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International audience; There is growing interest in non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) as a novel treatment option for substance-use disorders (SUDs). Recent momentum stems from a foundation of preclinical neuroscience demonstrating links between neural circuits and drug consuming behavior, as well as recent FDA-approval of NIBS treatments for mental health disorders that share overlapping pathology with SUDs. As with any emerging field, enthusiasm must be tempered by reason; lessons learned from the past should be prudently applied to future therapies. Here, an international ensemble of experts provides an overview of the state of transcranial-electrical (tES) and transcranial-magnetic (TMS) stimulation applied in SUDs. This consensus paper provides a systematic literature review on published data - emphasizing the heterogeneity of methods and outcome measures while suggesting strategies to help bridge knowledge gaps. The goal of this effort is to provide the community with guidelines for best practices in tES/TMS SUD research. We hope this will accelerate the speed at which the community translates basic neuroscience into advanced neuromodulation tools for clinical practice in addiction medicine.

International audience

The article collected in this volume are based on contributions to workshops and meetings that were held within the context of the PRELUDE Project.

Although anthropologists frequently report the centrality of odours in the daily lives and cultural beliefs of many small-scale communities, Western scholars have historically considered the sense of smell as minimally involved in human communication. Here, we suggest that the origin and persistence of this latter view might be a consequence of the fact that most research is conducted on participants from Western societies who, collectively, were ratherold(adults),deodorizedanddesensitized(ODD) to various aspects of olfactory perception. The view is rapidly changing, however, and this themed issue provides a timely overview of the current state-of-the-art on human chemocommunication. Based on evolutionary models of communication, the papers cover both general mechanisms of odour production by ‘senders’ and odour perception by ‘receivers’. Focus on specific functional contexts includes reciprocal impact of odours between infants and mothers, the role of odour in mate choice and how odours communicate emotion and disease. Finally, a position paper outlines pitfalls and opportunities for the future, against the context of the replication crisis in psychology. We believe a more nuanced view of human chemical communication is within our grasp if we can continue to develop inter-disciplinary insights and expand research activities beyond ODD people.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Olfactory communication in humans’.

The compartmentalization of the cerebellum into modules is often used to discuss its function. What, exactly, can be considered a module, how do they operate, can they be subdivided and do they act individually or in concert are only some of the key questions discussed in this consensus paper. Experts studying cerebellar compartmentalization give their insights on the structure and function of cerebellar modules, with the aim of providing an up-to-date review of the extensive literature on this subject. Starting with an historical perspective indicating that the basis of the modular organization is formed by matching olivocorticonuclear connectivity, this is followed by consideration of anatomical and chemical modular boundaries, revealing a relation between anatomical, chemical, and physiological borders. In addition, the question is asked what the smallest operational unit of the cerebellum might be. Furthermore, it has become clear that chemical diversity of Purkinje cells also results in diversity of information processing between cerebellar modules. An additional important consideration is the relation between modular compartmentalization and the organization of the mossy fiber system, resulting in the concept of modular plasticity. Finally, examination of cerebellar output patterns suggesting cooperation between modules and recent work on modular aspects of emotional behavior are discussed. Despite the general consensus that the cerebellum has a modular organization, many questions remain. The authors hope that this joint review will inspire future cerebellar research so that we are better able to understand how this brain structure makes its vital contribution to behavior in its most general form.

SummaryThe golden paper wasp is a social insect whose colony members have the remarkable ability to recognise each others' faces. New research shows that this species is singularly skilled at learning about faces, opening interesting perspectives on convergent evolution of specialist cognitive abilities in insects and vertebrates.

International audience; It is often, though sometimes only implicitly, assumed that biological/genetic evolution sets neural substrates, that neural substrates fix cognitive abilities, and that cognitive abilities determine the spectrum of cultural practices exhibited by a biological species. We label this view as the "bottom-up-only" view. In this paper we will show that such a "chain of dependence" is much looser than usually assumed, especially as far as recent periods (the last 800,000 years versus the last seven million or more) are considered. We will provide evidence and arguments supporting the idea that cultural innovation may have direct and ascertainable effects both on the cognitive capabilities of populations of hominins (via what we call "cultural exaptation") and on the neural substrates of the individuals in those populations (via what we call "cultural neural reuse"). Together, cultural exaptation and cultural neural reuse may give raise to a plausible general mechanism for cognitive evolution in which culture is the driving force, thus offering a "top-down-also" view of human evolution. Response to Reviewers: Dear Fiona, Thank you for the opportunity to resubmit a revised version of our manuscript Culture: the driving force of human cognition. We address below, introduced by an asterisk (*), on a point by point basis, how we have addressed the comments raised by you and the reviewers. As you will see, we have made almost all the changes suggested by you and them, including those concerning the figures. We think that, thanks to the comments and issues raised by the reviewers and synthetized by you, the paper is now much stronger. We hope that the revised manuscript will be accepted by TopiCS as we believe that it is a significant contribution and of interest for a large scientific audience.

