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What can organizations do to cultivate a more conflict-positive workplace? A promising line of inquiry can be found in mindfulness. This paper examines the effect of mindfulness on the constructive management of workplace conflict - conceptualized as high collaboration and low avoidance - and tests the mediating role of cognitive reappraisal. Results reveal that mindfulness facilitates constructive conflict management by increasing collaboration and reducing avoidance, showing that the advantages of mindfulness in conflict management stem from more than its benefits for affect. Results further reveal that while cognitive reappraisal explains how mindfulness increases collaboration, it does not clarify why mindfulness reduces conflict avoidance. Ultimately, this paper shows that mindfulness can be an effective tool for promoting constructive conflict management in the workplace.

Industrial policy is back in the mainstream debates. While this is a positive turn, the recent mainstreaming of industrial policy presents a number of analytical limitations and policy risks. The paper provides a long-term analytical perspective of the industrial policy debate, and it critically assesses the current mainstream phase of the debate in light of three fundamental theoretical insights that developed along several decades of industrial policy theory and practice. These are related to the (i) structural interdependencies, tensions and dualism arising in the industrialisation process; (ii) variety and types of institutions for industrialisation and the importance of policy alignment; (iii) conflict management role of the government, alongside his entrepreneurial function, and the importance of government organisational capabilities. Building on this theoretical analysis, the last section of the paper provides a framework for the strategic coordination of packages of interactive industrial policy measures. The Policy Package Matrix is introduced as an operationalisation of the framework and a tool for effective industrial policy making.

This working paper updates a research project focused on the incompatible objectives of the dyadic adversaries of the Second Kashmir War. The emphasis on actor goals has been compartmentalized into temporal phases in the research design. Identification of conflict phases proceeds from the point in time at which one of the protagonists overtly manifests a threat, unanticipated by the decision-makers of the dyadic adversary, that compromises the fundamental objectives of the latter and allows only a short time for a response. This unanticipated overt manifestation of a threat to basic objectives is taken as the conflict’s critical point. With regard to this project’s evaluation and analysis of the India-Pakistan conflict of 1965, the stipulated critical event has been identified as the crossing of the cease-fire line by Pakistani irregulars on 5 August of that year. Although primary attention is paid to actor objectives in the encompassing project, three intervening variables form constituent parts of the model: distance, polarization, and capabilities. Stipulated distance measures are: the geographical context; political and military distance, defined in terms of shared membership in regional institutions; economic distance, defined as the pattern of intra-dyad trade; cultural distance, defined in terms of the relative similarities with regard to the ethnic, religious, and linguistic compositions of their populations; and, historical distance, defined in terms of the nature of the political relationship between Pakistan and India since Partition. The text that follows provides an introduction to the 1965 Kashmir War via an application of the concept of distance to the India-Pakistan relationship during the years prior to the war. Analyses of polarization patterns and capabilities prior to, during, and following the war are the subject of other working papers. In a larger theoretical perspective these working papers on the Second Kashmir War can be situated within the systemism framework of conflict analysis, although with clear structural realist emphases when arriving at and articulating explanatory conclusions.

An insight into the history of Igbo people of southern Nigeria remarks that the people had a well-articulated socio-political system that worked very well for the people for maintenance of social relationship and peaceful co-existence. The organs in the socio-political system included the Age Grade Associations and different Women Guilds like the Umuada and Inyomdi Associations. They served as vital tools for identifying evil deeds in the society, adjudicate and enforce discipline especially in the pre-colonial Igbo period. Preliminary investigation reveals that with the advent of colonialism, the strength of these Associations declined and eventually weakened and in some cases disappeared in some areas. This is not unconnected with the colonial method of dislodging some Igbo cultures and values. The aim of this paper is to carry out research into the state of the associations today and to suggest a way of revitalization. In doing this, both normative theory and descriptive method of analysing historical events shall be adopted. Secondary and oral interviews shall be relied upon. Eye witness account shall also be utilized. This paper is of the opinion that the government shall set up an advisory committee to study the pre-colonial dispute management mechanism of various ethnic groups in Nigeria. This will enable the nation to reduce the frequent conflict explosions in the country.

Article 19 of the Constitution of Kenya 2010 provides that Bill of Rights is an integral part of Kenya’s democratic state and is the framework for social, economic and cultural policies. It further states that the purpose of recognising and protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms is to preserve the dignity of individuals and communities and to promote social justice and the realisation of the potential of all human beings. The Constitution also outlines the principles of national security as including the protection against internal and external threats to Kenya’s territorial integrity and sovereignty, its people, their rights, freedoms, property, peace, stability and prosperity, and other national interests. In addition to these, the Constitution provides for and envisages the enjoyment of the right to clean and healthy environment and other environmental rights therein, realisation of sustainable development and outlines national values and principles of governance which are geared towards protection of the human rights of all persons, environmental protection and the creation of a peaceful society. This paper argues that it is possible, in the application of some of the environmental conflict management mechanisms, to achieve undesired results that violate or fail to protect the rights of the target groups in a given conflict. The author offers insight on how the conflicts may be addressed in a way that upholds the various rights of groups in a conflict. The paper argues for adoption of a rights-based approach to environmental protection and conflict management.

This paper analyses the contribution of the European Union (EU) to global justice and ethno-national conflict resolution between Kosovo and Serbia through its rule of law mission in Kosovo (EULEX), the Stabilisation and Association Process (SAP), and the EU-facilitated dialogue between Pristina and Belgrade. The paper argues that an observed inability of the EU to resolve the conflict between Serbia and Kosovo stems from inconsistent and often contradictory normative drivers in the EU’s policy towards Serbia and Kosovo. The normative drivers are part of the EU’s commitment to achieving global justice through its foreign policy. To better understand and disaggregate these justice concerns, the paper utilises the GLOBUS global justice framework, which distinguishes between three conceptions of global justice: justice as non-domination, justice as impartiality and justice as mutual recognition. The paper identifies the ideal-situation policy choices in conflict management, which are in line with the respective conceptions of global justice. The paper then assesses the EU’s actions in Serbia and Kosovo and their effects on the ground against these ideal-type scenarios. The analysis reveals the key policy dilemmas the EU faces on the ground and argues that these dilemmas hinder their efforts in resolving the resolution of the frozen conflict between Serbia and Kosovo. The paper relies on both documentary data and interviews with stakeholders in Kosovo and Serbia that are affected by the EU’s actions, including civil society, businesses and governmental agencies.

