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Highlights • The study designed and developed a heteromorphic sample pool. • Modeling method based on 2D light intensity distribution patterns can effectively enhance components detection precision and speed. • The study can provide meaningful and insight guidance for analytical chemistry and high-throughput test. Abstract To enhance the detection precision of samples with scattering characteristics by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), this study developed a heteromorphic sample pool and established the related 2D light intensity acquisition system, which can simultaneously acquire multi-path exit light adsorption and scattering information of the samples under test. The Intralipid-20% phantom solutions in 34 samples with different concentrations were detected, while one-dimensional (1D) exit light intensity distributions and two-dimensional (2D) exit light intensity distributions on the surface of the samples were analyzed and modeled using partial least squares. In contrast with the prediction results based on the modeling method of 1D exit light intensity distribution, the modeling method of 2D exit light intensity distribution exhibits more favorable results; specifically, correlation coefficient enhanced by 2.48%, while root mean square error reduced by 6.89%. The experimental results demonstrate that using heteromorphic sample pool can effectively achieve NIRS-based detection precision and speed of chemical components in the solutions with scattering characteristics, which can provide important references for high-throughput and high-precision detection of turbid media in analytical chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrocoalescence behavior of surfactant-laden droplet pairs in oil under a DC electric field was investigated in this paper. The characteristic parameters such as coalescence time, liquid bridge diameter and contact angle were analyzed for varying surfactant concentrations and electric capillary numbers. The results show that the horizontal electrocoalescence of two identical droplets with the same physical properties is symmetrical. Moreover, the surfactant has a significant influence on the pressure difference at the liquid bridge, which results in a variation of the liquid bridge growth and coalescence time. The pressure difference between the droplet and the liquid bridge is significantly dependent on the initial contact angle, which is determined by the electric capillary number Ca and surfactant concentration. The theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the large initial contact angle restrains the growth of the liquid bridge in the initial coalescence stage. Considering the effect of the initial contact angle, a characteristic time is proposed to describe the evolution of the liquid bridge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to assess the effects of different feeding regimes on growth performance, plasma immune indices and related genes' expression of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂) juveniles fed two dietary energy levels. A 3 × 2 factorial experiment was designed including three feeding regimes (two meals a day, one meal a day, one meal every two days; designated as 2 M, 1 M, 2DM) and two dietary available energy levels (3.4 and 3.6 kcal/g; designated as E3.4, E3.6), with three replicates per treatment. Juvenile hybrid grouper (average initial body weight: 19.39 ± 0.04 g/fish) were cultured for 6 weeks in 18 floating cages (125 cm × 80 cm × 40 cm) placed in six concrete ponds sharing the same water source. Results revealed that the 2 M and 1 M treatments had significantly higher weight gain rate (WGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), expression of hepatic IGF-1, TOR, and S6K1 than the 2DM treatment (P < 0.05), whereas feed conversion ratio (FCR) displayed an opposite trend (P < 0.05). No significant differences in the above parameters were found between the 2 M and 1 M groups. As the feeding frequency decreased, the total feed intake (FI) per fish was significantly reduced (P < 0.05), while feed intake per meal (FIM), stomachic index (SI) and expression of hypothalamus agouti related neuropeptide (AgRP) were significantly increased (P < 0.05). The 2 M treatment supported higher plasma lysozyme contents than the 1 M and 2DM treatments (P < 0.05). The E3.6 treatment had higher intraperitoneal fat ratio and intestinosomatic index, but lower plasma lysozyme and immunoglobulin M contents than the E3.4 treatment (P < 0.05). Based on our results, a feeding regime of two meals/day of a diet containing 3.4 kcal DE/g of dry matter is recommended for the culture of juvenile hybrid grouper with an initial size of 19.39 g. • The feeding regime of two meals a day is suitable for hybrid grouper. • The feeding regime of one meal every two days impairs fish growth and health. • The feeding regimes affect expression of genes involved in the TOR/S6K1 pathway. • The high dietary energy level (358 kcal per 100 