Even if shared mobility services are encouraged by transportation policies, they remain underused and inefficient transportation modes because they struggle to find their customer base. This paper aims to estimate the potential demand for such services by focusing on individual trips and determining the number of passengers who perform similar trips. Contrary to existing papers, this study focuses on the demand without assuming any specific shared mobility system. The experiment performed on data coming from New York City conducts to cluster more than 85% of the trips. Consequently, shared mobility services such as ride-sharing can find their customer base and, at a long time, to a significantly reduce the number of cars flowing in the city. After a detailed analysis, commonalities in the clusters are identified: regular patterns from one day to the next exist in shared mobility demand. This regularity makes it possible to anticipate the potential shared mobility demand to help transportation suppliers to optimize their operations.

International audience; Both physiological and evolutionary criteria of biological individuality are underpinned by the idea that an individual is a functionally integrated whole. However, a precise account of functional integration has not been provided so far, and current notions are not developed in the details, especially in the case of composite systems. To address this issue, this paper focuses on the organisational dimension of two representative associations of prokaryotes: biofilms and the endosymbiosis between prokaryotes. Some critical voices have been raised against the thesis that biofilms are biological individuals. Nevertheless, it has not been investigated which structural and functional obstacles may prevent them from being fully integrated physiological or evolutionary units. By contrast, the endosymbiotic association of different species of prokaryotes has the potential for achieving a different type of physiological integration based on a common boundary and interlocked functions. This type of association had made it possible, under specific conditions, to evolve endosymbionts into fully integrated organelles. This paper therefore has three aims: first, to analyse the organisational conditions and the physiological mechanisms that enable integration in prokaryotic associations; second, to discuss the organisational differences between biofilms and prokaryotic endosymbiosis and the types of integration they achieve; finally, to provide a more precise account of functional integration based on these case studies.

International audience; Research about the semantics of agent communication languages traditionally sees the opposition between the mentalist and social approaches. In this paper we adopt a mixed approach since we propose a logical framework allowing us to express both the intentional and institutional dimensions of a communicative action. We use this framework to give a semantics for some speech acts representing each of Searle’s categories except expressives. This semantics relaxes the criticized constraints imposed in FIPA-ACL and also extends this standard with new speech acts and new institutional features to characterise them. It has been implemented in an extension of the Semantic Add-on for the JADE agent development platform, and used in an industrial application in the context of automated B2B exchanges.

Paradigm is a notion closely related to morphology, and more particularly to inflection. However, the paradigmatic approach is gaining in popularity in derivational morphology even if many consider paradigms to be unfit for derivation because of the gaps and mismatches that occur with derivational processes. This results in a lack of consensus on the relevance of derivational paradigms and in a lack of a clear definition of this notion. Therefore, derivational paradigms remain mostly unknown objects that should be studied in greater depth. This is the very goal of the special issue introduced by this paper, namely to define paradigms for derivation, illustrate them with various examples from different languages, and evaluate them in order to assess their psycholinguistic relevance. In this way, the papers in the issue show that paradigms are as operational, valid and useful tools in derivation as they are in inflection. Moreover, a better characterization of this notion will provide new insights into the organization of lexical morphology and new perspectives on the differences and similarities between inflection and derivation.

This paper extends the notion of the rational agent in economics by acknowledging the role of the unconscious in the agent's decision-making process. It argues that the unconscious can be modelled by a rational agent with his own objective function and set of information. The combination of both the conscious and unconscious agents is called the "dual agent". This dual agent presents rationally biased behaviors that may not disappear through aggregation, and could be potentially measured. It also provides a theoretical approach to the emotionally-driven actions. On the social sciences side, the paper pleads for a wider use of substantive rationality in the understanding of human behavior.

This paper responds to Bernecker’s (Front Psychol 8:1207, 2017) attack on Michaelian’s (Front Psychol 7:1857, 2016a) simulationist account of confabulation, as well as his defence of the causalist account of confabulation (Robins, Philos Psychol 29(3):432–447, 2016a) against Michaelian’s attack on it. The paper first argues that the simulationist account survives Bernecker’s attack, which takes the form of arguments from the possibility of unjustified memory and justified confabulation, unscathed. It then concedes that Bernecker’s defence of the causalist account against Michaelian’s attack, which takes the form of arguments from the possibility of veridical confabulation and falsidical relearning, is partly successful. This concession points the way, however, to a revised simulationist account that highlights the role played by failures of metacognitive monitoring in confabulation and that provides a means of distinguishing between “epistemically innocent” (Bortolotti, Conscious Cogn 33:490–499, 2015) and “epistemically culpable” memory errors. Finally, the paper responds to discussions by Robins (Synthese 1–17, 2018) and Bernecker (Front Psychol 8:1207, 2017) of the role played by the concept of reliability in Michaelian’s approach, offering further considerations in support of simulationism.