The goal of this paper is to continue to support teachers as they transition their classroom-based courses to an online, synchronous, video-based format in response to recent campus closures resulting from the coronavirus pandemic of 2020, which has rendered classroom gatherings unsafe. Written with teachers in the fields of negotiation, mediation, conflict management and dispute resolution in mind, this paper addresses these fields’ central teaching tool: conducting simulations and role plays. However, the paper will also be helpful for teachers in fields such as business, nursing, law, social work, education and others, who also utilize simulations as a teaching tool. While our focus is on negotiation and mediation simulations, our suggestions should remain valid across many simulated processes, such as patient interviewing, client counseling, coaching, student advising, etc. We will note minor tweaks required for simulating other conflict resolution processes; teachers in other fields can consider how they might tweak our guidance to support simulations in other areas. For a paper on more basic issues to consider in transitioning classroom courses online, see https://ssrn.com/abstract=3552124 .

Development of bioeconomy is high on political agendas around the world. As part of bioeconomy policies governments have initiated reviews of the contemporary laws in order to identify and remove potential barriers and address the shortcomings as well as develop new tools to facilitate transition to bioeconomy. This paper discusses the role of natural resources law in bioeconomy and considers the needs for developing legislation to better meet the future challenges. As a concrete case study the article evaluates regulations governing the use of forests in Finland from the perspective of bioeconomy. The paper shows that major deficiencies in regulations governing the use of forests in Finland in developing bioeconomy relate to ecological and social sustainability, resource efficiency, and conflict management. The article concludes that there is a need to increase integration, adaptability, transparency and public participation in Finnish forest regulation to facilitate the transition to and maintain sustainable bioeconomy.

Using transaction cost economics and contemporary insights from the literature on relationship contracts as a base, this paper focuses on how control mechanisms (contracts and trust) affect relationship conflicts in buyer-supplier relationships, and investigates the moderating effects of environmental uncertainty. Based on a sample of 162 Chinese buyers, this paper shows that contracts have a U-shaped effect on destructive conflict and an inverted U-shaped effect on constructive conflict, while trust has a negative effect on destructive conflict and a positive effect on constructive conflict. In addition, environmental uncertainty strengthens the U-shaped effect of contracts on destructive conflict, but weakens the inverted U-shaped effect of contracts on destructive conflict and strengthens the effect of trust on both types of relationship conflict. Our findings reveal the “double-edged sword” nature of contracts, especially the “dark side”, and highlight the importance of trust in buyer-supplier relationships in contexts of environmental uncertainty. These findings also have important implications for buyer-supplier relationship management research and managerial practices, particularly in regard to governance structure and conflict management in dynamic contexts.

Key decisions in the air traffic control system are supported by various technical systems. The most important include conflict detection and resolution (CD&R) systems. The main subject of this paper is a medium-term conflict detection system (MTCD). An excessive number of false alarms is one of the major functional problems of these systems in current implementations. They make the whole idea of CD&R systems less effective. The aim of this study is to present the concept of the system for the initial assessment of the overall level of complexity of the traffic situation. It should become the first stage of the MTCD system algorithm. The paper presents a general scheme of the model to assess the traffic situation based on fuzzy sets theory, and more specifically on the theory of fuzzy inference systems. Choosing this type of the model is justified by the lack of precise and well-defined relationships between the factors influencing the traffic situation complexity and its assessment, which is largely subjective. The paper discusses the input and output linguistic variables and briefly presents the results of simulation experiments conducted with the use of fuzzy inference system implemented in the SciLab environment. Experiments have confirmed the effectiveness of this solution and indicated the possibility of its inclusion in the MTCD system algorithm as a first stage. This will improve the MTCD software behavior with respect to alerting a controller about a detection of the conflict and supporting him/her by the development of proposals for its solution.

Conflict is managed in diverse culturally-preferred ways in communities around the globe. This paper examines peer conflict management in a Russian preschool, a setting that is central for learning and practicing culturally-appropriate ways of conflict resolution. Conducted in a language socialization perspective, the paper examines ways in which a cultural norm of being friendly members of a group is communicated by the teachers within the context of peer conflict resolution. Teachers are observed using various resources including directives, narrative elicitations and questions, characterizations, as well as physical manipulation of students’ bodies and available material resources to encourage friendly peer interactions and positive social relationships among the children, as members of a group. The paper also examines children's reactions toward the socialization attempts demonstrating that as they learn to follow this cultural orientation, the children also learn the ways to creatively resist and appropriate such an orientation. The paper is based on discourse analysis of audio-visual recordings (40 hours) of adult–peer and peer–peer interactions and ethnographic observations conducted over a period of three consecutive summers.

“The art of communication is the language of leadership” James Humes. In a world of multiple interdependencies, the relationship between individuals and between the individual and his environment proves that life occupies a central role. One of the important aspects of social life takes into account all kinds of interactions between individuals. Besides establishing and maintaining functional human relationships, life within a group leads to situations of conflict. Given that the main group component in an average daily life is manifested most strongly on the job, this paper aims to examine issues related to the management of conflict in the work environment. The management of conflicts are multiple, depending on the nature of the causes that led to the conflict, this paper focuses on highlighting the role of communication in the conflict management process, specifically, the role of communication which is regarded as the common denominator of all organizational arrangements for managing conflicts. Conflicts are endemic to society as a whole. They are directly related to the scarcity of resources, division of functions and tasks, power of relations, differentiation and organization roles in society. Any organization, regardless of its type (public institution, state-owned commercial organization or private non-profit organization, etc.), face daily conflicts that are based on different causes of internal and external organization. Organizations are living systems, which consist of units that interact, each having their own defined roles, interdependent and are expected to operate in a structured environment with clearly defined resources, if the context is such, conflict becomes inevitable.

