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This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book explores scope to refine, and sometimes considerably qualify, certain points of this interpretation. It explains that personal identity booklets began to be issued in conjunction with the census in 1930. The book argues that the bureaucratic mobilization for the ethnic registration of Rwandans began immediately after independence, with major political effects. It describes the post-war identification reforms undertaken by the Ouattara regime certainly helped to deradicalize this ideological opposition under a technicist veneer, but at the price of a general amnesty for documentary fraud that amounted to state institutionalization of identity falsification. The book focuses on the use of ethnic identity cards in the violent history of Rwanda, and the preparation and conduct of the 1994 genocide.

Book review The civilizing mission was predicated on the idea that "Africa has no history." This view became predominant during the Enlightenment and culminated in the nineteenth century with Victor Hugo's memorable address "Discours sur l'Afrique," delivered in Paris on May 18, 1879. In the flamboyant tone typical of the author of La legende des siecles, Hugo articulated to an audience consisting of members of "La Societe des Amis des Noirs" the prevailing belief that European countries were morally obligated to colonize Africa. Hugo's discourse, like Rudyard Kipling's poem "The White Man's Burden" two decades later, captured the essence of European assumption that superior races had the duty to contribute scientific, technical, and moral progress to inferior races steeped in ignorance, superstition, and barbarity.

Regarding the perspective of diachrone linguistics we compare meanings for the concept communication a) in local languages of Africa and b) compared with the English language for equivalent terms. Based upon a set of different meanings we will argue for a variety of meanings for a term in an African language with a certain degree of specification compared to equivalent terms in another African language and another set of meanings. The observed changes in the local languages illustrate the diversity of meanings in Africa. For the integration of new words in the thesaurus with new meanings English is a typical example of a language, which produces new meanings for the concept communication replacing the local languages. (Type: Working Paper), Quant à la perspective de la linguistique diachrone nous comparons des significations pour le concept `communication` a) dans des langues locales de l'Afrique et b) par rapport à la langue anglaise pour les termes équivalents. Basé sur un ensemble de significations différentes nous argumenterons en faveur d'une variété de significations pour un terme dans une langue africaine avec un certain degré de spécification comparé aux termes équivalents dans une autre langue africaine et un autre ensemble de significations. Les changements observés dans les langues locales illustrent la diversité des significations pour le concept `communication` de l'Afrique. Pour l'intégration de nouveaux mots dans le thesaurus avec de nouvelles significations l'anglais est un exemple typique d'une langue, qui produit de nouvelles significations pour le concept `communication` remplaçant les langues locales. (Type: Working Paper)

Ce qui nous est parvenu des écrits glyphiques réalisés sur support souple par les Mayas ne comprend que quelques manuscrits, peints à l’encre noire et couleurs sur du papier mésoaméricain. Ces manuscrits sont constitués chacun d’une longue bande de papier, obtenue en assemblant de nombreux feuillets – hauts d’une vingtaine de centimètres et larges d’une dizaine environ – l’un à côté de l’autre. L’ensemble était plié d’un côté puis de l’autre, comme un paravent. La fragilité de leur support face au climat de la zone maya, mais aussi les destructions d’origine anthropique ont eu pour conséquence que la grande majorité d’entre eux a disparu. N’en ont réchappé que trois, peut‑être quatre. Les trois dont l’entière authenticité est admise à l’unanimité sont conservés dans l’Union européenne et sont appelés le Codex de Dresde, le Codex de Paris et le Codex de Madrid. Si l’ensemble de ces exceptionnels documents s’est essentiellement réduit à cela, ce type de sources a probablement constitué à l’origine le principal genre d’écrits mayas. Les rares exemples à nous en être parvenus sont par ailleurs très tardifs, datant de l’époque postclassique récente voire des débuts de l’époque coloniale. En ce qui concerne leur contenu, ces codex qui nous sont parvenus sont du même genre. Il s’agit en effet de recueils d’almanachs divinatoires, à contenu astrologique et/ou prophétique, laissant à penser que ces manuscrits étaient essentiellement des sortes de manuels pour devins. Le type d’almanach qui y est le plus fréquent est celui qui, sous de multiples formes, se réfère aux cycles de 260 jours du tzolkin ou « compte des jours ». Mais on y trouve également d’autres types plus ou moins complexes, où le lien avec l’astronomie est éventuellement plus manifeste, tel que dans l’« almanach vénusien » du Codex de Dresde. Surviving glyphic texts produced by Mayas on a soft medium only include a few manuscripts, which were painted in black ink and colors on Mesoamerican paper. Each of these manuscripts was made with a long band of paper, resulting from the side to side assemblage of numerous folios (each page is around twenty centimeters high and ten centimeters wide). The whole was then folded on one side and then on the other, like a screen. The fragility of this kind of paper due to the Mayan climate -high heat and humidity- and also to anthropic destructions, contributed to the fact that many of them simply disappeared. Only three of them, perhaps four, have survived. The three that most scholars truly believe to be authentic remain in the European Union, and they are called the Dresden Codex, the Paris Codex and the Madrid Codex. If all these exceptional documents have been reduced to such a small sample, these kinds of sources were probably the main kind of original Maya glyphic writings. The few examples that survived so well are very late, dating back to the late post‑classic period or even the beginning of colonial times. When looking at their content, these codices all belong to the same category. That is, they are indeed divinatory almanacs, with astrological and/or prophetic content, which leads us to believe that these manuscripts were above all handbooks for soothsayers. The most common type of almanac they contain is the one which, under multiples aspects, refers to the 260‑day cycles of the tzolkin or « count of the days ». However, we can also find other more or less elaborate types, where astronomy can be more visible, such as in the so‑called "Venusian almanac" of the Dresden Codex. Lo que subsistió de escritos glíficos realizados en soporte blando por los mayas sólo contiene algunos manuscritos, pintados con tinta negra y colores sobre papel mesoamericano. Esos manuscritos están constituidos cada uno por una larga cinta de papel, que se consiguió juntando numerosos pliegos de una veintena de centimetros de alto y una decena de ancho, uno al lado del otro. Se doblaba el conjunto de un lado y otro, a la manera de un biombo. La fragilidad de su soporte frente al clima de la zona maya y también las destrucciones de origen antrópico tuvieron como consecuencia que la gran mayoría de ellos ha desaparecido. Solamente tres, o quizás cuatro, han sobrevivido. Los tres cuya entera autenticidad se admite por unanimidad están conservados en la Union Europea. Se llaman el Códice de Dresde, el Códice de Paris y el Códice de Madrid. Si el conjunto de esos excepcionales documentos se ha practicamente reducido a eso, este tipo de fuentes parece haber sido originalmente la principal forma de escritos mayas. Los pocos ejemplos que han subsistido son además muy tardíos, fechándose de la fase reciente de la época postclásica o aun principios de la época colonial. En cuanto a su contenido, esos códices pertenecen al mismo género. Se trata efectivamente de libros de almanaques divinatorios, con contenido astrológico y/o profético, lo que deja suponer que esos manuscritos eran sobre todo unas especies de manuales para adivinos. El tipo de almanaque que más frecuentemente se encuentra ahí es el que, bajo multiples formas, se refiere a los ciclos de 260 días del tzolkin o « cuenta de los días ». Sin embargo se encuentran también otros tipos más o menos complejos, adonde lo que tiene que ver con la astronomía puede ser más patente, así como en el llamado "almanaque venusiano" del Códice de Dresde.

In the context of a global biometric turn, this book investigates processes of legal identification in Africa ‘from below,’ asking what this means for the relationship between citizens and the state. Almost half of the population of the African continent is thought to lack a legal identity, and many states see biometric technology as a reliable and efficient solution to the problem. However, this book shows that biometrics, far from securing identities and avoiding fraud or political distrust, can even participate in reinforcing exclusion and polarizing debates on citizenship and national belonging. It highlights the social and political embedding of legal identities and the resilience of the documentary state. Drawing on empirical research conducted across 14 countries, the book documents the processes, practices, and meanings of legal identification in Africa from the 1950s right up to the biometric boom. Beyond the classic opposition between surveillance and recognition, it demonstrates how analysing the social uses of IDs and tools of identification can give a fresh account of the state at work, the practices of citizenship, and the role of bureaucracy in the writing of the self in African societies. This book will be of an important reference for students and scholars of African studies, politics, human security, and anthropology and the sociology of the state.