International audience; In a recent paper, De Toffoli and Giardino analyzed the practice of knot theory, by focusing in particular on the use of diagrams to represent and study knots [1]. To this aim, they distinguished between illustrations and diagrams. An illustration is static; by contrast, a diagram is dynamic, that is, it is closely related to some specific inferential procedures. In the case of knot diagrams, a diagram is also a well-defined mathematical object in itself, which can be used to classify knots. The objective of the present paper is to reply to the following questions: Can the classificatory function characterizing knot diagrams be generalized to other fields of mathematics? Our hypothesis is that dynamic diagrams that are mathematical objects in themselves are used to solve classification problems. To argue in favor of our hypothesis, we will present and compare two examples of classifications involving them: (i) the classification of compact connected surfaces (orientable or not, with or without boundary) in combinatorial topology; (ii) the classification of complex semisimple Lie algebras.

Paper accepted for publication in Perspectives on Science; In this paper, I outline a heuristic for thinking about the relation between explanation and understanding that can be used to capture various levels of “intimacy”, between them. I argue that the level of complexity in the structure of explanation is inversely proportional to the level of intimacy between explanation and understanding, i.e. the more complexity the less intimacy. I further argue that the level of complexity in the structure of explanation also affects the explanatory depth in a similar way to intimacy between explanation and understanding, i.e. the less complexity the greater explanatory depth and vice versa.

This paper discusses on different complementary concepts: the uses, the dissonances, the opportunities and the threats. Dissonances are conflicts between individual, collective or organizational knowledge. Such conflicts exist on system uses: they are called dissonances of uses that can produce positive or negative impacts, i.e. opportunities or threats respectively. After presenting these concepts, the paper proposes and illustrates with practical examples a generic approach combining expertise on system engineering, cognitive sciences and information sciences to take into account dissonances of uses and their consequences., Cet article s'inspire de différents concepts complémentaires : les usages, les dissonances, les opportunités et les menaces. Les dissonances sont des conflits entre connaissances individuelles, collectives ou organisationnelles. De tels conflits existent sur les usages de systèmes : ce sont des dissonances d'usages pouvant générer des résultats positifs ou négatifs, i.e. des opportunités ou des menaces potentielles respectivement. Après avoir présenté ces différents concepts, l'article propose et illustre par des exemples les prémices d'une démarche globale combinant des expertises en ingénierie des systèmes, en sciences cognitives et en sciences de l'information pour prendre en compte les dissonances d'usages et leurs conséquences.

Purpose The paper aims to provide a semiotic interpretation of the role played by entanglement in quantum-based models aimed to information retrieval and suggests possible improvements. Actual models are capable of retrieving documents relevant to a query composed of a keyword and its acceptation expressed by a given context. The paper also considers some analogies between this technique and quantum-based approaches in other disciplines to discuss the consequence of this quantum turn, as epistemology and philosophy of language are concerned. Design/methodology/approach We use quantum geometry to design a formal model for textual semiotics. In particular, the authors refer to Greimas’s work on semantics and information theory, to Eco’s writings on semantic memory and to Lotman’s work on a cybernetic notion of culture. Findings Quantum approaches imply a particular point of view on meaning. Meaning is not a real, positive quality of a given word. It is a net of relations constructed in the text, whose value is progressively determined during the reading process. Furthermore, reading is not a neutral operation: to read is to determine meaning. If it is said that, from a general semiotic point of view, meaning is stored in quantum semantic memories and is read/written by semantic machines, then the operation of “reading/writing” is analogous to the operation of measuring in quantum theory: in other terms, meaning is a value, and this implies an instance (not necessarily human) according to which values are valuable. Research limitations/implications The authors are not proposing a complete quantum semantics. At the present, quantum information retrieval can detect the presence of semantic relations. The authors suggest a way to characterize them, leaving open the problem on how to formalize the document as a vector in four-state semantic space. Practical implications A quantum turn shows deep semiotic implications on the approach to language, which shows an immanent semantic organization not reducible to syntax and morphology. This organization is probabilistic and indeterministic and explains to what extent text fixes the meaning of its lexical units. Social implications In the authors’ perspective, signification is not the exclusivity of a human subject. Criticizing Turing test, the great semiotic and cybernetic scholar Jurij Lotman wrote that if we identify “intelligent” and “human”, we raise the failings of an actual form of intelligence to the rank of an essential characteristic. On this line, meaning is considered as a feature of social, artificial and biological systems. Originality/value The adoption of quantum formalism seems in line with cybernetic framework, involving a probabilistic, non-cartesian point of view on meaning aimed to critically discuss the human–machine relation. Furthermore, Quantum theory (QT) implies a phenomenological point of view on the conditions of possibility of meaning.