The aim of this paper is to examine how conflict begins, unfolds and ends in a massive, new media polylogue, specifically, a YouTube polylogue. Extant research has looked into how conflict begins, unfolds and/or ends. However, to our knowledge, the models and taxonomies developed so far have not been applied to the analysis of the mediated conflict of massive polylogues. Drawing on the difference between methods of analysis that are natively digital versus those that have been digitized, i.e., they were developed for off-line research and then migrated on-line, one of the goals of this paper is to test whether non-natively digital, extant models and taxonomies, if digitized, would be well equipped to handle massive mediated polylogues. A multilayered methodology was devised and applied to the analysis of a sizeable corpus of comments triggered by a public service announcement on teen homosexuality posted by a Spanish LGBT association. Findings reveal that extant, models and taxonomies of conflict – developed to account mostly for local, synchronic, dyadic conflict –, if solely digitized, would not be well equipped to explain societal, diachronic, massively polylogal conflict such as the one under analysis and that hybrid models that can tackle the affordances of digital technologies need to be developed.

The purpose of the paper is to present an analytical framework for studying conflict management processes. The paper draws on discursive approaches to new institutional theory in integrating three inter-related elements of conflict management: collaborative practices; formal and informal institutions; and the ways the policy issues are understood and communicated (framed) by the different actors in contested situations. The Discursive Institutional Conflict Management Analysis framework (DICMA) draws focus to the interaction between these three elements during conflict management efforts. It also helps to identify challenges related to each of the elements when improving conflict management, and contributes to formulating necessary policy reforms. A case study looking at the management of old-growth forest conflicts on public land in Finland is used to illustrate the applicability of the approach. The empirical analysis shows that the ‘old new institutionalist’ analysis is useful in explaining how history shapes the paths of the institutional reforms, how informal norms affect behaviour of natural resource management agencies, and how institutional structures create counterproductive incentive structures for the conflict management practices. However it takes the discursive approach, here applied through frame analysis, to understand the responses and strategies of natural resource management agencies in the face of the institutional challenges. Institutional and frame analyses in combination shed light to the logic behind the state forest agency's seemingly unproductive approaches to the conflicts.

Conflicts over land have arisen frequently in China during rapid urbanization and have caused adverse impacts. Different from previous researches on land conflict analyzing its causes, types, consequences, methods of assessment and management, this paper develops a new analytic framework from a behavioral perspective based on game theory. The framework concerns the logic and strategy of conflicts of legal land acquisition, and that of illegal land conversion. The paper has established three innovative models: (1) the dynamic model for conflicts of legal land acquisition, (2) the game model of illegal land acquisition and (3) the game model of the black land market. These models are to explain how disputes and conflicts evolve and illustrate the logic and strategy of conflicts between local governments and farmers. Based on the Nash equilibrium of these models, the paper offers some important insights for policy direction in land acquisition and conflict management.

The paper deploys a multidisciplinary approach to review conflict management and national security frameworks in Nigeria by underscoring the global environmental conditions that influence their nature. The paper concludes that for the country to be able to effectively tackle her myriad peace, security and developmental challenges, she must ensure that the identified intervention mechanisms at national, sub-regional, regional and international levels are deliberately implemented with her unique national interest at heart. It therefore design a framework for engagement around broad networks of state and non-state actors and actions.

This paper overviews the recent pattern of civil conflict in the Asia-Pacific region and the reaction of regional powers and intergovernmental organizations to each of the conflicts. The Asia-Pacific is a region that has experienced many incidents of armed internal conflict. While the region was involved in massive violence caused by the dynamics of international relations since the end of World War II, domestic conflicts also swept the area and caused enormous damage to human life and its socioeconomic infrastructure. In the Cold War period, many cases of conflict were fought as proxy wars between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, both of which actively intervened in the disputes. Beyond these super powers, regional actors also played a central role as interveners in civil conflicts even into the post-Cold War period; regional powers, including India, Pakistan, and China, have pursued strategic interests in civil conflict through their unilateral operations. Although multilateralism in the management of civil conflict has not been cultivated in the Asia-Pacific for a long time, some efforts were recently made toward the development of a regional scheme. This paper discusses the current perspective on regional cooperation in conflict management as well.

As occasional conflict is almost synonymous with human organizations, the business sector is not an exception of this inevitability. The effect of organizational conflicts on the growth of business is of judicial notice. Some Organizations had gone into extinction because of incessant conflicts, others had been .perpetually stunted to the extent that they could not attain the ideals of their founding fathers. The result is that the economic growth of the nation has paid dearly for mismanagement of organizational conflicts. This paper has therefore assessed the weight of mismanagement of conflicts in organizations by looking at the nature of these conflicts, their causes and consequences and the management strategies using the abundant literature or the topic. To pave a way forward, the paper has concluded that the issue of conflict management sMxift start at the point of writing appointment letters of the staff who would work in these organizations by including conflict management strategies therein. It is also recommended that Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) techniques should be preferable to outright litigation in the courts for obvious reasons. Mediation and Arbitration techniques are therefore highlighted to enable business growth to thrive in these organizations.

This paper reviews and analyzes the experience of Southern Iloilo Coastal Management Council, Inc. (SICRMC) as an emerging fisheries co-management arrangement in Southern Iloilo, Philippines. SICRMC is an inter-local government unit alliance of five coastal municipalities to address their common concerns (e.g. rampant illegal fishing activities, habitat degradation) associated with the management of Panay Gulf. SICRMC is evaluated based on the presence of the identified eight (8) key conditions for successful fisheries co-management using the scale low, medium, and high. It is rated high on the enabling policies condition and medium on defined boundaries, leadership, conflict management, and integrated planning conditions. On the other hand, it is low on participation, local government unit support, and presence of external agents. The paper also presents the evolving role of the academe as an external agent in the arena of fisheries co-management. In the SICRMC experience, University of the Philippines Visayas (UP Visayas) served as a neutral catalyst in a politically-charged environment by unifying opposing municipalities through their common concern which is coastal resource management.