g) impairs immune indices of hybrid grouper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the performance and solve the restrictions of UV/chlorine process (e.g., the narrow pH application range and high disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation), a Fe2+ assisted advanced oxidation process with electrochemically generated chlorine (UV/E-Cl/Fe2+) was proposed for carbamazepine (CBZ) degradation, which eliminated CBZ (5 mg/L) within 4 min under the optimal conditions. Compared with UV/electro-generated chlorine (UV/E-Cl) and anodic oxidation-chlorination/Fe2+ (AO-Cl/Fe2+) processes, the apparent first-order kinetics constant in UV/E-Cl/Fe2+ increased by 2.56 and 3.18 times respectively, and the energy consumption was lower (1.15 kWh/m3-log). Simultaneously, the pH application range could be expanded to 9, and DBPs formed in this process were 17.1% less than those in UV/E-Cl. Through quenching tests, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments, measurement of •OH concentration, quantification of methyl phenyl sulfoxide (PMSO) and benzosulfone (PMSO 2) and processes comparison, possible CBZ degradation pathways and mechanism of UV/E-Cl/Fe2+ were proposed, in which Fe(IV) played the dominant role in the early stage, while the production of radicals (i.e., •OH and Cl•) was enhanced with the increase of chlorine generation, accelerating the CBZ removal. Furthermore, this process demonstrated wide application prospect in treating various contaminants and real wastewaters. In conclusion, this study offers an effective and energy-efficient method for organic pollutants degradation. [Display omitted] • UV/E-Cl/Fe2+ process was proposed to degrade pollutants efficiently. • UV/E-Cl/Fe2+ showed better pollutants and TOC removal and less DBPs formation than UV/E-Cl. • Fe(IV) and radicals (.•OH and Cl•) dominated carbamazepine (CBZ) removal by UV/E-Cl/Fe2+. • Degradation pathway and mechanism of CBZ by UV/E-Cl/Fe2+ process were proposed. • UV/E-Cl/Fe2+ system showed cost-effective application perspective at wide pH till 9. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A dual-cathode peroxi-coagulation (PC) process and pilot device was first proposed. • It enhanced the oxidative degradation of pollutants in PC process at neutral pH. • It promoted the Fe(II) recycling cycle and greatly reduced iron sludge production. • The improved PC process could produce •OH and O 2 •- more efficiently. • Improved PC process showed application prospect in decentralized sewage treatment. An improved dual-cathode peroxi-coagulation (PC) process using natural air diffusion electrode (NADE) and HNO 3 modified carbon felt (MCF) was first proposed to improve the removal efficiency of organic pollutants in neutral and alkaline wastewater and reduce the formation of iron sludge. The improved PC process does not require any additional oxidants or catalysts, nor does it need to adjust the pH of the wastewater in advance but can directly treat actual wastewater, achieving a target pollutant (C 12 H 14 N 4 O 2 S, sulfamethazine) removal of 87%-100% within 60 min and TOC removal of 46–76% within 240 min with the corresponding energy consumption below 0.02 kWh gTOC-1. Compared with the conventional PC process, this improved process could produce hydroxyl radical (•OH) and superoxide radical (O 2 •-) more efficiently, which greatly increased the SMT removal rate constant by 3–4 times and oxidative removal proportion of organic pollutants from 42 ∼ 47% to 85 ∼ 90%. Thanks to the Fe(II) regeneration capacity of MCF to promote iron circulation, the yield of •OH was 4.1 times higher while the iron sludge production was less than a quarter when compared with that of conventional PC. The improved PC process illustrated better purification performance and lower energy consumption for actual wastewaters such as pharmaceutical wastewater, surface water and rural decentralized domestic sewage than the conventional PC process. Our work elucidated the mechanism of promoting Fe(II) regeneration through MCF cathode under alkaline conditions to enhance •OH production and O 2 •- oxidation, showing a good environmental application prospect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel UV/E-Cl&H 2 O 2 process was proposed to degrade pollutants cost-effectively. • UV/E-Cl&H 2 O 2 showed better pollutants and TOC removal performance than UV/E-Cl and UV/E-H 2 O 2. • Radicals, especially OH and Cl, dominated carbamazepine (CBZ) removal by UV/E-Cl&H 2 O 2. • Degradation pathway and mechanism of CBZ by UV/E-Cl&H 2 O 2 process were proposed. • UV/E-Cl&H 2 O 2 system showed great stability and wide application perspective. To promote the performance of traditional UV/chlorine and UV/H 2 O 2 processes, the novel UV based advanced oxidation process with electrochemical co-generation of chlorine and H 2 O 2 (UV/E-Cl&H 2 O 2) was for the first time used for degradation of carbamazepine (CBZ), a refractory antiepileptic drug with resistance to photodegradation and microbial degradation. Compared with UV/E-Cl