or backup) scenario, …). Then, the conceptual design of the PCS will be described including the main components and their functions. The third part will be dedicated to the proposal RT framework and to the technologies that we have to implement to reach the requirements. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Energy systems change over time as events, such as grid failures, new energy sources, and extreme weather conditions, occur, often affecting the system's energy security. Understanding events, their causes, and how they are handled, can help a jurisdiction and its energy stakeholders develop better, evidence-based energy policy. This paper employs a definition of stress in combination with systems analysis to specify methods for explaining the states through which an energy process, chain, or system passes in response to an event and how this response results in energy security improving, deteriorating, or being maintained. The definition uses three dimensions-availability, affordability, and acceptability-derived from the International Energy Agency's definition of energy security to show when and how a system's energy security will change. Examples are used to illustrate the application of the methods. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In a constantly changing environment, monitoring supports analysis and understanding of many types of change. This paper is concerned specifically with monitoring of vegetation and describes the development and application of a formal model that supports the analysis of spatiotemporal changes in the recorded attributes of a forest/heathland environment. Typically, the monitoring points are not ideally distributed in time or space. The proposed analytical techniques are designed to deal with incomplete data sets and to reveal abnormal changes or transitions. These transitions can potentially be linked to causal events which may have not been otherwise recorded. This work distinguishes five key change types as a basis for 25 transition types present in time series of vegetation data. These are distilled from the data using a set of transition point analysis methods including spatiotemporal neighborhood and trend sequence analysis. In addition, cross-comparisons between vegetation attributes, based on the identified transitions, are illustrated. A prototype GIS-based tool VeMonA provides an analytical environment for time series data obtained through vegetation monitoring and supports understanding of dynamic geospatial ecosystems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Although several process modeling languages allow one to specify processes with multiple start elements, the precise semantics of such models are often unclear, both from a pragmatic and from a theoretical point of view. This paper addresses the lack of research on this problem and introduces the CASU framework (from Creation, Activation, Subscription, Unsubscription). The contribution of this framework is a systematic description of design alternatives for the specification of instantiation semantics of process modeling languages. We classify six prominent languages by the help of this framework. We validate the relevance of the CASU framework through empirical investigations involving a large set of process models from practice. Our work provides the basis for the design of new correctness criteria as well as for the formalization of Event-driven Process Chains (EPCs) and extension of the Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN). It complements research such as the workflow patterns. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In modern programming languages, concurrency control can be traced back to one of two different schools: actor-based message passing concurrency and thread-based shared-state concurrency. This paper describes a linguistic symbiosis between two programming languages with such different concurrency models. More specifically, we describe a novel symbiosis between actors represented as event loops on the one hand and threads on the other. This symbiosis ensures that the invariants of the actor-based concurrency model are not violated by engaging in symbiosis with multithreaded programs. The proposed mapping is validated by means of a concrete symbiosis between AmbientTalk, a flexible, domain-specific language for writing distributed programs and Java, a conventional object-oriented language. This symbiosis allows the domain-specific language to reuse existing software components written in a multithreaded language without sacrificing the beneficial event-driven properties of the actor concurrency model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: There is an impedance mismatch between message-passing concurrency and virtual machines, such as the JVM. VMs usually map their threads to heavyweight OS processes. Without a lightweight process abstraction, users are often forced to write parts of concurrent applications in an event-driven style which obscures control flow, and increases the burden on the programmer. In this paper we show how thread-based and event-based programming can be unified under a single actor abstraction. Using advanced abstraction mechanisms of the Scala programming language, we implement our approach on unmodified JVMs. Our programming model integrates well with the threading model of the underlying VM. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The development of a methodology for defining safety criteria for CO2 geological storage, realised under the ongoing CRISCO2 project, is depicted in this paper. Generic lists of eleven risk events and nine types of targets are proposed to serve an expert panel for identifying risk scenarios. Assessing the effects of risk events and comparing targets exposure to critical thresholds should lead to setting safety requirements. We focus on simple modelling, such as abacuses, analytical or semi-analytical models. An uncertainty management framework completes this methodology. Further work will concentrate on effectively deducing safety criteria. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Most current conceptual modeling languages and methods do not model events as entities. We argue that, at least in object-oriented (O-O) languages, modeling events as entities provides substantial benefits. We show that a method for behavioral modeling that deals with event and entity types in a uniform way may yield better behavioral schemas. The proposed method makes extensive use of language constructs such as constraints, derived types, derivation rules, type specializations and operations, which are present in all complete O-O conceptual modeling languages. The method can be adapted to most O-O languages. In this paper we explain its adaptation to the UML. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper develops a measurement scale for cultural experiences across different contexts, including attractions, events and tours, in Hong Kong. Four dimensions of experience (cognitive, conative, affective and novelty) are identified through structural equation modelling. The scale is applied to compare visitor- and context-related influences on the experience and on subsequent behavioural intentions. We find that the conative dimension of experience elicits the highest experience scores from visitors, but affective experiences are more significant in distinguishing between different experience contexts and visitor groups. The strongest experiences were attributed to event contexts, followed by tours, and finally permanent attractions. The experience is also enhanced when various sites are combined by visitors to provide a 'destination journey'. • Presents a large-scale survey of cultural experiences in attractions, events and tours • Identifies significant differences between visitor- and context-related influences on the experience • Underlines the importance of active involvement in producing satisfactory experiences • Illustrates the importance of affective experiences of cultural sites for local residents [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]