Extensive studies show that mega project has close connections with globalization and civilization, but little articles make social logical analyses of mega project. Traditional conflict management lays stress on projects leading to conflicts while neglecting the fact that conflict can also result in mega project in a social context. This paper studies the relationship between mega project and social conflict by exploring mega project from the perspective of the social conflict theory, and develops a conceptual model of mega project, which includes three propositions: (1) mega project is the outcome of social conflict; (2) it functions as a safety valve in society; and (3) it has close relationships with the level of political centralization and economic development. At the end, this paper puts forward some suggestions about the construction of mega project.

The theoretical and empirical research on the use of communicative silence in human interaction reveals sustained scholarly interest in the topic. Yet, very little research attention has focused on how married couples use this phenomenon in their relationships. Thus, we have a superficial understanding of, for example, the functional uses of silence as conflict management tactic in such relationships. This paper attempts to broaden further our understanding of how participants, in a previous study, used silence to negotiate some of the conflicts that arose in their relationships. From this perspective, the paper elaborates on prior identified themes as well as discusses an additional theme that was found in the interview data. The overall aim of the paper then, is to engender interest into this domain of silence usage.

The purpose of this paper is to examine Islamic perspectives on conflict management within project managed environments. Existing research does not reveal any study that examines empirically the Islamic viewpoint on conflict management in contemporary organisational contexts but does indicate that conflict in Islam is considered to be inevitable and a part of human nature, and, if managed properly, is positive and constructive. This paper aims to address this gap, by presenting an empirical analysis of Islamic models of conflict management. It is argued that the three Islamic models discussed, are partially and covertly in existence in environments not traditional to their own. Consequently, the paper finds that there is scope for investigating explicit applied aspects to these Islamic models. The paper concludes that existence of Islamic models for conflict management is visible and has potential for application by project managers without limitation.

Conflict seems to be very synonym with construction projects and giving the impressions of problems includes in increasing project cost, project delays, reduce productivity, lost of profit or damage in business relationships. The main goal of this paper is to overview the factors of conflict in construction industry. The study highlighted three (3) types of conflict factors which are conflict factors due to behavioral problems, contractual problems and technical problems. Factors of conflict due to behavioral factors includes reluctant to check for constructability, clarity and completeness and poor communication among project team. Meanwhile the factors of conflict which is due to contractual problems are such as late giving of possession, delay interim payment from client and unclear of contractual terms. Whereas, contractor fails to proceed in a competent manner and late instructions from architect or engineer are the factors of conflict which arise due to technical problems. This paper was hoped to be guidance for conflict management in future construction projects.

Finding a parking space is a daunting task that frustrates drivers, affects the economic efficiency of carriers and impacts city sustainability. Between meeting the needs of deliverers (location, accessibility, proximity...) and individuals (price, duration, closeness...), transport and urban traffic planners find themselves in a conflict of interest. Hence the importance of a tool that manages the entire urban parking system in real time. This paper presents, in this perspective, a solution that allocates parking spaces to carriers and individuals under uncertain conditions. Its principle is founded on two allocation levels. The first distributes parking requests on the city areas by considering three characteristic indicators. The second ranks, for each driver, the available spaces in the designated area according to their decreasing non-dominated degree. It additionally includes a conflict management approach for dealing with the assignment of multiple drivers to the same place. It is deployed and its performance is tested by administering parking in a city with four urban areas.

One of the major dilemmas of using rural commons for industrial uses in developing countries relates to the failure of the state to evolve consensus on allocating property rights to local communities and modern enterprises in a manner that sustains livelihoods and ecosystems. While traditional coastal communities enforce customary rights for fishing and mineral mining, the state sometimes reallocates traditional fishing territories to commercial mining to facilitate rapid industrialization. Communities oppose such transfers because of the negative impacts of commercial dredging on traditional fishing and ecosystems. Based on detailed field level surveys conducted in 2004, this paper describes how rural island communities along Cochin estuary expressed their opposition to the transfer of clam-mining rights to industries by democratic social mobilization. Counter moves were collectively organized by modern enterprises and trade unions which had the support of the state. However, major political parties retreated from conflict management, leaving the matter in a state of flux. This paper suggests that the state must recognize traditional livelihood rights of communities if it is to resolve conflicts and ensure the sustainable and equitable use of natural resources.

Space is getting more and more crowded because of the increasing number of space objects and the limited availability of prime orbital locations. The continual situation makes space operations more and more complicated by the time passes. This complexity requires more international coordination and data to be considered. The paper makes the case for a space traffic management system (STMS) and proposes a reference model for STMS. The proposed STMS performs five main services: Space Monitoring & Tracking Service, Space Data Management Service, Space Operation Service, Space Warning Service and Space Conflict Management Service. The paper elaborates and explains these services, taking into consideration the political and especially technical challenges together with pertinent international law, regulations and accepted practice.

Forest resources outside permanent forest reserves form a substantial part of the overall natural forest biodiversity resources in Ghana. However, timber exploitation in off-reserve areas has been problematic as loggers and farmers have often been involved in conflicts over payment of crop-damage compensation. The paper examines 81 cases of this conflict which were reconstructed chronologically to investigate patterns of actors’ use of power resources and strategies and their effectiveness. The study employed an actor-empowerment conceptualisation of power and used a two-actor game model for the reconstruction of the conflicts. While several strategies and resources were mobilised and employed by the actors, their effectiveness were context-bound. The paper makes a case for areas where actors’ conflict capabilities could be built, why mediated bargaining can be more effective for managing such local conflict constellations and the need to interlock actor interests for mutual interaction by institutionalising mediated bargaining.