This chapter examines the boom in new technologies for identifying people that African societies are experiencing and discusses their political effects. Is biometrics radically changing the practices of power and citizenship? Does it entail a new relationship between individuals and the state? Based on empirical studies conducted in several countries and on the academic literature, this contribution questions the utopias of biometric ‘emergence’ and the democratic illusion of the universalization of rights through digital technology. It shows that the documentary state as it works in practice is not supplanted by the biometric state and that new technologies do not prevent either identity fraud or political distrust—at times, they even accentuate the logic of civic exclusion. The chapter thus underlines the profound social embedding of biometric reforms and the undeniable ability of social actors to adapt to new technologies.

International audience; This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book explores scope to refine, and sometimes considerably qualify, certain points of this interpretation. It explains that personal identity booklets began to be issued in conjunction with the census in 1930. The book argues that the bureaucratic mobilization for the ethnic registration of Rwandans began immediately after independence, with major political effects. It describes the post-war identification reforms undertaken by the Ouattara regime certainly helped to deradicalize this ideological opposition under a technicist veneer, but at the price of a general amnesty for documentary fraud that amounted to state institutionalization of identity falsification. The book focuses on the use of ethnic identity cards in the violent history of Rwanda, and the preparation and conduct of the 1994 genocide.

Background: Implementation of onchocerciasis elimination programmes has been delayed in Central Africa because of the risk of ivermectin-related serious adverse events (SAEs) in individuals with high Loa loa microfilarial densities (MFD). We developed the first statistical models enabling prediction of SAE risk in individuals with a given MFD. Methods: We used individual participant data from two trials conducted in loiasis-onchocerciasis co-endemic areas in Cameroon. among the 10 506 ivermectin-treated subjects included in the analysis, 38 (0·36%) developed an ivermectin-related SAE. To predict individual-level risk of SAE, we developed mixed multivariate logistic models including subjects’ sex, age, pre-treatment L loa and Mansonella perstans MFDs, and study region. Findings: The models predicted that regardless of sex, about 1% of people with 20 000 L loa microfilariae per millilitre of blood (mf/mL), 10% of people with 50 000 mf/mL and about one third of those with 100 000 mf/mL will develop an SAE. For a given MFD, males have a three-fold higher risk of developing an SAE than females. Interpretation: By enabling the prediction of post-ivermectin SAE risk in communities with known distribution of L loa MFDs, our results can guide decisions on the choice of ivermectin-based treatment strategies. They also predict that 37 SAEs were prevented in 2015 by using a Test-and-Treat strategy in the Okola District of Cameroon. Funding: UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; Mectizan Donation Program; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Surveillance of antibiotic resistance has become a public global concern after the rapid worldwide dissemination of several antibiotic resistance genes. Here we report the role of the Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection created in 2011 in the identification and description of multidrug-resistant bacteria thanks to collaborations and training of students from the Mediterranean basin and from African countries. Since the creation of the institute, 95 students and researchers have come from 19 different countries from these areas to characterize 6359 bacterial isolates from 7280 samples from humans (64%), animals (28%) and the environment (8%). Most bacterial isolates studied were Gram-negative bacteria (n = 5588; 87.9%), mostly from Algeria (n = 4190), Lebanon (n = 946), Greece (n = 610), Saudi Arabia (n = 299) and Senegal (n = 278). Antibiotic resistance was diversified with the detection and characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamases, carbapenemases and resistance to colistin, vancomycin and methicillin. All those studies led to 97 indexed international scientific papers. Over the last 6 years, our institute has created a huge network of collaborations by training students that plays a major role in the surveillance of resistance to antibiotics in these countries. Keywords: Africa, Antibiotic resistance, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Mediterranean, Multi-drug resistance

Background: Malaria is one of the most widespread and deadly diseases worldwide and large majority of malaria cases and deaths occurs in Africa. Efforts to develop an effective vaccine against malaria are underway and several vaccine prototypes are on different clinical trial phases. Objective: As many sub-Saharan African countries have shown interest in introducing large-scale infant vaccination against malaria when a definitively approved vaccine will be available, the present study aimed at mapping Mozambican parents’ willingness to get their children vaccinated and comparing the results with findings from a similar study we conducted in Togo (209 participants). Methods: In Mozambique, 227 parents indicated their willingness to get their children vaccinated (using an 11-point scale) against malaria under different conditions varying as a function of the main constructs of health-protective theories: perceived risk of getting malaria, perceived severity of malaria, effectiveness of the vaccine, cost of the vaccine, and neighbors’ attitude toward vaccination. The participant responses were subjected to cluster analysis, ANOVA and Ch(2) test. Results: Six qualitatively different positions were found, which were labeled Cost (12%); Neighbors, Risk, and Cost (28%); Treatment, Risk, and Cost (10%); Always Vaccinate (7%); Risk and Cost (13%); and Risk, Treatment, Effectiveness, and Cost (22%). These positions were associated with participants’ socio-demographic characteristics. Conclusion: A similar variety of parental positions on malaria vaccination was found in Mozambique and in Togo, which suggests that malaria vaccination campaigns in sub-Saharan African countries must be tailored in design and implementation to match the diversity of parents’ needs and views.

BackgroundSuboptimal use of antibiotics is a driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) can assist prescribers with rapid access to up-to-date information. In low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), the introduction of CDSS for antibiotic prescribing could have a measurable impact. However, interventions to implement them are challenging because of cultural and structural constraints, and their adoption and sustainability in routine clinical care are often limited. Preimplementation research is needed to ensure relevant adaptation and fit within the context of primary care in West Africa. ObjectiveThis study examined the requirements for a CDSS adapted to the context of primary care in West Africa, to analyze the barriers and facilitators of its implementation and adaptation, and to ensure co-designed solutions for its adaptation and sustainable use. MethodsWe organized a workshop in Burkina Faso in June 2019 with 47 health care professionals representing 9 West African countries and 6 medical specialties. The workshop began with a presentation of Antibioclic, a publicly funded CDSS for antibiotic prescribing in primary care that provides personalized antibiotic recommendations for 37 infectious diseases. Antibioclic is freely available on the web and as a smartphone app (iOS, Android). The presentation was followed by a roundtable discussion and completion of a questionnaire with open-ended questions by participants. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. ResultsMost of the participants had access to a smartphone during their clinical consultations (35/47, 74%), but only 49% (23/47) had access to a computer and none used CDSS for antibiotic prescribing. The participants considered that CDSS could have a number of benefits including updating the knowledge of practitioners on antibiotic prescribing, improving clinical care and reducing AMR, encouraging the establishment of national guidelines, and developing surveillance capabilities in primary care. The most frequently mentioned contextual barrier to implementing a CDSS was the potential risk of increasing self-medication in West Africa, where antibiotics can be bought without a prescription. The need for the CDSS to be tailored to the local epidemiology of infectious diseases and AMR was highlighted along with the availability of diagnostic tests and antibiotics using national guidelines where available. Participants endorsed co-design involving all stakeholders, including nurses, midwives, and pharmacists, as central to any introduction of CDSS. A phased approach was suggested by initiating and evaluating CDSS at a pilot site, followed by dissemination using professional networks and social media. The lack of widespread internet access and computers could be circumvented by a mobile app with an offline mode. ConclusionsOur study provides valuable information for the development and implementation of a CDSS for antibiotic prescribing among primary care prescribers in LMICs and may, in turn, contribute to improving antibiotic use, clinical outcomes and decreasing AMR.