International audience; We describe in this paper a formalization of the notion of "role" that involves a clear separation between two very different sorts of roles. Semantic roles, like student or customer, are seen as (pre-defined) transitory properties that can be associated with (usually animate) entities. From a formal point of view, they can be represented as standard concepts to be placed into a specific branch of a particular ontology; they formalize the static and classificatory aspects of the notion of role. Functional roles must be used, instead, to model those pervasive and dynamic situations corresponding to events, activities, circumstances etc. that are characterized by spatio-temporal references; see, e.g., "John is now acting as a student". They denote the specific function with respect to the global meaning of an event/situation/activity… that is performed by the entities involved in this event/situation... and formalize the dynamic and relational aspects of the notion of role. A functional role of the subject/agent/actor/protagonist… type is used to associate "John" with the notion of student or customer (semantic roles) during a specific time interval. Formally, functional roles are expressed as primitive symbols like subject, object, source, beneficiary. Semantic and functional roles interact smoothly when they are used to deal with challenging knowledge representation problems like the so-called "counting problem", or when we need to setup powerful inference rules whose atoms can directly denote complex situations. In this paper, the differentiation between semantic and functional roles will be illustrated from an NKRL point of view. NKRL (Narrative Knowledge Representation Language) is a high-level conceptual tool used for the computer-usable representation and management of the inner meaning of syntactically complex and semantically rich multimedia information. But, as we will see, the importance of this distinction goes well beyond its usefulness in a specific NKRL context. In particular, the use of functional roles is of paramount importance for the setup of those evolved n-ary forms of knowledge representation that allow us to get rid from the limitations in expressiveness proper to the standard (binary) solutions.

Part 1: Collaborative Networks; International audience; A good amount of research within the last few decades has been focusing on computational models of emotion and the relationships they have with human emotional processes and how they affect the surrounding environments. The study of emotions is interdisciplinary and ranges from basic human emotion research, like in psychology, to the social sciences studies present in sociology. The interactions between those and the computational sciences are becoming a challenge. One particular challenge that is presented in this paper is the study of collaborative emotions within a Collaborative Network (CN) environment. A CN is composed of different participants with different interaction characteristics such as, expectations, will to cooperate and share, leadership, communication, and organizational abilities, among others. This paper presents an approach, based on system dynamics and agent-based modeling, to model the emotional state of an individual member of the network (via a non-intrusive way). Some simulation results illustrate the approach.

International audience; In our present society, the cinema has become one of the major forms of entertainment providing unlimited contexts of emotion elicitation for the emotional needs of human beings. Since emotions are universal and shape all aspects of our interpersonal and intellectual experience, they have proved to be a highly multidisciplinary research field, ranging from psychology, sociology, neuroscience, etc., to computer science. However, affective multimedia content analysis work from the computer science community benefits but little from the progress achieved in other research fields. In this paper, a multidisciplinary state-of-the-art for affective movie content analysis is given, in order to promote and encourage exchanges between researchers from a very wide range of fields. In contrast to other state-of-the-art papers on affective video content analysis, this work confronts the ideas and models of psychology, sociology, neuroscience, and computer science. The concepts of aesthetic emotions and emotion induction, as well as the different representations of emotions are introduced, based on psychological and sociological theories. Previous global and continuous affective video content analysis work, including video emotion recognition and violence detection, are also presented in order to point out the limitations of affective video content analysis work.

International audience; This paper deals with the perception of German enunciative modalities, like assertion, interrogationand exclamation, by non-native speakers with French as their native language. It aims tostudy the relationship between the perception of different modalities and the morphosyntactic andintonative structures of the target and source languages. The first part of the paper describes corpusacquisition and acoustic stimuli recording conditions, together with the perception of the testprotocol. The second part presents the results of this test, including the time reaction to the audiostimuli, which carry the various enunciative modalities, and the validity of the responses. The thirdand last part analyses the intonative and morphosyntactic structures of the target language and interpretsthe results of the perception test. This study confirms the existence of intonative and morphosyntacticmarkers, which influence reaction time. Early onset of these segmental and prosodicmarkers enhances the precocious anticipation of correct decisions, and thus shorter reaction times.The results of this research will be compared with our previous study on “perception of Frenchenunciative modalities by German native speakers”.

In this paper we summarize concepts from earlier work and demonstrate how infinite sequential games can be used to model strategic conversations. Such a model allows one to reason about the structure and complexity of various kinds of winning goals that conversationalists might have. We show how to use tools from topology, set-theory and logic to express such goals. Our contribution in this paper is to offer a detailed examination of an example in which a player ‘defeats himself’ by going inconsistent, and to introduce a simple yet revealing way of talking about unawareness. We then demonstrate how we can use ideas from epistemic game theory to define various solution concepts and justify rationality assumptions underlying a conversation.

Part 3: Short Papers; International audience; This paper explores how the very human notion of Wisdom can be incorporated in the different behvaiour and ultimately reasonings of our computational systems. In particular, it extends and combines previous work in the areas of Computational Trust, Socially Adept Technologies, Device Comfort and the more recent notion of Slow Computing that was teased out at a recent Dagstuhl seminar. A brief exposition of Wisdom, its place in autonomous sociotechnical systems, and pointers to how we can make it work are provided. Further work is explored.