and UV/E-H 2 O 2 processes, the apparent first-order rate constant of CBZ degradation by UV/E-Cl&H 2 O 2 process increased by 3.87 and 5.84 times respectively with a lower energy consumption (1.12 kWh/m3-log). Meanwhile, the disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation by the novel process was 21.4% less than that by UV/E-Cl process. Under the optimal condition of initial pH 7, applied current 600 mA and 15 mM NaCl, the UV/E-Cl&H 2 O 2 process could almost completely eliminate CBZ within 4 min and obtain 57.8% TOC removal in 1 h. The mechanism of UV/E-Cl&H 2 O 2 was investigated through processes comparison, quenching experiments, EPR analysis and determination of OH concentration. The generated radicals (i.e., OH and reactive chlorine species), especially OH, played a major role in CBZ removal. Besides, the possible degradation pathways of CBZ were proposed and the stability of UV/E-Cl&H 2 O 2 process for CBZ removal was certified based on ten consecutive runs. The degradation of typical pollutants (sulfamethazine, rhodamine B, methylene blue, atrazine and phenol) and treatments in three kinds of real wastewater confirmed the wide application feasibility of the novel process. In summary, this study provides a novel efficient and energy-saving process for removing organic pollutants with promising perspectives.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Evolution of droplet approach can be described by Re = 60Ca/Oh2. • A more precise equation for droplet approach is proposed. • Evolution of bridge expansion for different regimes are determined. The electrocoalescence of droplets in a viscous fluid is resisted by viscous and inertial forces. In this paper, the effects of these forces on the droplet approaching and liquid bridge expansion are investigated. The results show that the approaching of droplets can be described by the equation Re = 60Ca/Oh2. In addition, we propose a modified equation for the approaching of droplets, which is in better agreement with experimental data. In the initial stage of liquid bridge expansion, the dimensionless number Oh is used to identify different regimes, which is collapsed into a unified expression by using a characteristic time. In this way, evolution of the liquid bridge in different regimes is described. Moreover, it is found that larger liquid bridge width in the viscous regime can result in a slower expansion in the later stage. This study deepens the understanding of the kinetics of droplet electrocoalescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In this study, a visualized light intensity distribution image is constructed by multi-dimensional spectroscopy fusion method, which extends the wavelength dimension of the model, reduces the data volume of the model, and further improves the prediction accuracy of the model. • The multi-dimensional spectroscopy fusion method of the wedge-shaped sample pool can accurately obtain the component content of the measured complex solution and realize the on-line, non-destructive and rapid detection of the complex solution. In order to improve the accuracy of the detection of complex solution components in wedge-shaped sample pool, this paper obtained multi-dimensional spectroscopy (MDS) of multi-path non-linear features including samples by multi-position and multi-wavelength detection methods. And this research constructed a visualized light intensity distribution image by multi-dimensional spectroscopy fusion (MDSF) method. The detection of 46 samples of India Ink and Intralipd-20% mixed phantoms was carried out, and the visualized light intensity distribution image was analyzed and trained by partial least squares (PLS) method, and compared to training method that the raw data without the MDSF (Non-MDSF). In this study, the multi-dimensional spectral fusion modeling method is used to increase the correlation coefficient of the model by 1.29%, and the mean square error is reduced by 3.07%. The results show that the use of MDSF method to analyze the composition of complex solutions, the composition of the solution with scattering characteristics is fast and accurate, which is of great significance for the field of complex solution detection and analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the polysaccharide from Panax Notoginseng (SPNP), a traditional herb in China, was used as an outstanding Pickering stabilizer to fabricate Pickering emulsions. The SPNP was characterized to be a porous network structure with a rough surface surrounded by some nanoparticles. Rheological measurement of the obtained Pickering emulsions demonstrated the formation of emulsion gels. Moreover, the emulsions exhibited excellent storage (14 days), pH (1.0–11.0), ionic strength (0–500 mM), and temperature (4–50 °C) stabilities. In addition, the Pickering emulsions showed a freeze-thaw stability, which is beneficial in food, cosmetic or biomedical applications when they may require freezing for storage and melting before use. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) results showed that SPNPs effectively adsorbed at the oil–water interface by forming a compact three-dimensional (3D) network structure and multilayer anchoring on the surface of the emulsion droplets, thus inhibiting the droplet coalescence and flocculation. This study provides a kind of Pickering emulsions applicable in food, biomedical and cosmetic industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Droplets banding is critical to emulsion separation under ultrasonic irradiation as it can greatly improve the separation efficiency. In this paper, the formation process of droplets banding under ultrasonic standing waves was precisely captured by high-speed microscopic photography; by processing the images, the droplets banding characteristics, including the banding formation time and banding interval, were extracted. Then the effects of acoustic intensity, frequency, droplet size, and physical properties of oil and water on the droplets banding characteristics were discussed in details. The results show that the range of acoustic intensities, within which the droplets banding can form, increases with the increase of the frequency; a maximum allowable acoustic intensity exists for banding formation, which also increases with the frequency. The banding formation time, which increases with increasing oil viscosity but decreases with droplet size, is found to be hardly affected by the oil-water interfacial tension. In addition, the banding interval is only related to the frequency, which closely corresponds to the half wavelength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A six-week feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of different dietary Myo -inositol (MI) levels on growth, feed efficiency, immunity, and antioxidant properties of juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × E. lanceolatus ♂) fed low-fishmeal diets. Seven experimental diets were made to contain 50, 100, 169, 241, 309, 386, and 459 mg/kg of MI (analyzed values, dry matter basis), being abbreviated as MI-50, MI-100, MI-169, MI-241, MI-309, MI-386, and MI-459, and each MI treatment had three replicates. Twelve fish (average initial body weight: 18.7 ± 0.1 g) were allocated to each replicate, being hand-fed their diets to apparent satiation on 8:00 am and 16:30 pm. The results indicated that within the range of 50–241 mg/kg dietary inositol, weight gain percentage (WG%), feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were increased with the increasing of MI, and above the 241 mg/kg, they were dropped, especially at 386 and 459 mg/kg. According to the broken-line regression analysis conducted to assess the relationship between WG% and dietary MI levels, the optimum MI dose was 267.9 mg/kg (dry weight) in the low-fishmeal diet of hybrid grouper. Condition factor (CF), viscerosomatic index (VSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and intestinal index (ISI) were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by dietary MI levels, varying with a similar trend as WG%. Fish fed MI-241 had the highest values of serum lysozyme (LZM), hepatic total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) as well as the relative mRNA level of hepatic insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ (IGF-Ⅰ) among all treatments. In conclusion, optimum dietary MI requirement for the maximal growth of hybrid grouper was 267.9 mg/kg, and suitable dietary MI supplementations improve growth, immunity, and antioxidant properties of juvenile hybrid grouper fed low-fishmeal diets. • An optimal MI content of 267.9 mg/kg is recommended in the low-fishmeal diets of hybrid grouper. • Suitable MI supplementations improve growth, immunity and antioxidant properties of fish. • Dietary MI levels exceeded 368 mg/kg have a negative impact on fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper used wedge sample as a detection model. • This paper studied the changes of the diffuse disc properties. • This paper proposed the multi-dimension radial distance method. The measurement accuracy of turbid media is difficult to improve due to the co-existence of absorption and scattering effects. In this report, the diffuse disc of transmission surface was obtained by using the Monte Carlo simulation model based on wedge sample, and the radial distance of each diffuse disc was extracted to study the influence of different optical parameters on the diffuse disc properties. Subsequently, the partial least square regression (PLS) analysis model was established to analyze the relationship between multi-dimensional radial distance and the concentration of Intralipid-20%. Compared with multi-dimensional spectroscopy fusion (MDSF) and conventional two-dimensional light intensity method, multidimensional radial distance (MDRD) method increased the average correlation coefficient of prediction set by 3.5% and decreased the average mean square error by 28.6%. This study proposes the high-throughput and non-invasive method to analysis the turbid media using Monte Carlo simulation model