Background Historically, the major cause of meningococcal epidemics in the meningitis belt of sub-Saharan Africa has been Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A (NmA), but the incidence has been substantially reduced since the introduction of a serogroup A conjugate vaccine starting in 2010. We performed whole-genome sequencing on isolates collected post-2010 to assess their phylogenetic relationships and inter-country transmission. Methods A total of 716 invasive meningococcal isolates collected between 2011 and 2016 from 11 meningitis belt countries were whole-genome sequenced for molecular characterization by the three WHO Collaborating Centers for Meningitis. Findings We identified three previously-reported clonal complexes (CC): CC11 (n = 434), CC181 (n = 62) and CC5 (n = 90) primarily associated with NmW, NmX, and NmA, respectively, and an emerging CC10217 (n = 126) associated with NmC. CC11 expanded throughout the meningitis belt independent of the 2000 Hajj outbreak strain, with isolates from Central African countries forming a distinct sub-lineage within this expansion. Two major sub-lineages were identified for CC181 isolates, one mainly expanding in West African countries and the other found in Chad. CC10217 isolates from the large outbreaks in Nigeria and Niger were more closely related than those from the few cases in Mali and Burkina Faso. Interpretations Whole-genome based phylogenies revealed geographically distinct strain circulation as well as inter-country transmission events. Our results stress the importance of continued meningococcal molecular surveillance in the region, as well as the development of an affordable vaccine targeting these strains. Fund Meningitis Research Foundation; CDC's Office of Advanced Molecular Detection; GAVI, the Vaccine Alliance.

To investigate potential risk factors for acquisition in seven countries of the meningitis belt.Households were followed up every 2 weeks for 2 months, then monthly for a further 4 months. Pharyngeal swabs were collected from all available household members at each visit and questionnaires completed. Risks of acquisition over the whole study period and for each visit were analysed by a series of logistic regressions.Over the course of the study, acquisition was higher in: (i) 5-to 14-year olds, as compared with those 30 years or older (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.4-9.9); (ii) smokers (OR 3.6, 95% CI 0.98-13); and (iii) those exposed to wood smoke at home (OR 2.6 95% CI 1.3-5.6). The risk of acquisition from one visit to the next was higher in those reporting a sore throat during the dry season (OR 3.7, 95% CI 2.0-6.7) and lower in those reporting antibiotic use (OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.03-0.56).Acquisition of meningococcal carriage peaked in school age children. Recent symptoms of sore throat during the dry season, but not during the rainy season, were associated with a higher risk of acquisition. Upper respiratory tract infections may be an important driver of epidemics in the meningitis belt.Investiguer les facteurs de risque potentiels d'acquisition dans sept pays de la ceinture de la méningite. MÉTHODES: Des ménages ont été suivis toutes les deux semaines pendant deux mois, puis tous les mois pendant quatre mois. Des prélèvements pharyngés sur écouvillons ont été collectés auprès de tous les membres disponibles du ménage à chaque visite et des questionnaires ont été remplis. Les risques d'acquisition sur l'ensemble de la période d’étude et pour chaque visite ont été analysés par une série de régressions logistiques. RÉSULTATS: Au cours de l’étude, l'acquisition a été plus élevée chez: (i) les 5-14 ans, par rapport à ceux âgés de 30 ans ou plus (OR = 3,6; IC95%: 1,4-9,9); (ii) les fumeurs (OR = 3,6; IC95%: 0,98-13); et (iii) les personnes exposées à la fumée de bois à la maison (OR = 2,6; IC95%: 1,3-5,6). Le risque d'acquisition d'une visite à l'autre était plus élevé chez les personnes signalant un mal de gorge pendant la saison sèche (OR = 3,7; IC95%: 2,0-6,7) et plus faible chez celles signalant une utilisation d'antibiotique (OR = 0,17; IC95%: 0,03-0,56).L'acquisition du portage du méningocoque a culminé chez les enfants d’âge scolaire. Les symptômes récents de maux de gorge pendant la saison sèche, mais pas pendant la saison des pluies, étaient associés à un risque d'acquisition plus élevé. Les infections des voies respiratoires supérieures pourraient être un facteur important d’épidémies dans la ceinture de la méningite.

Many infectious diseases have emerged or reemerged in Africa in the 21st century. Some of them are associated with newly discovered microorganisms such as Rickettsia felis and Tropheryma whipplei; others are known, historical diseases such as plague and cholera. In addition are diseases related to previously known microorganisms which recently have been involved for the first time in massive outbreaks with worldwide impacts (such as Ebola virus, Zika virus and Chikungunya virus). Research on emerging infectious diseases needs to be identified as a priority. Keywords: Africa, cholera, emerging infectious diseases, fever, plague

Historically, infectious diseases have caused more casualties than battle. The French military health service therefore developed a range of research on vector-borne diseases such as malaria and arboviruses, antibiotic resistance, infectious agents that can be used as biological weapons and vaccines. The main objective is to control naturally acquired or provoked infectious diseases and limit their impact on armed forces as well as on civilian populations in France or abroad, particularly in Africa and anywhere French armies may be deployed. The expertise of the military health service teams in manipulating agents requiring high level of biosafety precautions and in organizing and providing medical care in unnatural conditions, including the battlefield, associated with complementarity staff experience (physicians, biologists, epidemiologists, researchers, pharmacists, logisticians), has been used in the management of the Ebola outbreak in Guinea. Keywords: Africa, arbovirus, drug resistance, Ebola, malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, vaccine, vector-borne diseases

International audience; Background: The present work proposes, for the first time, a study exclusively focused on the diversity of Pteridophytes in Togo.The study was based on fieldwork that resulted in 869 new collections gathered between 2013 and 2017 in the country and on yet existing herbarium specimens kept at the Herbaria of Lomé and Paris. Thus, a total number of 1092 specimens collected throughout the country served as a basis for this work, to which were added the known, published occurrences of Pteridophytes for the country.New information: At the end of this study, a total diversity of 134 species belonging to 53 genera and 25 families and 12 orders were recorded and documented for the country. It results in 73 newly cited species for Togolese flora, including 61 spontaneous species. Lycopodiopsida (18 species) and Polypodiopsida (116 species) classes are both represented. The Polypodiales order is the most represented with 97 species. The Pteridaceae and Aspleniaceae families are the most diverse with 24 and 22 species respectively. Finally, notes were provided on species distribution at national level.

ObjectiveTo (i) systematically review the literature to determine the factors influencing diet and dietary behaviour in women living in urban Africa; (ii) present these in a visual map; and (iii) utilize this to identify potentially important areas for future research.DesignSystematic mapping review. The review protocol was registered at PROSPERO (http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/; registration number CRD42015017749). Six databases were systematically searched, followed by reference and citation searching. Eligibility criteria included women aged 18–70 years living in urban Africa, any design/methodology, exploring any driver, using any measure of dietary behaviour. Quality appraisal occurred parallel with data extraction. Twelve predominantly cross-sectional quantitative studies were included; reported in seventeen publications. Determinants were synthesized narratively and compiled into a map adapted from an existing ecological model based on research in high-income countries.SettingUrban Africa.SubjectsAfrican women aged 18–70 years.ResultsDeterminants significantly associated with unhealthy dietary behaviour ranged from the individual to macro level, comprising negative body image perception, perceptions of insufficient food quantity and poorer quality, poorer food knowledge, skipping meals, snacking less, higher alcohol consumption, unhealthy overall lifestyle, older age, higher socio-economic status, having an education, lower household food expenditure, frequent eating outside the home and media influence. Marital status and strong cultural and religious beliefs were also identified as possible determinants.ConclusionsFew studies have investigated drivers of dietary behaviours in urban African settings. Predominantly individual-level factors were reported. Gaps in the literature identified a need for research into the neglected areas: social, physical and macro-level drivers of food choice.