International audience; One of the most critical properties of a versatile intelligent agent is its capacity to adapt autonomously to any change in the environment without overly complexifying its cognitive architecture. In this paper, we propose that understanding the role of neuromodulation in the brain is of central interest for this purpose. More precisely, we propose that an accurate estimation of the nature of uncertainty present in the environment is performed by specific brain regions and broadcast throughout the cerebral network by neuromodulators, resulting in appropriate changes in cerebral functioning and learning modes. Better understanding the principles of these mechanisms in the brain might tremendously inspire the field of Artificial General Intelligence. The original contribution of this paper is to relate the four major neuromodulators to four fundamental dimensions of uncertainty.

International audience; Negation is a key element in the construction of logical systems and plays a central role in reasoning and information manipulation tools. This paper considers the issue of negating graded beliefs, in the framework of a graded doxastic logic. It studies three interpretations of negation for these high level pieces of information, where negation is transferred to the three components of graded beliefs: the formula about which a belief is expressed, the belief modality and the belief level. The paper discusses the choice of appropriate formal frameworks for each of them, considering modal, fuzzy and many-valued logics; it characterises their use and underlines their relations, in particular regarding their effects on the belief degrees.

International audience; Virtual Reality (VR) has emerged as a promising tool in many domains of therapy and rehabilitation , and has recently attracted the attention of researchers and clinicians working with elderly people with MCI, Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. Here we present a study testing the feasibility of using highly realistic image-based rendered VR with patients with MCI and dementia. We designed an attentional task to train selective and sustained attention, and we tested a VR and a paper version of this task in a single-session within-subjects design. Results showed that participants with MCI and dementia reported to be highly satisfied and interested in the task, and they reported high feelings of security, low discomfort , anxiety and fatigue. In addition, participants reported a preference for the VR condition compared to the paper condition, even if the task was more difficult. Interestingly, apathetic participants showed a preference for the VR condition stronger than that of non-apathetic participants. These findings suggest that VR-based training can be considered as an interesting tool to improve adherence to cognitive training in elderly people with cognitive impairment.

Revised Selected Papers; International audience; This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Multi-Agent-Based Simulation, MABS 2015, held in Istanbul, Turkey, in May 2015. The workshop was held in conjunction with the 14th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-agent Systems, AAMAS 2015. The 12 revised full papers included in this volume ware carefully selected from 22 submissions. The papers focus on the influence of social sciences and multi-agent systems, with a strong application/empirical vein, and its emphasis is stressed on exploratory agent based simulation as a principled way of undertaking scientific research in the social sciences and using social theories as an inspiration to new frameworks and developments in multi-agent systems.

Of all the perspectives about what inconsistencies entail and how we can handle them, one that escapes our attention is that inconsistencies can serve as effective stimuli to learning because they often help reveal the inadequacies, gaps, deficiencies, or boundary conditions in an agent's problem-solving knowledge. In this paper, we describe a new machine learning approach: inconsistency-induced learning where a learning episode is triggered by some inconsistent phenomenon and learning is essentially embodied in the process of finding ways to overcome such inconsistent phenomenon. Each learning episode causes an agent's task-performing knowledge to be revised, refined, or augmented, which in turn incrementally improves its problem-solving performance. If such a learning agent can be engaged in an open-ended and alternating sequence of task-performing episodes and learning episodes, we can refer to it as a perpetual learning agent. We also provide an overview of related work in the paper.

International audience; During the last 50 years, the question of the cognitive nature of phonological units has followed the rhythm of the persistent debate between auditory and motor theories of speech communication. Though recent advances in cognitive neuroscience and cognitive psychology have largely renewed this debate, a consensus is still out of reach, and the true nature of speech units in the human brain remains elusive.A dimension of importance in this debate is a systemic one: speech units are not isolated, they are part of a phonological system, and they obey structural principles regarding well-investigated properties as distinctiveness, compositionality, contextual dependencies or systemic regularities. The phonological system itself is also part of a complex network of interaction with low-level biomechanical and sensory-motor systems, with higher-level brain structures regulating cognition, emotion and motivation, and finally with the social structures in which all these systems are embedded.Connecting assumptions or theories about the nature of speech units with a structuralist view about the relationship between phonetic properties and phonological systems has given rise to a number of major breakthroughs in speech science, for instance Lindblom’s bridges between the Variable Adaptive Theory (or its Hyper-Hypo variant) of speech communication (Lindblom, 1990) and the Dispersion Theory of vowel systems (Lindblom, 1986); or Stevens’ Quantal Theory (Stevens, 1972, 1989) addressing both the invariance issue and the search for the origins of distinctiveness and phonetic features; or the tandem between the Motor Theory of Speech Perception (Liberman & Mattingly, 1985) and Articulatory Phonology (Browman & Goldstein, 1992) in the Haskins Labs. This Special Issue is centered around a target paper by Moulin-Frier et al. that aims at relating the question of the auditory vs. motor vs. perceptuo-motor nature of speech units with simulations of vowel, plosive and syllable systems of human languages emerging from agent interactions, in a computational Bayesian framework. In this context, the papers in the special issue explore further the systemic perspective, studying how various dimensions of physical, cognitive, motivational and interactional systems can inform our understanding of the origins of speech forms.