based wedge sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Optimal acoustic parameters highly depend on emulsion properties. • Moderate acoustic cavitation facilitates droplet coalescence at low frequencies. • Droplets aggregate into bandings to enhance separation in high frequency USWs. • Optimization rules for acoustic parameters of ultrasonic separation are given. Ultrasound is an emerging and promising method for demulsification, which is highly affected by acoustic parameters and emulsion properties. Herein, a series of microscopic and dehydration experiments are carried out to investigate the parameter optimization of ultrasonic separation. The results show that the optimal acoustic parameters highly depend on the emulsion properties. For low frequency ultrasonic standing waves (USWs), mechanical vibrations not only facilitate droplet collision and coalescence, but also disperse the surfactant absorbed on the interface to decrease the interfacial strength. Therefore, low frequency ultrasound is suitable for separating emulsions with high viscosity and high interfacial strength. Increasing the energy density to produce moderate cavitation can increase demulsification efficiency. However, excessive cavitation results in secondary emulsification. In high frequency USWs, the droplets migrate directionally and form bandings, thereby promoting droplet coalescence. Therefore, high frequency ultrasound is favorable for separating emulsions with low dispersed phase content and small droplet size. Increasing the energy density can accelerate the aggregation of droplets, however, excessive energy density causes acoustic streaming that disturbs the aggregated droplets, resulting in reduced demulsification efficiency. This work presents rules for acoustic parameter optimization, further advancing industrial applications of ultrasonic separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the influence of gravity, the liquid film formed after the vortex tool in the inclined pipeline has the characteristics of being thin on top and thick at the bottom. Besides, the liquid film is affected by the tangential force. • Liquid unloading mechanism of vortex tools is explained. • Structural optimization progress of vortex tools is reviewed. • Technology application of surface vortex tools is summarized. • Liquid unloading model of swirl annular flow is proposed. The paper presents an in-depth review of the liquid unloading by vortex tools in the low production gas wells or hilly pipelines from the perspective of liquid unloading mechanism analysis, experiments and numerical simulation, and technology application. Moreover, future research directions are suggested that can promote future applications. The review points out that optimizing the vortex tools should take into account the liquid unloading capacity and pressure drop. The challenges are also discussed. Specifically, it is necessary to: 1. establish a liquid unloading model of vortex flow by considering the gravity in the inclined pipe; and 2. predict the effective operating distance between the vortex tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accuracy of component detection of turbid media can be difficult to improve due to the mutual influence of scattering and absorption in light attenuation. In this study, a heteromorphic sample pool was introduced containing turbid media with India Ink and Intralipid-20% fat emulsion, which increases the scattering information of the non-circumferential symmetric hyperspectral image of the turbid media. A gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) was used to extract textural features from the hyperspectral images. Subsequently, the textural features were correlated with the concentrations of Intralipid-20% by means of partial least squares regression, and it was compared with the frequently used analysis of two-dimensional exit light intensity. Experimental results show that textural feature modeling is superior to conventional light intensity modeling with a correlation coefficient of prediction (Rp) = 0.9831 and a root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP) = 0.0631% in the prediction set. This study provides a potentially viable method for detecting the components of turbid media quantitatively in analytical chemistry. • The study designed a heteromorphic sample pool whose incident plane and exit plane are not parallel. • Gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) was used to extract textural features from hyperspectral images of turbid media. • Analysis of the textural features of hyperspectral images is superior to conventional light intensity analysis in component detection of turbid media. • The study can provide a potentially viable method for detecting the components of turbid media quantitatively in analytical chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Droplet response mode depends on electric capillary number and viscosity ratio. • Liquid bridge growth is dominated by interface tension instead of electric