It is characteristic of collaborative engineering design that precedence relationships among design activities contain information flow conflicts. Due to multi-actors interaction, conflicts can emerge from disagreements between designers about proposed designs. Hence, a critical element of collaborative design is to manage the detected conflicts and particularly the impacts once they are resolved. Indeed, the conflict resolution comes up with a solution which often implies modifications on the product and the process organisation. This paper deals with the problem of conflict management process and particularly the impacts of changes once a conflict is resolved. First, a solution is proposed to assess the impact on the product data based on the concept of data dependencies network. Second, this paper quantifies key issues with regards to Concurrent Engineering that enables us to better manage the design process. Strategies to overlap coupled activities are proposed based on the dependencies between the handled data during the design process. Furthermore, prospects to effectively re-organise the execution of design activities are proposed. Key features for a better process re-organization are studied: overlapping rate and multifunctional interaction rate. The author examines, under varying uncertainty conditions, how these key parameters affect the process performance of product development time and effort. Findings and recommendations to optimise the process re-organisation are summarized.

Social conflict and slow growth are features of many developing economies. This paper considers the role institutions of property rights and conflict management can play in both achieving prosperity and mitigating conflict in these economies. We study how introducing conflict over economic distribution into an otherwise standard model of growth can shape optimal (second-best) taxation policy when diversionary activities cannot be taxed. In this context, we find that the maximization of economic efficiency may call for a reduction in growth in order to mitigate the problem of diversion, even though the economy's growth is inefficiently slow in the absence of taxation. This is so when institutional quality is sufficiently poor, but not otherwise. The paper warns against the conventional justification of growth-promoting policies on efficiency grounds independently of institutions.

In this paper, circumstances where various human activities and interests clash with the conservation of forest biodiversity are examined, with particular focus on the drivers behind the conflicts. After identifying past and current human-related threats potentially leading to conflicts in forests, the paper will focus on conflict management and monitoring, with an emphasis on inclusionary stakeholder networks and a range of approaches towards sustainable land use. Three dimensions of conflicts are examined: substance (‘how things are’), procedure (‘how things are done’), and relationships (‘how people behave’). These relations will relate to three conflict management approaches: (1) technical, which may contribute to reduce or solve the conflict acting on the ‘substance’ dimension, (2) political, which may influence the ‘procedure’ dimension of the conflict establishing principles or rules, and (3) cultural, which may affect the ‘relationship’ dimension of the conflict. Finally, a general model of adaptive conflict management emphasising communication among the parties and a participatory approach that involves monitoring of the conflict resolution outcomes is proposed. The recognition that strong perceptions among stakeholders have the potential to aggravate conflicts is central to the concept of a inclusionary conflict management framework, improved communication between all stakeholders, and better awareness of the context of the conflicts is emphasised.

In analysing the release of agricultural land to urban development, the urban fringe literature has not focused on whether farmers are able to relocate from the urban fringe to remoter rural areas. Through interviews with representatives from the poultry industry in two Australian states, this paper identifies that poultry farm relocation strategies are constrained by off-farm economic relations, the land-use planning system and financial considerations. Closely aligned to these constraints on relocation is the on-going process of poultry farm intensification, which is seen as presenting rising problems for land-use management around expanding metropolitan centres in Australia. Of particular concern is the potential for amenity complaints and associated land-use conflicts, which have not been comprehensively investigated. Recognising that existing environmental and land-use planning controls are ineffective in producing amicable solutions when conflict involving poultry farming is at its most intense, the paper calls for improvements to the regulatory system, including greater consideration for how the process of relocation can be encouraged.

This paper analyses the politics and constitutional position of the Brcko District, a territory internally disputed between the two self-governing entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The paper shows that the ‘condominium’ logic of territorial arrangement has profound implications for sub-state citizenship. It argues that apart from territorial options and consociational institutional set-up, sub-state citizenship is an important element of conflict management in this case. Though often neglected in the literature, sub-state citizenship could be considered a tool for conflict management, and as this paper argues, as a model of institutional innovation in divided societies.

The purpose of this paper will be to attempt to develop a conflict management training plan that is appropriate to multicultural environments while offering some expected outcomes e. g., the relevance and contents for the training segments, various training participants activities incorporated into the training segment, and how this paper’s author will hopefully be able to evaluate this application for mastery while inducing supported material thru-out this documents offering. Lastly, an attribute to offer will be for this paper’s author to share some assumptions he uses in making decisions in reflection to this paper’s training platform from both a multi-cultural and a training perspective. The following training plan outline for the participation group will be initially performed in reflective support of Deutsch, Coleman, and Martin (2006) while following the template, other supporting authors will be incorporated to address the above additional needs of this assignments rubrics.

The paper examines the structural factors impeding on the conduct of peaceful elections in Nigeria in light of the several transitional exercises that eventually culminated in the swearing of democratically elected government in 1999. The paper reviews the election violent conflict scenarios that characterised election exercises between 1999 and 2014, and examines the nature of existing election conflict management strategies. It analyses the inherent defects in these election conflict management mechanisms, and appraises the potentialities and possibilities for the adoption of traditional strategies of conflict management to electoral conflicts in Nigeria.

This paper explores the nature of conflict and how institutional failure may be a primary cause of conflict over natural resources. Typologies for studying conflicts are reviewed and a typology specific to tropical fishery conflicts is proposed. Using data from three tropical fisheries, it shows how conflicts emerge and how they are managed.1 The paper concludes that local level management of conflict can be successful, but, without proactive support from higher levels of government the underlying causes of conflict are unlikely to be removed in the long term.