Part 2: Regular Submissions; International audience; Carl Adam Petri is well known for introducing the nets having his name. It is less known that net theory was, for Petri, the kernel of a radical shift in scientific knowledge. Carl Adam Petri has not written extensively during his life and this may have been an important reason that only the most applied part of his approach, the use of nets for designing concurrent systems, has become largely popular. In this paper, I try to popularize in a larger community the radical novelty and the relevance of the approach Petri used for developing scientific knowledge of physical and social phenomena. In short, we can say that Petri’s approach assumes that knowledge, even scientific knowledge, is rooted in human experience and there is no way, and no necessity, to connect it directly to an external reality.This has, as we will see, much to do with the concept of computing and, indirectly, with the relations between science and philosophy. This paper will summarize three aspects of Petri’s thinking, which deserve a wider attention: the notion of model, the new algebraic foundations for a theory of modeling (whose main example are Petri Nets) and its application to Human Communication Pragmatics.

International audience; In this paper we review the current problematic of high intelligence quotient (HQI) individuals as it is developed both in the paradigm of cognitive psychology and in that of clinical psychology. The evolution of the HQI concept as well as that of intelligence models is presented. We insist on the limits of the cognitive approach alone, whereas clinical psychology highlights the particularities of these people which oblige us to widen the framework of HQI to prefer the notion of High Potential, thus underlining that the processes involved are not only cognitive but global, also emotional, affective and creative. The comparison of the two paradigmatic approaches (cognitive psychology and clinical psychology) shows, particularly on this theme, very different epistemological conceptions of intelligence. It also highlights the limits of neuropsychological tests in the face of the living, subtle and embodied actuality of differential psychology. These two approaches are both necessary and complementary.; Dans ce texte nous tentons de faire une revue de la problématique actuelle des personnes à haut quotient intellectuel (HQI) telle qu'elle est développée à la fois dans le paradigme de la psychologie cognitive mais aussi dans celui de la psychologie clinique. L'évolution du concept de HQI ainsi que celle des modèles d'intelligence sont présentées. Nous insistons sur les limites de la seule approche cognitive, alors que la psychologie clinique met en évidence des particularités de ces personnes qui obligent à élargir le cadre du HQI pour lui préférer la notion de Haut Potentiel, soulignant ainsi que les processus impliqués ne sont pas seulement cognitifs mais globaux, également émotionnels, affectifs et créatifs. La mise en regard des deux approches paradigmatiques (psychologie cognitive et psychologie clinique) montre, en particulier sur cette thématique, des conceptions épistémologiques très différentes quant à l'intelligence. Elle met également en évidence la limite des tests neuropsychologiques face à l'actualité vivante, subtile et incarnée de la psychologie différentielle. Ces deux approches sont à la fois nécessaires et complémentaires. 1

From the moment of birth, humans and animals are immersed in time: all experiences and actions evolve in time and are dynamically structured. The perception of time is thus a capacity indispensable for the control of perception, cognition and action. The last 10 years have witnessed a remarkable resurgence of interest in timing and time perception, with a continuously increasing number of researchers exploring these temporal abilities. However, existing robotic systems largely neglect the key role of time in cognition and action. This is a major barrier for accomplishing the long-term goal of symbiotic human-robot interaction. The critical question is: how is time instantiated in a biological system and how can it be implemented in an artificial system? Recent years have seen an increasing focus on the relationship between embodiment, affective states and the subjective experience of time. In particular, the influence of affective states on subjective time seems to depend on the embodiment of emotions. As a result, intertwined affective and interoceptive states probably contribute to our subjective experience of time. Since robotic systems are in essence embodied information-processing systems that interact with the real world, we hope to inspire a reciprocal exchange of ideas between the field of Robotics, Cognitive Neurosciences, and Psychology. The present Research Topic aims at paving the way for a new generation of intelligent computational systems that incorporate the sense of time in their processing loop and thus accomplish more efficient and more advanced cognitive capacities. Along this line, the development of robots which can sense the passage of time will significantly improve human-robot interaction particularly in natural tasks that require knowledge of and sensitivity to temporal factors. In this research topic, we have called researchers from different disciplines (Psychology, Robotics, and Neuroscience) to present their empirical work, their models or reviews on the question of how time judgments are instantiated in biological and artificial systems. Of particular interest were papers on time perception in humans and animals—with a focused interest on embodied time perception—as well as papers discussing the key role of time on different aspects of robotic cognition and the neural underpinnings of timing related phenomena. In the following, we organized the contributing articles into three categories: (1) psychology and embodied cognition, (2) robotics, and (3) neural underpinnings. First of all, we want to specifically point to the contributing article (Maniadakis and Trahanias, 2014) which provides a broad theoretical overview on the multitude of aspects of how time affects cognition. We suggest consulting this article prior to delving into the other articles in this research topic.

