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Plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes employ sophisticated mechanisms for evading host recognition. After host penetration, many fungi and oomycetes establish a biotrophic interaction. It is assumed that different strategies employed by these pathogens to avoid triggering host defence responses, including establishment of biotrophic interfacial layers between the pathogen and host, masking of invading hyphae and active suppression of host defence mechanisms, are essential for a biotrophic parasitic lifestyle. During the infection process, filamentous plant pathogens secrete various effectors, which are hypothesized to be involved in facilitating effective host infection. Live-cell imaging of fungi and oomycetes secreting fluorescently labeled effector proteins as well as functional characterization of the components of biotrophic interfaces have led to the recent progress in understanding how eukaryotic filamentous pathogens evade plant recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent findings demonstrate that cytoplasmic effectors from fungal and oomycete pathogens enter plant cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). This raises several questions: Does effector secretion pathway facilitate host uptake? How is CME triggered in host cells? How are the effectors released from endosomal compartments to reach diverse subcellular destinations? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]