This paper describes a preventive intervention trial called EARLY ALLIANCE which is aimed at reducing risk for three adverse outcomes in childhood and adolescence: conduct problems, substance abuse, and school failure. The structure of the prevention trial is unique because two linked designs are being implemented concurrently. The primary design focuses on children at elevated risk for adverse outcomes, and compares a targeted, multicontextual preventive intervention with family, classroom, peer relational, and academic components to a universal, schoolwide preventive intervention that emphasizes peaceful conflict management and serves as a “usual care” control condition. The secondary design focuses on children at lower risk for adverse outcomes and compares a universally administered classroom program to the control condition. The paper describes the theoretical foundation for EARLY ALLIANCE, the goals of the prevention trial, the rationale for design choices, and the methods employed. Control Clin Trials 2000;21:286–302

The primary purpose of this paper is to propose an alternative land conflict management method for rural Ghana. The paper adopts the country's legislative and judicial decentralization programs as a framework for integrating aspects of the existing conflict management methods and skills of the national government and the country's ethnic groups. The paper argues that the continuing outbursts and protraction of land conflicts, particularly conflicts between host communities and migrant-farming groups, in Ghana demonstrate increasing ambiguities in the determination of land rights and the ineffectiveness of the existing land conflict management methods in the country.

This paper considers the structural uses of new technologies (information communication technologies) in Kenya’s early warning and conflict prevention mechanism managed by the National Steering Committee on Peace-building and Conflict Management (NSC), a multi-agency organization established in 2001 and mandated with the coordination of all peace-related activities. The NSC is domiciled in the Ministry of Provincial Administration and Internal Security in the Office of the President. The paper conducts an analysis of the NSC’s early warning system (which is also the national plank of the regional Conflict Early Warning System established for the implementation of the CEWARN Protocol adopted by IGAD Member States) with a view to establishing the use, impact as well as limitations of technologies in early warning. These technologies include social media (Facebook, Twitter), cell phones, wireless radio, etc. Other than NSC, it also outlines other national initiatives that can be considered part of the broader national early warning and conflict prevention framework. For comparative purposes, the paper reviews IGAD’s ICT 4 Peace Project that were piloted in the Karamoja Sector. The aim of the review is to establish the role of technologies in early warning and preventative context, its impact and to draw any lessons for national and regional early warning systems on the potential for technology in conflict prevention.

One of the key problems in post-war societies is the identification of schemes that convince former combatants to hand in their weapons and reintegrate into civil society. In an attempt to facilitate the transition from war to peace, Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) programs have become key components of national and international efforts to pacify post-conflict societies. Assisting fighters to gain a foothold in civil society is thought to prevent their return to combat and in the long-run the re-outbreak of war. Analogous to sustained investments in DDR measures as well as to a noteworthy increase in the number and scope of such measures, a growing -- but still relatively small -- body of literature is attempting to catch up with these developments. In an effort to gather what we know about factors contributing to the success of DDR, this discussion paper provides a synthesis of the current literature. Even though emphasis is put on the emerging body of quantitative research, it also draws on reports of practitioners and in-depth case studies responding to two guiding questions: How effective are DDR programs? And which factors and circumstances contribute to or impede their success. Analytically this paper proposes to locate findings in literature on three levels of analysis: the macro level/context factors, meso level/program factors and micro level/individual level factors.

The International Community’s work in conflict management and peace-building in Africa has usually been associated with a double regime of responsibility: protecting humanitarian rights and enforcing democracy. However, existing research suggests that these attempts have rarely improved the humanitarian conditions of conflictual societies, or either encouraged their democratic aspirations. Following the pitfalls met by traditional conflict management, alternative approaches have been advanced and scholars have explored to what extent the transformative power of conflict (Vayrynen, 1991; Azar and Burton, 1986) can actively reduce the level of violence in ongoing conflicts. Hence, this paper presents the case-study of the grassroots peace-building in Somaliland, where an alternative approach to conflict management has achieved more interesting and sustainable results than those pursued by the traditional diplomacy in Somalia. The empirical part of this paper introduces first the failures of the international intervention in Somalia and afterwards it describes the Somaliland alternative route to reconciliation, focusing on three aspects: the resort to traditional methods of conflict management; the gradual and preparatory nature of this peace process; the codification of traditional peace-building into a process of institution-building. This paper argues that the community-based approach adopted in Somaliland has been most productive then the traditional mechanisms adopted by the International Community in Somalia, given the ability of the ‘community’ to bypass two fundamental dilemmas that affect the top-down methodology: the ownership and the legitimacy dilemma.

This paper was delivered at the 25th International Association for Conflict Management Conference in Stellenbosch, South Africa on 12 July 2012. It considers Scotland’s lack of receptivity towards mediation in the light of its ‘mixed’ legal heritage of both civilian and common law influences. It contrasts the approach to mediation in England and Wales with that of France, where litigation acts like an ‘attracting magnet’. The paper draws on public pronouncements about mediation by senior Scottish judiciary to support its hypothesis that Scotland’s disputing culture retains civilian attitudes despite centuries of common law jurisprudence.