ObjectiveTo investigate spatial heterogeneity of stunting prevalence among children in Côte d’Ivoire and examine changes in stunting between 1994 and 2011, to assess the impact of the 2002–2011 civil war that led to temporary partitioning of the country.DesignData from 1994, 1998 and 2011 Côte d’Ivoire Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) were analysed using a geostatistical approach taking into account spatial autocorrelation. Stunting data were interpolated using ordinary kriging; spatial clusters with high and low stunting prevalence were identified using Kulldorff spatial scan statistics. Multilevel multivariable logistic regression was then carried out, with year of survey as the main independent variable and an interaction term for time by geographic zone (Abidjan, South, North).SettingCôte d’Ivoire, West Africa.SubjectsChildren aged 0–35 months included in three DHS (n6709).ResultsOverall stunting prevalence was 30·7, 28·7 and 27·8 % in 1994, 1998 and 2011, respectively (P=0·32). Clusters with high prevalence were found in 1994 (in the West region,PPP=0·01, respectively), but not in 2011. Abidjan was included in a cluster with low prevalence in all surveys (PConclusionsIn Côte d’Ivoire, significant changes in stunting prevalence were observed at the sub-national level between 1994 and 2011.

International audience; African countries generally cut corporate income tax (CIT) rates in the hopes of attracting foreign direct investment (FDI), whereas the effectiveness of tax rate reductions in attracting extractive industries FDI is controversial. This paper estimates the impact of the statutory CIT rate, as applied to mining companies, on FDI inflows to the gold and silver sectors of African economies. The estimation results indicate that the impact of the mining CIT rate on the host country's gold and silver FDI inflows is negative, but not statistically significant, at the conventional levels of significance. These results suggest that cuts in the CIT rate applied to mining companies will not necessarily attract FDI to gold and silver projects. Moreover, we find a strategic complementarity in gold and silver FDI inflows between countries, suggesting that an increase in the host country's gold and silver FDI inflows may stimulate FDI to gold and silver projects in neighbouring countries. Furthermore, the results show that infrastructure, government stability and gold and silver reserves positively affect gold and silver FDI inflows. The main findings of the paper suggest that, instead of granting corporate tax incentives, governments may consider improving the quality of socio-economic infrastructure, the availability of geological information and promoting political and economic stability for attracting mining investments.

The unprecedented population growth and low economic diversification in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) raise questions about possible paths for demo-economic transitions. Given the limitations of the dominant macroeconomic conception of structural change for analysing economic transformations in SSA, and acknowledging the importance of rural economies in SSA, this paper argues for an alternative approach to structural change that uses the rural household as the key unit of analysis of change. Structural change is therefore impacted by the evolution of the socioeconomic reproduction patterns of rural households. To understand these households’ reproduction patterns, the paper formulates an analytical framework centred on structures, institutions and their evolution. Drawing on Régulation theory, we first adjust institutional forms to rural African contexts. We then demonstrate how the income-labour nexus, integrating the social relations linked to the organisation of the production process and the modes of reproduction, is the dominant institutional form in capturing the socioeconomic reproduction of rural households. Last, to detect these emerging institutional configurations, we analyse youth transition as the critical period of households’ socioeconomic reproduction that can reveal structural change. L’accroissement sans précédent de la population et la faible diversification économique en Afrique subsaharienne (ASS) questionnent les trajectoires possibles des transitions démo-économiques nationales. Face à l’incomplétude de la conception dominante du changement structurel pour analyser les transformations économiques en ASS et à l’importance des économies rurales, cet article propose une approche alternative du changement structurel en considérant le ménage rural comme l’unité clé d’analyse du changement. Le changement structurel dépend donc de l’évolution des modalités de reproduction socio-économique des ménages ruraux. Pour analyser ces modalités, l’article élabore un cadre conceptuel centré sur les structures, les institutions et leur évolution. En mobilisant la théorie de la régulation, l’article opère d’abord un ajustement des formes institutionnelles au contexte rural de l’Afrique subsaharienne. L’article démontre ensuite en quoi le rapport social d’activité, intégrant les rapports sociaux liés à l’organisation du processus de production et aux modalités de la reproduction des travailleurs, est la forme institutionnelle dominante des modalités de reproduction socio-économique des ménages en Afrique rurale. Enfin, pour repérer les configurations institutionnelles émergentes, cet article considère l’insertion socio-économique des jeunes comme la période critique de la reproduction socio-économique des ménages susceptible de révéler un changement structurel. El crecimiento sin precedentes de la población y la debil diversificación de la economia de África sud sahariana (ASS) cuestionan las trayectorias demográficas posibles de las diversas naciones. Frente a las concepciones dominantes incompletas del cambio estructural para analizar esa transición en la AAS y a la importancia de las economias rurales, este articulo propone un enfoque alternativo del cambio estructural considerando que la familia rural como unidad clave de análisis del cambio. El cambio estructural depende entonces de la evolución de las modalidades de reproducción socio económica de las familias rurales. Para analizar esas modalidades el articulo elabora un marco conceptual centrado sobre las estructuras, las instituciones y su evolución. Movilizando la teoria de la regulación, el artículo procede primero a un ajuste de las formas institucionales al contexto rural de la ASS. El articulo demuestra luego de que manera la relación social de actividad, integrando las relaciones sociales relacionadas con la organizacion de los procesos de producción y las modalidades de la reproducción de los trabajadores es la forma institucional dominante de las modalidades de reproducción socioeconómica de las familias en África rural. Finalmente, para identificar las configuraciones institucionales emergente, el articulo considera la inserción socioeconómica de los jóvenes como el periodo critico de la reproducción socioeconómica de las familias susceptibles de revelar un cambio estructural.

International audience; The debate about restitution calls into question the Western production of cultural and historical knowledge about African societies. This paper provides an analysis of how this debate in Senegal is entangled with the ongoing French and European presence in social, institutional, economic, political and academic spaces, and the consequences in relation to local interests for restitution. It primarily focuses on stakeholders’ ideas about restitution rather than on the artefacts per se. For the return of artefacts mirrors the circulation of ideas, discourses and specific actors between Africa and Europe. Therefore, this paper calls for a broader reflection on how the decolonization movement inspiring restitution highlights mechanisms related to postcolonial entanglements: : what does restitution mean in postcolony (Mbembe, 2000)?

PurposeSocial franchise chains have social goals rather than – or in addition to – commercial or profit-making goals. But are these social goals, disclosed by social franchisors, aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and, if so, which ones?Design/methodology/approachThe authors examine the disclosure of SDG-related information on websites of 69 social franchise chains operating in Africa.FindingsThe authors' main findings show that social goals disclosed by social franchisors are aligned with certain SDGs that are general in nature and not just sector-dependent, except in the case of education.Practical implicationsThe authors' paper contributes to the practice by providing examples of the types and varieties of social goals social franchisors can pursue. Moreover, entrepreneurs might be encouraged to launch their franchise concept as franchisors who contribute to SDGs at an international, national or regional level or to join franchise chains as franchisees who contribute to SDGs at the local level.Social implicationsThe authors' findings show the potential for social franchise chains in developing countries to target and contribute to achieving SDGs.Originality/valueThe authors' paper adds to the limited literature on SDGs and, more specifically, on the role of the private sector, in particular social franchisors, in targeting and achieving SDGs.

Using a unique database of 204 employees in Senegal, this paper seeks to understand the determinants leading to the choice to enroll (or not) in a health insurance plan. To answer this question, we created three surveys to test certain preferences (time preference and risk aversion) and the role of information. In this paper, we show that Senegalese employees have a very strong preference for the present and a low aversion to loss, which could cause them to not take out insurance. We find that access to information on health insurance plays an essential role in the willingness to enroll. While 12% of employees who received no information about health insurance said they would not want to be insured if they could choose, this proportion dropped to 2% among employees who received positive information about health insurance. These results are econometrically confirmed when controlling for other factors such as gender, age and education. These results show the importance of information on people's perception of health insurance. It is therefore essential to communicate on the functioning of health insurance and the benefits of being covered in order to strengthen adherence to a health insurance system.