International audience; This paper presents a model to represent situated action in farming systems. The basic idea is to invert the classical vision of action that stipulates that action is a consequence of a decision process and a plan. We consider action as mainly dictated by a situation created by the interaction of the actor and his/her environment. Hence, action is a process that emerges from this situation. Thus, in this paper we treat the question of how to model action as an emergence process from the situations created by actors and their environment? For this, our model is based on multiagent system as well as on the affordance, emergence and stigmergy concepts (this paper emphasizes mainly the first two).

Giuseppe Longo, Maël Montévil. Extended Criticality, Phase Spaces and Enablement in Biology. Invited Paper, Special Issue of Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, Volume 55, Pages 64–79, October 2013. (ExtCritEnable.pdf).; International audience; This paper analyzes, in terms of critical transitions, the phase spaces of biological dynamics. The phase space is the space where the scientific description and determination of a phenomenon is given. We argue that one major aspect of biological evolution is the continual change of the pertinent phase space and the unpredictability of these changes. This analysis will be based on the theoretical symmetries in biology and on their critical instability along evolution. Our hypothesis deeply modifies the tools and concepts used in physical theorizing, when adapted to biology. In particular, we argue that causality has to be understood differently, and we discuss two notions to do so: differential causality and enablement. In this context constraints play a key role: on one side, they restrict possibilities, on the other, they enable biological systems to integrate changing constraints in their organization, by correlated variations, in un-prestatable ways. This corresponds to the formation of new phenotypes and organisms.

International audience; In order to maximize their fitness, animals have to deal with different environmental and social factors that affect their everyday life. Although the way an animal behaves might enhance its fitness or survival in regard to one factor, it could compromise them regarding another. In the domain of decision sciences, research concerning decision making focuses on performances at the individual level but also at the collective one. However, between individual and collective decision making, different terms are used resulting in little or no connection between both research areas. In this paper, we reviewed how different branches of decision sciences study the same concept, mainly called speed-accuracy trade-off, and how the different results are on the same track in terms of showing the optimality of decisions. Whatever the level, individual or collective, each decision might be defined with three parameters: time or delay to decide, risk and accuracy. We strongly believe that more progress would be possible in this domain of research if these different branches were better linked, with an exchange of their results and theories. A growing amount of literature describes economics in humans and eco-ethology in birds making compromises between starvation, predation and reproduction. Numerous studies have been carried out on social cognition in primates but also birds and carnivores, and other publications describe market or reciprocal exchanges of commodities. We therefore hope that this paper will lead these different areas to a common decision science.

International audience; Mareschal, French, and Quinn (2000) and Mareschal, Quinn, and French (2002) have proposed a connectionist model of visual categorization in 3- to 4-month-old infants that simulates and predicts previously unexplained behavioural effects such as the asymmetric categorization effect (French, Mareschal, Mermillod, & Quinn, 2004). In the current paper, we show that the model's ability to simulate the asymmetry depends on the correlational structure of the stimuli. These results are important given that adults (Anderson & Fincham, 1996) as well as infants (Younger & Cohen, 1986) are able to rely on correlation information to perform visual categorization. At a behavioural level, the current paper suggests that pure bottom-up processes, based on the correlational structure of the categories, could explain the disappearance of the asymmetry in older 10-month-old infants (Furrer & Younger, 2005). Moreover, our results also raise new challenges for visual categorization models that attempt to simulate the shift from asymmetric categorization in 3- to 4-month-old to symmetric categorization in 10-month-old infants (Shultz & Cohen, 2004; Westermann & Mareschal, 2004, 2012). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International audience; This paper introduces Interactional Motivation (IM) as a way to implement self-motivation in artificial systems. An interactionally motivated agent selects behaviors for the sake of enacting the behavior itself rather than for the value of the behavior’s outcome. IM contrasts with extrinsic motivation by the fact that it defines the agent’s motivation independently from the environment’s state. Because IM does not refer to the environment’s states, we argue that IM is a form of self-motivation on the same level as intrinsic motivation. IM, however, differs from intrinsic motivation by the fact that IM allows specifying the agent’s inborn value system explicitly. This paper introduces a formal definition of the IM paradigm and compares it to the reinforcement-learning paradigm as traditionally implemented in Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs).