stress. • Dimensionless liquid bridge radius is linear with the conical angle. Deformation and coalescence behaviors of water droplets in viscous fluid under a direct current electric field are investigated with experiments and numerical simulations. An electro-hydrodynamic model is developed based on fluid dynamics equations and electrostatic equations. A coupled level set and volume of fluid method is proposed to capture the dynamic interface. The numerical results are validated to be in good accordance with classic results in the literature. The effects of electric capillary number Ca and viscosity ratio λ on droplet deformation and coalescence are systematically analyzed. Two different droplet response modes are obtained, namely overdamping response and underdamping response. The conversion of response modes is discussed with the (Ca, λ) phase diagram. Moreover, the distributions of electric field and flow field before and after the droplets contact are compared and analyzed. Numerical results show the time evolution of liquid bridge is dominated by the interfacial tension and viscosity of continuous phase. The electric stress is extremely weak at the liquid bridge and has a slight influence on evolution of liquid bridge. The correlation formula between dimensionless liquid bridge radius and conical angle during the growth of liquid bridge is regressed. These results are helpful for the optimization of electro-coalescence process. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Effect of droplet banding on demulsification process is analyzed. • Optimal acoustic intensity and treatment time are obtained. • Acoustic cavitation threshold in emulsions is achieved by spectral analysis. • Range of oil-water properties suitable for ultrasonic separation is determined. Abstract This paper focuses on the application range and optimal parameters for separating water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions using ultrasonic standing waves (USWs). Firstly, the effect of droplet bandings on the demulsification process is theoretically analyzed. The formation of droplet bandings coincides with droplet sedimentation when horizontal irradiation is applied, which improves the separation efficiency. On this basis, the effects of acoustic parameters and oil-water properties on demulsification are analyzed in detail. It is shown that ultrasonic treatment is an efficient demulsification method, and that maximum demulsification efficiency can be achieved by optimizing the acoustic intensity and treatment time. Excessive acoustic intensity causes acoustic cavitation in low-frequency USWs and acoustic streaming in high-frequency USWs, resulting in a low separation efficiency. Acoustic cavitation also causes secondary emulsification, dispersing tiny oil droplets into separated water. In addition, ultrasonic separation is significantly affected by oil-water properties. The demulsification efficiency of W/O emulsions decreases with increasing oil viscosity and decreasing oil-water interfacial tension. Ultrasonic treatment has significant advantages for separation of emulsions with low water content and interfacial tension. This study presents an in-depth analysis of ultrasonic separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Addition of silica nanoparticles affects droplet–interface electrocoalescence. • Reduced interfacial tension, increased water conductivity are responsible for effect. • Effect of field strength is pronounced compared to that of initial droplet size. • Formation of a ring by the separation of vortices is visualized by nanoparticles. • A group (electric We × Oh) is not suitable for coalescence containing nanoparticles. Abstract Electric dehydration method is widely used in oil industry to separate water from oil. Droplets resting on the oil–water interface discharge their liquids into the bulk phase, and the process can be altered by the change of electric field strength (E) or properties of water. Phenomenon of silica (SiO 2) nanoparticle-laden droplets coalescing with a planar interface under direct current electric field was observed using a high-speed digital video camera. The effects of initial droplet diameter (D), E , and weight percent of nanoparticles in deionized water (C) were studied experimentally. The results showed that increasing D or E contributed to the formation of secondary droplets. Addition of SiO 2 nanoparticles to water produced two competing effects: reduction in oil–water interfacial tension and increase in water conductivity, and a shift in the dominant effect occurred with the increase of E. Furthermore, formation of a ring by the separation of vortices was visualized by movement of nanoparticles in experiments, and its downward moving velocity decreased with time, which is small compared to that reported in literature. Finally, it was confirmed that the dimensionless WO number is not suitable for describing the volume fraction of secondary droplets for droplet–interface coalescence containing nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The