International audience; Most sub-Saharan African countries share the following characteristics: a strong dependence on natural resources, weak institutions, and relatively low growth levels preventing them to catch up with the rest of the developing world. This paper aims to unfold the natural resource curse by introducing a time perspective: long-term versus short-term effects. Following the two-step Engle and Granger procedure, an error-correction model is performed after a cointegration estimation. In addition, the paper clusters the countries to differentiate the natural resource curse mechanisms by level of institutional quality. Results are three-fold. On the long run, the negative impact of the dependence is confirmed for all categories. Countries with weak institutions are more vulnerable to the curse because the resource dependence not only negatively impacts long-term growth but also adversely impacts the recovery process. Finally, in a strong institutional environment, results point towards a potential positive impact of natural resources during recovery process.

This paper studies the impact of information and communication technologies (ICT), especially mobile phone rollout, on economic growth in a sample of African countries from 1988 to 2007. Further, we investigate whether financial inclusion is one of the channels through which mobile phone development influences economic growth. In estimating the impact of ICT on economic growth, we use a wide range of ICT indicators, including mobile and fixed telephone penetration rates and the cost of local calls. We address any endogeneity issues by using the System Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) estimator. Financial inclusion is captured by variables measuring access to financial services, such as the number of deposits or loans per head, compiled by Beck, Demirguc-Kunt, and Martinez Peria (2007) and the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP, 2009). The results confirm that ICT, including mobile phone development, contribute significantly to economic growth in African countries. Part of the positive effect of mobile phone penetration on growth comes from greater financial inclusion. At the same time, the development of mobile phones consolidates the impact of financial inclusion on economic growth, especially in countries where mobile financial services take hold.

International audience; Novel mechanisms for funding agricultural research for development (ARD) are emerging which strive to give smallholders a central role in deciding what types of innovation they want to explore and develop and how to do this. This paper reports on international experiences with one such mechanism, the Local Innovation Support Fund (LISF), which is being piloted in eight countries across Asia and Africa under the umbrella of the PROLINNOVA international partnership programme. The ways of setting up the LISFs vary greatly between countries, in response to country-specific conditions, experiences and opportunities, but all share certain structural elements: ensuring farmers' effective control over fund governance; making calls for proposals that farmers can easily understand and respond to; developing and applying effective screening criteria; and monitoring and evaluating systematically how the funds are used, the outcomes of the work and the impacts on farmers' lives, including their ability to influence ARD decision-making. After presenting the general rationale for the LISF pilot, the paper examines the diverse results obtained across countries in terms of structure and process of grant administration; number, size and types of grants; thematic foci; monitoring and impact assessment. Some critical issues are discussed: the importance of understanding concepts and its implications for LISF implementation, the purposes for which farmers use the funds, the pros and cons of supporting farmers' own experimentation versus farmer-led joint experimentation, and the perspectives for sustainability and scaling-up of the LISF approach within and beyond the eight countries in which it has been piloted.

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5; International audience; Territories, Herds and biomasses: Links and conditions for sustainable production in west and central African Sahel. In African Sahel, the sharing of space, of crop residues and of animal manure by communities of migrant farmers and those of pastoralists who have settled for more than two decades on the same locality situated in the southern part of this region is difficult today. On this land, the expansion of agricultural plots at the expense of rangeland has restricted movements and feeding of livestock. In the same time, the common grazing on crop residues of farmers by cattle belonging to pastoralists has accelerated the export of organic matter and encouraged the decline of soil fertility of farmers. The extensive practices and avoidance strategies that are traditionally developed individually by farmers, herders and local authorities, are now unable to contain the threats to sustainability of agricultural resources and profitability of production systems. Based on the detailed study of actor's practices and the follow-up during two years of their methods and results concerning the production and management of crop residues and organic manure, this paper proposes a pragmatic approach for innovation. The intensification of production systems is based on models of crop-livestock integration that have been constructed according to 3 scales: plot; farm; and territory. The implementation of these models requires coordinating scales and deploying approaches of consultation and contracting among actors and also technical and also organizational support as presented in the paper.

Volume entitled: Bodies and Politics. Healing Rituals in the Democratic South Africa, Co-ordinated by Véronique FAURE, co-edited by Arnold SHEPPERSON; The paper presented here derives out of a literature review on Western representations of African traditional healing systems, and interviews leading to a research thesis on the "Representations of traditional healing amongst"trainee interns in counselling psychology.

In this working paper, I wish to present four quick translations (from Chinese to French) that I made from four interviews with executives of large Chinese enterprises in Africa. It was originally published in a Chinese daily named the 21st Century Economic Report .These are four instances of a whole series of interviews with executives of large Chinese enterprises in Africa that were conducted by journalist Zhao Yining and which were published between February 2017 and August 2017. To introduce Ms Zhao and her work, I have also translated a short column about industrialization in Africa that she wrote and published in the same daily.These interviews look very interesting to me because questions and answers are meant to be read by Chinese people, in their own language and with their own codes. No Third-world fraternity, no win-win, just raw reality: money, only money but money.Nor is there any Party jargon On the other hand, for the first two interviews, there is a very constructed rhetoric that was probably developed at headquarters in China by one of the top executives, Sun Ziyu.In the case of the third interview, the strategy is much less constructed and more akin to that of small businessmen dredging opportunities. The fourth interview tells the poignant life of a Chinese Communist Party Secretary who is now expatriate in Cameroon.What is remarkable is that in all these papers there is hardly any reference to the New Silk Roads Initiative and the possibility of an inclusion of Africa. In fact, the inclusion of Africa in this project is a geopolitical but not economic concern and this was made evident at the Bo'ao Forum held in Paris in mid-September.; Dans ce document de travail je souhaite présenter quatre traductions rapides (du chinois au français) que j’ai faites des interviews de dirigeants de grandes entre-prises chinoises en Afrique. Ces interviews ont été originellement publiées dans le quotidien chinois Le Rapporteur économique du 21e siècle..Il ne s’agit que de quatre exemples pris dans toute une série d’interviews conduits en Afrique par Zhao Yining et qui ont été publiées entre février et août 2017. Pour présenter Mme Zhao et son travail, j’ai égale-ment traduit une note qu’elle a rédigée sur la question de l’industrialisation en Afrique et qu’elle a publiée dans le même journal.Ces interviews m’ont semblé très intéres-santes, car les questions et les réponses sont destinées à être lues par des Chinois dans leur propre langue et en utilisant leurs codes. Aucun romantisme tiers-mondiste, aucune fraternité Sud-Sud, aucune recher-che du gagnant-gagnant, juste la réalité brute : l’argent, seulement l’argent et encore l’argent.Aucun jargon politique non plus. En revanche, du moins pour les deux premières interviews, on nous offre un discours d’entreprise très construit vraisembla¬ble-ment forgé par les hauts dirigeants du groupe à Pékin comme Sun.Dans le cas de la troisième interview, la stratégie d’entreprise est beaucoup moins construite et on se rapproche bien davantage d’un comportement de petits hommes d’affaires à la poursuite de « bons coups » à faire, d’aubaines à saisir. La quatrième interview conte la vie poignante d’un secrétaire du Parti communiste chinois expatrié aujourd’hui au Cameroun. Ce qui est également remarquable est la quasi-absence de références à l’initiative des nouvelles routes de la soie et à l’inclusion de l’Afrique. Il apparaît clairement que l’éven-tua¬¬lité de cette inclusion est une préoccupa-tion plus géopolitique qu’écono¬mique, comme le Forum de Bo’ao qui s’est tenu à Paris à la mi-septembre l’a indirecte¬ment, mais très clairement montré.

International audience; Studies on global shipping network show mainly the very relative weight of Africa in the world and the growing impact of Asia in Africa’s connectivity, at the expense of Europe. However, this global view overlooks the role of the international transportation stakeholders, especially the one of ship-owners, in the insertion of Africa in global flows. The combination of recent and original data about containerships moves with quantitative methods through network analysis and a more qualitative work on stakeholders’ strategies, allows identifying differentiated logics for the ship-owners and the uniqueness of the situation of Africa and its regions in the global shipping network.; Les travaux sur le réseau maritime mondial montrent essentiellement le poids secondaire de l’Afrique et l’influence grandissante de l’Asie dans sa connectivité, au détriment de l’Europe. Cependant, cette approche englobante tend à négliger le rôle des acteurs économiques du transport international, et notamment celui des armateurs, dans l’insertion de l’Afrique dans les flux mondiaux. La combinaison de données récentes inédites de mouvements de porte-conteneurs, de méthodes quantitatives d’analyse de réseau, et d’une analyse plus qualitative des stratégies d’acteurs, permet d’identifier des logiques armateuriales différenciées et inédites, ce qui montre la spécificité de l’Afrique et de ses régions dans le réseau maritime mondial.