"Negotiation as a search for justice" – the title of a paper of Zartman and colleagues in 1996 brought it to the point: Justice issues seem to be a crucial aspect within conflict and conflict management – on a theoretical level as well as in practice.Justice is highly relevant in all phases of conflict (Mikula & Wenzel, 2000): Conflicts arise because of perceived injustices – or as Montada (2003) puts it: all hot conflicts are in the end conflicts about justice – and claiming for justice is an important reason why conflicts persist. Consequently, in order to settle conflicts in a constructive and sustainable way – in terms of searching for a win-win-solution – justice must be sufficiently acknowledged within the conflict management procedure, on the content as well as on the procedural level. It is therefore not surprising that the core characteristics of mediation read like a list of principles of procedural and interactional justice. And this holds true for all levels and settings of conflicts – e.g. from bilateral to multilateral conflicts as well as from family conflicts to conflicts in international politics.At the same time, research about the role of justice in conflict is impressively diverse: it is fed from very different disciplines and consequently working with different concepts of justice and applying different methodological approaches. But, so far these different approaches exist more or less isolated next to each other – even within the pretty narrow field of social scientific conflict research. Therefore, the aim of the symposium is to bring together different perspectives and methodological approaches on the impact of justices within conflict and conflict management – in order to identify and to discuss fruitful overlapping as well as discrepancies.This paper comes from the perspective of justice psychology and will therefore focus on subjective judgments of justices. With that, it deals mainly with the questions of what people perceive as fair in specific situations and the impact of these perceptions on behavioral decisions. It will review research, including also own work, showing consistently the importance of justice appraisals within conflicts in several fields, conflict management and cooperation (e.g. in social dilemmas). Most of these studies apply standardized quantitative methods in the field (e.g. questionnaires) respectively experimental designs, whereas only a small minority follows a qualitative approach.Not surprisingly, the high importance of justice as a value and human motive and the enormous inter- as well as intrapersonal variance of justice judgments come along with a high probability of conflicting perceptions. The paper refers to a helpful scheme of typical reasons for (justice) conflicts, e.g. relating to distributive decisions or procedural justice principles, and points out that a willingness to (re)establish justice does not necessarily lead to cooperative behavior.At the same time and despite this conflicting variance, – and this is one of the key messages – exactly this subjective view on justice can offer broader and unforeseen chances for agreement. Though this is, without any doubt, a demanding challenge – there are promising approaches to work explicitly on justice conflicts, for example within a mediation setting, which base upon a subjective perspective on justices (e.g. the method of "positive relativization"; Montada & Kals, 2007). Still, many questions are yet unanswered (e.g. when does justice foster cooperation and when does it lead to defection? How to incorporate theoretically and empirically the scope of justice people apply?) – calling for further innovative empirical research on justices.

The field of conflict management continues to expand as the sources and nature of contemporary conflicts change in varied ways. New actors, newly emerging issue areas and novel approaches challenge established paradigms. It is becoming increasingly difficult to define the scope and parameters of the field.At the macro level, intra-state conflicts constitute one of the greatest areas of concern for scholars and practitioners alike. There is a rapidly growing body of knowledge and practice that now fall under the expanded rubric of conflict prevention, conflict resolution, conflict management, and peacebuilding. Despite this rapid growth, two nagging problems persist. The first relates to the continued absence of voices from conflict-affected countries. The field remains largely dominated by Northerners - more accurately, male Northern scholars and practitioners - and thereby exhibits certain serious mental blinders. The second, which is inevitably linked to the first, relates to the continuing disconnect between local and international approaches to conflict management and peacebuilding.While making a strong plea for more systematic and concerted efforts to support the development of the field of conflict management and peacebuilding in the South, this paper will focus on the gap between local and international approaches to conflict management and peacebuilding. The paper is part of ongoing research on local perspectives on peacebuilding.For the Istanbul conference, the paper will specifically address the difficulties involved in aligning local and international approaches to conflict management and peacebuilding. It will be based upon the rich body of literature on international peacebuilding as well as selected case studies from Africa, the Balkans and Central Asia that examine local perspectives on peacebuilding. In addition, the paper will review the recent policy discourse by international actors - especially the United Nations and donor governments - on local ownership of continuing gap between rhetoric and reality.Ongoing research indicates that there are important areas where local and international approaches to peacebuilding tend to diverge. Six key areas include:1. Conflict Analysis: International actors often bring a standard analytical template and a limited understanding of any given country which contribute to underestimating the deep-rooted social, cultural and historical dimensions of a conflict. Conversely, local actors are often too close to the conflict to see it in its totality or in a larger comparative perspective.2. Mapping of Conflict Actors: An accurate mapping of conflict actors, their motives, interests, and strategies is essential to peacemaking and peacebuilding. Yet, research suggests that internal and external actors have different perceptions of the most relevant actors and their roles as connectors, dividers or spoilers. With the burgeoning literature on regional conflict formations and transnational threats, the role of external actors (including the UN, IFIs and aid donors) as critical players in local conflicts is increasingly being recognized.3. Assessing Local Capacities for Peace: Multiple case studies suggest that external ctors approach local capacity building from a perspective of capacity deficits. Many needs assessment frameworks start with an analysis of gaps, limitations and weaknesses. On the other hand, local actors view conflict management peacebuilding through an assessment of existing assets, including indigenous authority structures, local elites, religious leaders, people’s voices and civil society which are often not visible to international actors who tend to deal primarily with government authorities or selected national counterparts.4. Identifying Peacebuilding Priorities: While there is consensus that security is a rerequisite for sustainable peace, external and internal actors differ as to the timing and sequencing of peacebuilding priorities, including the trade-off between competing issues such as employment and poverty alleviation before liberalization; stabilization before democracy; justice before reconciliation.5. Prioritizing Local Ownership: There is strong evidence that, despite their declared commitment to local ownership, external approaches to peacebuilding crowd out or replace local capacities and local level initiatives. Yet, there are divergent views at the local level as to what constitutes local ownership.6. Time Frame for Peacebuilding: Perhaps the sharpest difference between internal and external perspectives on peacebuilding revolves around the essential time frame. External actors are often guided by artificial timelines linked to UN mandates, donor frameworks and project funding cycles while local actors view peace in generational terms.These are only some the most common and consistent findings that are emerging from an initial analysis of selected case studies from Africa, the Balkans and Central Asia. However, they provide important insights into why there needs to be a deeper investigation of the persistent gaps between local and international approaches to conflict management and peacebuilding - especially if international actors are serious about enhancing local ownership. One area that merits special attention is a comparative analysis of the conflict management strategies and mechanisms employed by different internal actors at the local, sub-national and national levels.What is becoming evident is that there is little knowledge of the different conflict management and peacebuilding efforts undertaken at multiple levels by numerous domestic actors and the extent to which they contribute to a larger national strategy which then becomes the foundation for a stronger alignment between national and international approaches. However, deeper understanding of national and local level processes and mechanisms would require strengthening of the field of conflict management in the South as well as the increased participation of Southern academics and practitioners from conflict-affected countries in long-term research alongside their Northern counterparts.