separation characteristics of W/O emulsion were investigated under ultrasonic standing wave field in this paper. The effects of the irradiation time, acoustic intensity, frequency, oil viscosity, and oil-water interfacial tension on the separation characteristics of emulsion were studied in details. It was proved that there existed an optimal irradiation time, acoustic intensity and oil-water interfacial tension to achieve the maximum separation efficiency in ultrasonic treatment process. Excessive long irradiation time had little effect on improving the dehydration rate of emulsion but rather increased unnecessary processing time. Excessive high acoustic intensity caused the occurrence of acoustic cavitation phenomenon. The acoustic cavitation would cause the aggregated droplets to be dispersed by oscillating bubbles or even emulsified again by high speed micro jets. The acoustic cavitation threshold is effectively and accurately obtained by a spectral analysis method. The micro acoustic streaming which resulted from the attenuation of acoustic energy occurred with the increase of frequency. It sheared the aggregated droplets, destroyed the stable droplets banding and reduced the separation efficiency of emulsion. The excess surfactant adsorbed on the oil-water interface resulted in the increase of the interfacial film strength, which hindered the coalescence process of droplets and reduced the separation efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the removal efficiency of low-concentration organic pollutants and enhance the oxidation efficiency of electro-Fenton (EF) process, a floating sandwich-type EF system (N/(A)/ D -EF) without aeration was constructed for the first time. This EF system electro-synthesized H 2 O 2 through the floating natural air diffusion electrode (NADE) without aeration, and regenerated Fe(II) effectively by the activated carbon fiber (ACF) interlayer, which significantly enhanced the process oxidation capacity since its •OH yield was 8.7 times that of the conventional EF system. In addition, the ACF interlayer could adsorb and enrich micro-pollutants and the generated •OH directly oxidize the pollutants adsorbed on the ACF, which enabled regeneration of ACF and maintained removal stability in 20 consecutive experiments. The removal rate constant (k) of carbamazepine by N/(A)/ D -EF process was 7.6 times and 2.1 times higher than that of conventional EF and ACF adsorption process, respectively. This process could efficiently remove mixed low-concentration organic pollutants (0.1 mg L-1) in domestic sewage and lake water with rate constant 1.6–7.1 times that of the conventional EF process but lower energy consumption. Meanwhile, the N/(A)/ D -EF process had a wider application range of sewage pH and conductivity, which was a promising process for removing low-concentration pollutants in wastewater. [Display omitted] • A floating sandwich-type electro-Fenton (EF) without aeration was first constructed. • It electro-synthesized H 2 O 2 through the floating natural air diffusion electrode. • Activated carbon fiber (ACF) interlayer could regenerate Fe(II), adsorb and enrich pollutants. • This EF has higher oxidation efficiency, lower energy consumption, and wider application pH. • It is promising and stable for removing low-concentration pollutants in water/wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C - VC) is one of the essential micronutrients required for normal growth and physiology of fish. In this research, the optimum dietary VC requirement of juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂) was evaluated in a comparative feeding trial and subsequent oxidative stress test. Six isoenergetic (340 kcal/kg), isoproteic (49%) and isolipidic (7%) experimental diets were supplemented with graded amounts of L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate (analyzed VC concentrations of 76, 86, 104, 126, 137 and 152 mg/kg dry matter) and hand-fed to fish (initial weight of 15 ± 0.1 g/fish (means ± S.D.)) in three replicate cages twice a day (08:00 h and 16:30 h) to apparent satiation for 7 weeks. Percent weight gain (WG%), together with the VC concentrations in liver and head kidney, were elevated with increasing dietary VC contents, reaching a plateau in the VC137 treatment. The optimal dietary VC requirement of hybrid grouper was estimated to be 148 mg/kg dry matter based on broken-line regression analysis of WG%. Serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentrations and the relative mRNA expression of hepatic insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) displayed a similar variation tendency as WG%. At the transcriptional level, the activity of Nrf2-Keap1 pathway was up-regulated by VC supplementations, with the VC104 treatment showing the highest value. In summary, the optimal dietary VC requirement for the highest value of WG% of juvenile hybrid grouper was 148 mg/kg dry matter, and appropriate dietary VC supplementation improved oxidation resistance and serum IgM concentrations of