International audience; This paper investigates the impact of financial innovations (mobile money) on financial inclusion. Using both parametric and nonparametric methods on panel data from 50 African countries over the period 2004–2020, we find that mobile money adoption positively affects financial inclusion. Indeed, the results from propensity score matching show that mobile money adoption promotes financial inclusion in a range of 12–14 %. These results stem from the match between the services offered to individuals and their needs. Our results remain robust to a battery of robustness checks, including alternative measures of financial inclusion, alternative sample, heterogeneity analysis, as well as alternative estimation method. Overall, this study contributes to the construction of a hitherto underdeveloped literature on the macroeconomic impact of mobile money in the context of digitalization of the financial system.

This paper proposes a strategic framework to account for fertility choices in polygamous households. A theoretical model specifies the main drivers of fertility in the African context and describes how the fertility of one wife might impact the behavior of her co-wives. It generates predictions to test for strategic interactions. Exploiting original data from a household survey and the Demographic and Health Surveys in Senegal, empirical tests show that children are strategic complements. One wife raises her fertility in response to an increase by the other wife, because children are the best claim to resources controlled by the husband. This result is the first quantitative evidence of a reproductive rivalry between co-wives. It suggests that the sustained high level of fertility in Africa does not merely reflect women's lack of control over births, as is often argued, but also their incentives to have many children. This paper also contributes to the literature on household behavior as one of the few attempts to open the black box of non-nuclear families., CINCH working paper series, vol. 2016, no. 1

International audience; Postal e-services and human capital as a part of intellectual capital are currently two much discussed concepts in the context of developing countries. This paper uses Human Capital Index (HCI) and Postal E-services index (PES index) in order to analyze the level of development of developing countries and to point to the inaccuracy of the developed/developing classification of the World Bank. The paper has two objectives: to discover whether there is a statistical dependence between human capital and postal e-services in developing countries as it is in developed countries, and to create a new subgroup of " more developed " developing countries where this dependence confirms. Results of this paper document that there is a great diversity among developing countries and that additional subgroups may be defined within the rather broad classification of the World Bank, which is based on the GNI per capita indicator only. Human capital is being under scrutiny in numerous contexts but not yet in the context of postal e-services. Our paper presents a new method of analyzing the level of development and widens the range of aspects that must be taken into consideration when implementing measures to promote development.

International audience; This paper aims to assess whether a causal effect exists between maternal education and child survival in Madagascar. The omission of factors such as mother's health, innate ability and time preferences could lead to an overestimation of the true effect of education. The case of sub-Saharan Africa where child mortality rates are the highest, is overlooked by most of the causal evidence gathered so far for developing countries. The present paper attempts to redress this omission through the adoption of a careful empirical strategy. The analysis sheds light on the mechanisms at stake based on information on hygiene practices, housing conditions and the health care administered before, during and after childbirth. The results demonstrate that mothers' education has a positive and strong effect on their offsprings' survival probabilities. Wealth on its own has a strong effect but seems to account for only a third of the effect of maternal education. Abstract This paper aims to assess whether a causal effect exists between maternal education

Etudes & documents; Taking advantage of African experience, this paper proposes to enrich empirically the issue of fiscal space. Africa has markedly achieved significant economic progress since the 80's decade crisis. However, this progress has been proven insufficient to curb dramatically the infrastructures gap and poverty because of the shortage of funding. While several ways are being looked for creating a sustained fiscal space, this paper argues that improving the quality of public spending remains the key avenue. It then derives fiscal space by computing Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) efficiency scores of public spending using a group of 62 African and non-African countries over the period 1980-2013. The results indicate that on average African countries are less efficient than their peers. The average efficiency score of public spending for African countries relatively to their peers is 0.585 suggesting that they could reduce their spending by 41.5% to achieve the same results. This results in a lost fiscal space of about 11.5% of GDP equivalent to 43.8% of the outlay used and 3/4 of the current level of tax revenues. However, they have achieved a substantial improvement in efficiency change over time. Moreover, the results evidence that this estimated lost fiscal space is tied to the other indicators of fiscal space. In particular, larger lost fiscal space is positively correlated with foreign aid and external debt inflows but negatively with tax capacity.

Abstract Africa is particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts, which threatens food security, ecosystem protection and restoration initiatives, and fresh water resources availability and quality. Groundwater largely contributes to the mitigation of climate change effects by offering short- to long-term transient water storage. However, groundwater storage remains extremely difficult to monitor. In this paper, we review the strengths and weaknesses of satellite remote sensing techniques for addressing groundwater quantity issues with a focus on GRACE space gravimetry, as well as concepts to combine satellite observations with numerical models and ground observations. One particular focus is the quantification of changes in groundwater resources in the different climatic regions of Africa and the discussion of possible climatic and anthropogenic drivers. We include a thorough literature review on studies that use satellite observations for groundwater research in Africa. Finally, we identify gaps in research and possible future directions for employing satellite remote sensing to groundwater monitoring and management on the African continent. Article Highlights Overview on the distribution and characteristics of African groundwater resources including future projections Combination of satellite and in situ observations with numerical models allows us to obtain a synoptic view of groundwater-related processes Summary of current concepts and achievements of satellite remote sensing-based groundwater monitoring and decision making over Africa

This paper uses a novel dataset on ethnic warfare to shed light on how conflict affects social identification and cohesion. A large body of anecdotal studies suggests that ethnic identities become more salient at times of conflict. Using data from eighteen sub-Saharan countries, I provide econometric evidence for such a claim. The effect of ethnic conflict on various measures of social cohesion is also investigated, uncovering a positive relationship between the two. The finding is understood as a result of the ethnocentric dynamics generated by conflict: as ethnic warfare increases ethnic identification, in-group cooperation follows suit. This parochial interpretation is further strengthened by the use of remote violence and the conditionality of conflict-induced pro-social behaviour on low levels of ethnic polarisation.

International audience; In recent years, the effects of migration on economic outcomes have gained significant attention among researchers and policymakers. In the African context, the complex interplay between migration and economic outcomes is of particular importance, as many countries face unique challenges, such as limited resources, ongoing conflicts, and uneven development. This paper explores the impact of immigration, international migrant cash transfers, and emigration on total factor productivity in Africa, and its implications for public policy. We used the World Development Indicators, the Pen World Table from 2000 to 2020, and instrumental variable estimation in an endogenous growth model. The findings indicate that emigrant human capital and remittances have a negative impact on total factor productivity, whereas immigrant human capital positively affects it. These results highlight the importance of well-defined public migration policies that promote brain circulation, attract skilled immigrants, enhance domestic human capital development, and foster regional co-operation.

Lice are host-specific insects. Human lice include Pediculus humanus (body lice) which are known to be vectors of serious human bacterial infectious diseases including epidemic typhus, relapsing fever, trench fever and plague; Pediculus humanus capitis (head lice) that frequently affect children; and Pthirus pubis, commonly known as crab lice. In Africa, human infections transmitted by lice remained poorly known and therefore, underestimated, perhaps due to the lack of diagnostic tools and professional knowledge. In this paper we review current knowledge of the microorganisms identified in human lice in the continent of Africa, in order to alert health professionals to the importance of recognizing the risk of lice-related diseases.

