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The Pan-Third Pole (PTP), stretching from Eastern Asia to Middle-central Europe, has experienced unprecedented accelerated warming and even retreat of glaciers. Absorbing aerosols reduce snow and ice albedo and radiative forcing, consequently enhancing a great melting of snow cover and ice sheet in the PTP. Employing the 10-year (2007–2016) space-based active and passive measurements, this study investigated the distribution, optical properties and decadal trends for dominating aerosols at a seasonal scale in the PTP divided into six sub-regions. Results showed that the sub-regions of PTP were mainly dominated by dust, polluted dust and elevated smoke. The Taklimakan Desert (TD) and the Iranian Plateau (IP) were dominated by mineral dust, accounting for 96% and 86% of the total aerosol extinction while the Central Europe (CE), Indo-China (IC) and Anatolia Plateau (AP) were dominated by the mixture of the dominating aerosol types. The mean aerosol extinction coefficient (MAEC) showed an obvious variability depending on the sub-regions and a tendency of decreasing with an increase in the topographic height. The strongest extinction layer (>0.1 km−1) mainly occurred below 4 km and the weak extinction layers (>0.001 km−1) were mainly distributed between 5 km and 8 km, indicating pronounced vertical transport in the region. The decadal trends of columnar aerosol optical depth (AOD) showed a relation with the contributions of the dominating aerosol types. For example, significant upward or downward trends of total aerosol loading in the IC region were driven by elevated smoke while the AOD trends of total aerosol loading for the CE, the AP and the IP were driven by the dominating aerosol types. The Tibetan Plateau (TP), the cleanest region in the PTP, has been regularly exposed to polluted air masses with significant amounts of absorbing aerosols. Therefore, understanding the dominating aerosol types, properties and decadal trends in the PTP region will contribute considerably to assessing their effects on radiative forcing, climate change, and even snowmelt and glacier retreat. • Tibetan Plateau is the cleanest area of the Pan-Third Pole while mostly exposed to polluted air masses. • The Pan-Third Pole region is dominated by absorbing aerosols such as dust, polluted dust and smoke. • Vertical transport of aerosol is enhanced significantly along with the increase of topographic height. • Trends of total aerosol loading are mainly influenced by those of dominating aerosol types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]