the fish. • VC affects growth and expression of hepatic IGF-1 of hybrid grouper. • At the transcriptional level, the activity of Nrf2-Keap1 pathway was up-regulated by VC supplementations. • Optimal VC requirement of hybrid grouper fed low fishmeal diets was 148 mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The voltage swell (VS) in power system may require high voltage ride through (HVRT) of wind farms (WFs), and the detailed WF simulation model would need huge computational time, and thus is not be suitable for the analysis of HVRT dynamic behaviour of large-scale WFs. In this paper, a novel WF equivalent model with the required accuracy level for HVRT analysis is proposed. Firstly, multiscale entropies (MSEs) of the operational parameters in wind turbines (WTs) are calculated to represent their distinguishability in different HVRT processes, and the time series of several parameters which have obvious distinguishability are selected as the multi-view clustering indicators (CIs). To handle the multi-view CIs, a new clustering algorithm namely multi-view incremental transfer fuzzy C means (MVIT-FCM) is proposed. This algorithm integrates the transfer learning technique to increase the stability and accuracy of the WTs clustering. Also, the high-dimensionality of the time series based CIs and the consequent computational burden in clustering are considered, and an incremental technique is applied in MVIT-FCM to handle the large-scale WF modelling. A real WF system is used for case study. The results indicate that the multi-view CIs are very effective for increasing the equivalent accuracies. In addition, with the aid of incremental and transfer learning techniques, MVIT-FCM can acquire stable clustering results and handle large-scale WF accurately and efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Learning and memory and emotional impairment in rats with post-weaning social isolation were verified. • The similarities and differences between the multifunctional closed maze, water maze, and IntelliCage system were compared in the post-weaning social isolation model rat behavior test. • Multifunctional closed maze was the optimal choice to simultaneously detect learning and memory and emotional disorders. To verify a behavioral device for the detection of learning, memory, and affective disorders in post-weaning socially isolated rats. We tested the behavioral changes in post-weaning socially isolated rats using a multi-function closed maze, a self-developed behavioral device, against the classical mood disorder detection method, the IntelliCage system and Morris water maze. In the multifunctional closed maze experiment, the spatial learning and memory ability of post-weaning socially isolated rats decreased, which was consistent with the results of the water maze and IntelliCage system. Furthermore, the behavioral changes in the post-weaning socially isolated rats in the multi-function closed maze test were the same as those of the forced swimming and open field tests, indicating that the rats had depression- and anxiety-like behaviors. A multi-function closed maze can detect emotional changes, spatial learning ability, and memory ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The model achieves faulted-classification without marking fault occurring time. • The model can classify the fault type of real-world transmission lines. • Maximum mean discrepancy is added to the objective function of CNN. • Gradient similarity-based image is used as the input of the model. Accurate faulted-phase classification for transmission lines is important to ensure the power systems security, and the machine learning-based methods were widely studied because of their strong generalization ability. However, these methods often require precise marking of fault occurring time. Also, existing methods face the challenges in real-world applications because they are trained using the laboratory samples. In this paper, we propose a novel faulted-phase classification model for the transmission lines. First, the gradient similarities among multi-channel electrical signals are converted to the proposed gradient similarity-based images (GS -images), which are used as the input of neural network. With the aid of this conversion, the fault features are more obvious and there is no need to mark the fault occurring time. Second, cross-domain adaption is introduced to the optimization objective of convolutional neural network (CNN). Through this adaption, the distribution discrepancies of the top-layer features extracted by the neural network between laboratory and real-world fault samples are reduced significantly, thereby increasing the model applicability in diagnosing the real-world faults. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed model, several state-of-the-art faulted-phase classification models are used for comparison. The results show that the proposed model is well-performed in accuracy, noise immunity and real-world applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]