International audience; This review assesses the potential of the African continent to contribute to the three main targets of the new science decade of IAHS (Panta Rhei): understanding, estimation and prediction, and science in practice. The continent has an extremely diverse climate and physical environment, and is faced with many problems in the interaction between hydrology and society. While inadequate financial and institutional resources often constrain the pursuit of high-level scientific research, there is substantial hydrological research capacity within Africa. The topics covered over the past decade have partly anticipated some of the research themes adopted as part of the Panta Rhei initiative. African hydrological scientists should therefore be in a better position to make future contributions, largely because their research is already grounded in applications linked to societal needs. Some of the papers reviewed and included in the special issue of Hydrological Sciences Journal introduced in this paper reflect international partnerships, while others reflect emerging partnerships between institutions within Africa. Editor M Acreman

International audience; 2015 is the year of the 60th anniversary of the 1955 Bandung Asian-African Conference. Several manifestations of commemoration of this turning point of world history were organised along the year 2014-2015 in diverse countries: China, Ecuador, France, Ghana, Indonesia, Nepal, Netherlands, Tunisia, USA,… Why all these commemorations? What do they reveal? What are their outcomes? This book tries to answer these questions by presenting selected papers coming from those diverse manifestations. The papers are written by eighteen academics from Africa, Asia, Latin America, Europe and USA. They are: Adams Bodomo (Ghana/Austria), Aziz Salmone Fall (Egypt/Senegal/Canada), Beatriz Bissio (Uruguay/Brazil), Darwis Khudori (Indonesia/France), Erebus Wong (China), István Tarrósy (Hungary), Jason E. Strakes (Georgia/USA), Lau Kin Chi (China), Lazare Ki-Zerbo (Burkina Faso/France), Lin Chun (China/UK), Manoranjan Mohanty (India), Mérick Freedy Alagbe (Congo/France), Naoko Shimazu (Japan/UK), Noha Khalaf (Palestine/France), Seema Mehra Parihar (India), Sit Tsui (China), Trikurnianti Kusumanto (Indonesia/Netherlands), Wen Tiejun (China).

International audience; This paper builds on the assumption that an effective approach to support the sustainability of natural resource management initiatives is institutional "bricolage." We argue that participatory planning processes can foster institutional bricolage by encouraging stakeholders to make their own arrangements based on the hybridization of old and new institutions. This papers aims at identifying how participatory process facilitators can encourage institutional bricolage. Specifically the paper investigates the specific contextual and procedural drivers of institutional dynamics in two case studies: the Rwenzori region in Uganda and the Fogera woreda in Ethiopia. In both cases, participatory planning processes were implemented. This research has three innovative aspects. First, it establishes a clear distinction between six terms which are useful for identifying, describing, and analyzing institutional dynamics: formal and informal; institutions and organizations; and emergence and change. Secondly, it compares the contrasting institutional dynamics in the two case studies. Thirdly, process-tracing is used to identify contextual and procedural drivers to institutional dynamics. We assume that procedural drivers can be used as "levers" by facilitators to trigger institutional bricolage. We found that facilitators need to pay particular attention to the institutional context in which the participatory planning process takes place, and especially at existing institutional gaps or failures. We identified three clusters of procedural levers: the selection and engagement of participants; the legitimacy, knowledge, and ideas of facilitators; and the design of the process, including the scale at which it is developed, the participatory tools used and the management of the diversity of frames.

Background: Childhood mortality, particularly in the first 5 years of life, is a major global concern and the target of Millennium Development Goal 4. Although the majority of childhood deaths occur in Africa and Asia, these are also the regions where such deaths are least likely to be registered. The INDEPTH Network works to alleviate this problem by collating detailed individual data from defined Health and Demographic Surveillance sites. By registering deaths and carrying out verbal autopsies to determine cause of death across many such sites, using standardised methods, the Network seeks to generate population-based mortality statistics that are not otherwise available.Objective: To present a description of cause-specific mortality rates and fractions over the first 15 years of life as documented by INDEPTH Network sites in sub-Saharan Africa and south-east Asia.Design: All childhood deaths at INDEPTH sites are routinely registered and followed up with verbal autopsy (VA) interviews. For this study, VA archives were transformed into the WHO 2012 VA standard format and processed using the InterVA-4 model to assign cause of death. Routine surveillance data also provided person-time denominators for mortality rates. Cause-specific mortality rates and cause-specific mortality fractions are presented according to WHO 2012 VA cause groups for neonatal, infant, 1–4 year and 5–14 year age groups.Results: A total of 28,751 childhood deaths were documented during 4,387,824 person-years over 18 sites. Infant mortality ranged from 11 to 78 per 1,000 live births, with under-5 mortality from 15 to 152 per 1,000 live births. Sites in Vietnam and Kenya accounted for the lowest and highest mortality rates reported.Conclusions: Many children continue to die from relatively preventable causes, particularly in areas with high rates of malaria and HIV/AIDS. Neonatal mortality persists at relatively high, and perhaps sometimes under-documented, rates. External causes of death are a significant childhood problem in some settings.Keywords: Childhood; Africa; Asia; mortality; INDEPTH Network; verbal autopsy; InterVA(Published: 29 October 2014)Citation: Glob Health Action 2014, 7: 25363 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/gha.v7.25363SPECIAL ISSUE: This paper is part of the Special Issue: INDEPTH Network Cause-Specific Mortality. More papers from this issue can be found at http://www.globalhealthaction.net

International audience; This paper presents the cross-regional comparative analysis of a participatory scenario planning exercise conducted in 13 regions of 13 countries in both Europe and Africa as part of the H2020 research project SALSA “Small farms, small food business and sustainable food security”. The objective of the analysis is threefold: (i) to better understand how small farms and small food businesses would perform, in terms of their contribution to regional food and nutrition security, in a set of common scenarios for the year 2050; (ii) to assess how the evolution of certain drivers of change could impact on their future situation, and (iii) to derive some policy implications aimed to preserve and strengthen their capacity to contribute to food and nutrition security.

International audience; Unlike the richly documented rock art of the Sahara or southern Africa, that of sub-Saharan Africa often remains poorly known. With 117 inventoried sites (including 20 decorated caves), the Lovo Massif contains one of the largest concentrations of rock sites in the entire region, representing more than 5700 images. Dating this rock art is a real challenge, and only a few direct dates of drawings made with charcoal have been obtained so far (Heimlich et al., 2013). In this paper, we present the first chronology for the red geometric paintings of the Lovo Massif. We used uranium-series and 14C on secondary carbonates deposited above a series of geometric paintings at the M'Bubulu rock art site, in order to propose a minimum age for these motifs. The cross-dating shows evidence of a close system behavior for these secondary carbonate layers, thereby validating the ages obtained. They can thus be used to constrain the chronology of the red geometric paintings, which were made before the seventeenth century. Thus, this art could be attributed to a specific Kongo ritual.

International audience; The increasing number of hydro-gravimetry studies proves the rising interest of the hydrology community towards this monitoring method. The accuracy of Superconducting Gravimeters (SG) potentially allows the retrieval of small Water Storage Changes (WSC) down to a few millimeters of equivalent water thickness However, the importance of these corrections applied to SG data to achieve such a precision in gravity residuals should be recalled. The Djougou permanent gravity station presented in this paper and located in northern Benin, West-Africa, provides a good opportunity to review these considerations. This station is equipped since July 2010 with the superconducting gravimeter SG-060 aimed at deriving WSC at different time-scales, daily to inter-annual. In this area, WSC are 1) part of the control system for evapotranspiration (ET) process, a key variable of the West-African monsoon cycle and 2) the state variable for resource management, a critical issue in storage-poor hard rock basement contexts such as in northern Benin. The potential for deriving WSC from time-lapse gravity data partly depends on environmental features such as topography and the instrument shelter. Therefore, this issue is addressed first, with the background idea that such sensitivity analysis should be undertaken before setting up any new instrument. In Djougou, local topography is quite flat leading to a theoretical straightforward relationship between gravity changes and WSC, close to the standard Bouguer value. However, the shelter plays a significant masking role, which is the principal limitation to the retrieval of fast hydrological processes such as ET following a rain event. Several issues concerning classical gravity corrections are also addressed in the paper. These include gap-filling procedures during rain-events and drift estimates for short time series. Special attention is provided to atmospheric corrections, and different approaches are tested: a simple scalar admittance, a filtered scalar admittance, a frequency-dependent admittance and direct atmospheric loading calculations. It is shown that only the physically-based approach of direct loading calculations performs better in both residual minimization and ET retrieval. Moreover, non-local hydrological effects are investigated and account for about 20% of the gravity residuals. Finally, gravity residuals are briefly analyzed at two distinct time scales: rapid (up to a few days) and seasonal. At the rapid time-scale, it is shown that ET retrieval is hardly achievable given shelter size and state-of-the-art atmospheric corrections. Still, mean values retrieved from this study are in accordance with known values of potential ET and constant lateral flow. Direct comparison of gravity changes with hydrological data (neutron probe monitoring and water table levels) show some discrepancies, particularly for the hydrological year of 2011, for which all hydrological data show a deficit, but SG and FG5 data do not. This preliminary analysis both provides a basis and call for further hydro-gravity modeling, to comprehensively investigate the water-cycle at the Djougou station.