This paper focuses on third party roles, including governments, NGOs, and international institutions, in managing the conflict between the Moro (Muslim) regions of Mindanao and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines since 1968. The case illustrates third party roles played by neighboring, friendly states in Southeast Asia and local, regional and international NGOs in upholding a cease-fire agreement and allowing negotiations to proceed with Malaysian facilitation. After examining briefly the sources of conflict in history, identity conflicts, religious beliefs, and economic and political marginalization of the Muslim minority community, the paper summarizes the role of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) represented successively by Libya, Indonesia, and Malaysia in brokering cease-fires and subsequent agreements to try to resolve the underlying conflicts. Primary focus is on the current role of the International Monitoring Team led by Malaysia and its Civilian Protection Component, composed largely of international and local NGOs, in implementing a cease-fire agreement after the most recent outbreak of violent conflict in 2008 that resulted from a ruling by the Philippines Supreme Court that rejected a negotiated agreement on - ancestral domains reached between the Government of the Republic of the Philippines (GRP) and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). The subsequent violence proved deadly and produced a huge number of IDPs in Mindanao. The paper argues that the extensive conflict management network that has been put in place on the ground in Mindanao since this outbreak of violence plays a major, reinforcing role in confidence-building and preserving the cease-fire, a necessary condition for the successful pursuit of negotiations between the GRP and MILF, mediated by Malaysia on behalf of the OIC, in the search for a solution to the fundamental, long festering conflict.

Studies on conflict management in teams have generally relied on existing conflict management theories and frameworks conceptualized at the individual level. Much of this research also assumes convergence of individual conflict management approaches in teams. Such assumptions limit our understanding of the emergence and predictive value of variability in team conflict management. To begin addressing these limitations, I propose a multilevel theory of team conflict management. Central to this theory is a configural teamlevel construct called variant conflict management (VCM), which refers to the relative levels of cooperative and competitive conflict management among members in a team. In this paper, I discuss key antecedent conditions predicting VCM, and propose three archetypal profiles of VCM: minimum, maximum and moderate VCM. Potential consequences of these profiles on team outcomes are also considered. I conclude the paper by discussing theoretical limitations, future research directions, and practical implications of this theory.

How well do multilateral institutions perform in preventing armed conflict? What challenges exist in tapping into their full potential, and how can these stumbling blocks be overcome? This paper analyzes the implications of recent changes in the capabilities, working methods, and normative framework of multilateral institutions for the prospects of successful conflict prevention. Following a brief overview of the concept and politics of multilateral conflict prevention, the paper identifies timely and accurate early warning and assessment as a precondition for effective preventive action. The paper subsequently addresses perennial obstacles, current shortcomings, and potential paths for two sets of instruments for multilateral conflict prevention, namely preventive diplomacy and structural prevention. Coordination within and between governments and international organizations undertaking conflict prevention is identified as a particularly salient challenge. Three case studies of recent and ongoing efforts to prevent conflict in Cote d’Ivoire, Kenya, and Kyrgyzstan are presented in an annex to the paper.

The effect of courts arises through process and precedent. First, the process of selecting cases to escalate in the legal venue reveals information about the preferences of defendant and complainant. A third party arbitrator and multilateral membership adds international obligation and reputation as new leverage for compliance. Second, a formal dispute mechanism may have broader impact if the adjudication of one case leads to other countries reforming policies. This paper examines WTO dispute settlement to assess the role of courts to solve disputes and prevent future incidents. The effectiveness of WTO dispute settlement as a process for resolving specific disputes is tested with statistical analysis of an original dataset of potential trade disputes coded from U.S. government reports on foreign trade barriers. Evidence shows that taking a dispute to legal forum brings policy change and reduces dispute duration in comparison with outcomes achieved in bilateral negotiations. Whether these cases also prevent future disputes is more challenging to evaluate. The paper explores the possibility of precedent effects through analysis of the time trend in frequency of complaints filed by all members from 1995 to 2009.

Considering the incentives for multinational companies to invest in conflict prone areas, the paper discusses the decision making process when it comes to enterprises’ foreign investment and operational management of the companies’ units after these are being set up in the respective regions. The research focuses on what companies understand of sustainable management when operating in conflict prone environments and on the enterprises’ specific approaches in conflict prevention strategies. The first part of the article summarizes the primary factors considered by companies investing in conflict prone zones prior to investment in those areas and the specificities of risk assessment plans developed by the companies considering those factors. The second part of the article studies the general aspects of sustainable decision making for enterprises operating in conflict countries while the last part of the paper refers to the corporate conflict prevention as a particular aspect of sustainable management in countries and regions affected by conflicts. Both the theoretical and practical aspects are being discussed considering experiences that corporations have had in such areas. The conclusions aim at identifying the way companies apply sustainable management in operations developed in conflict prone areas and underline the future areas of research that would help better define management systems that corporations may implement in such regions.

It is troubling that so little negotiation and conflict management knowledge exists in a climate change context, as climate change is the largest and most complicated interdependent situation ever confronted on planet earth. This theoretical paper reviews the sparse extant literature and then provides a brief overview to the science of climate change public policy. This review establishes a foundation for examining negotiation and conflict management research questions that emanate from current and future climate change negotiations. The 2009 Copenhagen Accord receives special consideration in this regard. This paper demonstrates how the negotiation and conflict management field can make important contributions to the study of interdependency in a climate change context.

The goal of this conceptual paper is to apply the insights of recent routine research in the area of conflict and conflict management. As a result, the authors identify four different types of conflict sources that are rooted in routines and the specific difficulties connected with their change: the repetitive character of routine, disagreement over the “validity” of the existing routines, disagreement concerning the definition of new targets, and resistance towards change processes. Further the authors point to the inherent tendency to routinize conflict management strategies and the risks that are associated with this process. As a result, this paper offers new insights into the causes and structure of conflicts triggered by change processes as well as into the management of repetitive conflicts.