The Charismatic Movement of Ethiopia: Interpreting the Official Data; this paper is based on a study published in 2014 (DEWEL [2014], Paris).Pentecostals and Evangelicals in Ethiopia have showed an important rise during the last decades. This became obvious by an ostentatious presence and an increased visibility of the New Churches in both urban and rural Ethiopian landscape. Nevertheless, the information and data about this movement are scarce. Except the figures in numbering their fellows that most churches are providing, data are virtually limited to the official figures extracted from the mega censuses. Those data show 2 major drawbacks: (1) many observers have criticized the methodology and (2) all Christians from Ethiopia expect Ethiopian “Orthodox” and Catholics a numbered together in a same category called “Protestants”.The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that, however, the official figures are not completely useless. Therefore, in the absence of other information, they might be of interest in an attempt of defining the contemporary shape of the Ethiopian Charismatic Movement. Figures provided by the government censuses will be analysed in the light of local nuances and displayed in charts and maps.As a conclusion, we shall show what is the actual extension of the Charismatic movement in Ethiopia: the territory they really occupy, their proportional importance among the regional populations, where their main epicenters are located and how the national impact of their rise can be grasped.; Le mouvement charismatique en Éthiopie : interprétation des données officielles. Cette communication est basé sur une étude publiée en 2014 (DEWEL [2014], Paris).Pentecôtistes et évangélistes en Éthiopie ont montré une importante progression au cours des dernières décennies. Cela est devenu évident par une présence ostentatoire et une visibilité accrue des nouvelles Églises, tant dans le paysage urbain que rural. Néanmoins, les données et informations disponibles pour étudier ce mouvement sont rares. En dehors des chiffres proposés par les congrégations pour indiquer leur importance, les seules données disponibles sont celles des statistiques officielles. Ces données sont cependant discutables car (1) de nombreux observateurs ont critiqué la méthodologie des recensements et (2) tous les chrétiens qui ne sont pas « orthodoxes » ou « catholiques » y sont désignés comme « protestants ».L’objectif de cet article est de démontré que, cependant, les chiffres officiels ne sont pas dépourvus d’intérêt. Ainsi, en l’absence de toute autre information, ils peuvent être employés à définir les contours du mouvement charismatique contemporain d’Éthiopie. Pour cela, nous nuancerons les chiffres et données gouvernementales par leur contexte et nous replacerons sur cartes et graphiques.En conclusion, nous montrerons ce qu’est réellement la progression charismatique / pentecôtiste en Éthiopie : les territoires qu’ils occupent, leur importance relative et proportionnelle dans les populations régionales, leurs épicentres de développement et comment leur progression au niveau national peut être nuancée ou réduite.

This introductory paper argues that, for most of the period since 1914, paternalism has been the most enduring influence over labour management in large-scale agriculture in Africa and South-East Asia. On the other hand, paternalism appears in a number of variants, with considerable differences in terms of protagonists, degrees of comprehensiveness, emphases and relations to alternative approaches to labour management. After a brief preliminary section, the paper falls into three sections. The first argues for a specific definition of paternalism, against an account of the term's intellectual history. The second provides a sketch of paternalism's lines of development in African and South-East Asian agriculture. The third introduces the other papers in this collection by identifying their contributions to three central questions that arise from these discussions: how paternalism has been contested and by whom, whether paternalism will persist and if so in what form, and the implications of paternalism for citizenship.

The Charismatic Movement of Ethiopia: Interpreting the Official Data; this paper is based on a study published in 2014 (DEWEL [2014], Paris).Pentecostals and Evangelicals in Ethiopia have showed an important rise during the last decades. This became obvious by an ostentatious presence and an increased visibility of the New Churches in both urban and rural Ethiopian landscape. Nevertheless, the information and data about this movement are scarce. Except the figures in numbering their fellows that most churches are providing, data are virtually limited to the official figures extracted from the mega censuses. Those data show 2 major drawbacks: (1) many observers have criticized the methodology and (2) all Christians from Ethiopia expect Ethiopian “Orthodox” and Catholics a numbered together in a same category called “Protestants”.The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that, however, the official figures are not completely useless. Therefore, in the absence of other information, they might be of interest in an attempt of defining the contemporary shape of the Ethiopian Charismatic Movement. Figures provided by the government censuses will be analysed in the light of local nuances and displayed in charts and maps.As a conclusion, we shall show what is the actual extension of the Charismatic movement in Ethiopia: the territory they really occupy, their proportional importance among the regional populations, where their main epicenters are located and how the national impact of their rise can be grasped., Le mouvement charismatique en Éthiopie : interprétation des données officielles. Cette communication est basé sur une étude publiée en 2014 (DEWEL [2014], Paris).Pentecôtistes et évangélistes en Éthiopie ont montré une importante progression au cours des dernières décennies. Cela est devenu évident par une présence ostentatoire et une visibilité accrue des nouvelles Églises, tant dans le paysage urbain que rural. Néanmoins, les données et informations disponibles pour étudier ce mouvement sont rares. En dehors des chiffres proposés par les congrégations pour indiquer leur importance, les seules données disponibles sont celles des statistiques officielles. Ces données sont cependant discutables car (1) de nombreux observateurs ont critiqué la méthodologie des recensements et (2) tous les chrétiens qui ne sont pas « orthodoxes » ou « catholiques » y sont désignés comme « protestants ».L’objectif de cet article est de démontré que, cependant, les chiffres officiels ne sont pas dépourvus d’intérêt. Ainsi, en l’absence de toute autre information, ils peuvent être employés à définir les contours du mouvement charismatique contemporain d’Éthiopie. Pour cela, nous nuancerons les chiffres et données gouvernementales par leur contexte et nous replacerons sur cartes et graphiques.En conclusion, nous montrerons ce qu’est réellement la progression charismatique / pentecôtiste en Éthiopie : les territoires qu’ils occupent, leur importance relative et proportionnelle dans les populations régionales, leurs épicentres de développement et comment leur progression au niveau national peut être nuancée ou réduite.

http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2013/11/04/000158349_20131104105238/Rendered/PDF/WPS6687.pdf; This paper presents a new type of land market analysis relevant to cities with plural tenure systems as in West Africa. The methodology hinges on a systemic analysis of land delivery channels, which helps to show how land is initially made available for circulation, how tenure can be formalized incrementally, and the different means whereby households can access land. The analysis is applied to the area of Bamako in Mali, where information was collected through (i) interviews with key informants, (ii) a literature review on land policies, public allocations, and customary transfers of land, (iii) a press review on land disputes, and (iv) a survey of more than 1,600 land transfers of un-built plots that The analysis finds that land is mostly accessed through an informal customary channel, whereby peri-urban land is transformed from agricultural to residential use, and through a public channel, which involves the administrative allocation of residential plots to households. The integrated analysis of land markets and land institutions stresses the complexity of procedures and the extra-legality of practices that strongly affect the functioning of formal and informal markets and make access to land costly and insecure, with negative social, economic, and environmental impacts over the long term.