International audience; This paper introduces the basic phenomenon of multistability, which occurs when a single physical stimulus produces alternations between different subjective percepts. The phenomenon was first discovered when different images were presented to the two eyes; the perceived image was dominated at any one time by the image presented to one eye, but the percept "flipped" unpredictably, an effect called binocular rivalry. Multistability was later discovered to occur for a wide range of visual stimuli, including those involving apparent motion, and to occur for auditory, tactile and olfactory stimuli. The key features of stimuli leading to multistability are: (i) they have more than one plausible perceptual organisation; (ii) these organisations are not compatible with each other. Most cases of multistability are based on competition in selecting and binding stimulus information. Hence, multistability can be used as a method for studying the binding process in various perceptual modalities. The binding issue is considered here in three different directions: binding sensory information into perceptual scenes for defining perceptual objects in each modality; binding sensory inputs across modalities for addressing questions about multisensory perceptual organisation in the brain; and binding our knowledge of neural processing in various sensory modalities to let emerge new questions, new methods and new models. The paper concludes with an outline of the papers in this issue and with some thoughts about open directions and avenues for further research.

This paper proposes an abstract mathematical frame for describing some features of cognitive and biological time. We focus here on the so called "extended present" as a result of protentional and retentional activities (memory and anticipation). Memory, as retention, is treated in some physical theories (relaxation phenomena, which will inspire our approach), while protention (or anticipation) seems outside the scope of physics. We then suggest a simple functional representation of biological protention. This allows us to introduce the abstract notion of "biological inertia"., Comment: This paper was made possible only as part of an extended collaboration with Francis Bailly (see references), a dear friend and "ma\^itre \'a penser", who contributed to the key ideas. Francis passed away in february 2008: we continue here our inspiring discussions and joint work

International audience; How linguistics turned cognitive (again)This paper describes the birth of the conglomerate of interconnected views that is known as cognitive linguistics. In today’s parlance, “cognitive linguistics” refers to a movement that was born in the United Sates in the 1970s and progressively took shape in the work of linguists who wished to break away from generative grammar. Although generative grammar was initially perceived by some linguists as a liberating new framework, which made it possible again to explore semantic matters and the mapping of meaning to forms, it soon became clear to the same linguists that the Chomskyan school was not taking generative grammar in that direction. The dissident approach which resulted from their alternative point of view, generative semantics, anticipated and, to a certain extent, prepared the split between cognitive linguistics and the Chomskyan paradigm. Both steps, — the generative semantics period and the ensuing move to cognitive linguistics — are retraced here. In the second part of the paper, the move to cognitive linguistics (or various brands of it) is examined in some detail for four linguists who had all at one point views sympathetic to generative semantics and played a major role in the constitution of cognitive linguistics (Chafe, Talmy, Lakoff and Langacker). The last part describes how the reawakening of semantics and of an empiricist view of cognition favored the adoption of prototype theory and promoted metaphor as an important field of inquiry. Since prototype theory and metaphor have been linked to psychology and general views on cognition, it is appropriate at that point to discuss the interactions between linguistics and cognitive science.

Best student paper award; International audience; Our hypothesis is that conversational implicatures are a rich source of clarification questions. In this paper we do two things. First, we motivate the hypothesis in theoretical, practical and empirical terms. Second, we present a framework for generating the clarification potential of an instruction by inferring its conversational implicatures with respect to a particular context. General means-ends inference, beyond classical planning, turns out to be crucial.

International audience; Human communication emerges from cortical processing, known to be implemented on a regular repetitive neuronal substratum. The supposed genericity of cortical processing has elicited a series of modeling works in computational neuroscience that underline the information flows driven by the cortical circuitry. In the minimalist framework underlying the current theories for the embodiment of cognition, such a generic cortical processing is exploited for the coordination of poles of representation, as it is reported in this paper for the case of visual attention. Interestingly, this case emphasize how abstract internal referents are built to conform to memory requirements. This paper proposes that these referents are the basis for communication in humans, which is firstly a coordination and an attentional procedure with regard to their congeners.

This paper reports a study of a multi-agent model of working memory (WM) in the context of Boolean concept learning. The model aims to assess the compressibility of information processed in WM. Concept complexity is described as a function of communication resources (i.e., the number of agents and the structure of communication between agents) required in WM to learn a target concept. This model has been successfully applied in measuring learning times for three-dimensional (3D) concepts (Mathy and Bradmetz in Curr Psychol Cognit 22(1):41-82, 2004). In this previous study, learning time was found to be a function of compression time. To assess the effect of decompression time, this paper presents an extended intra-conceptual study of response times for two- and 3D concepts. Response times are measured in recog- nition phases. The model explains why the time re- quired to compress a sample of examples into a rule is directly linked to the time to decompress this rule when categorizing examples. Three experiments were conducted with 65, 49, and 84 undergraduate students who were given Boolean concept learning tasks in two and three dimensions (also called rule-based classifi- cation tasks). The results corroborate the metric of decompression given by the multi-agent model, espe- cially when the model is parameterized following static serial processing of information. Also, this static serial model better fits the patterns of response times than an exemplar-based model.

International audience; 'Tripolar model' here refers to the model, often also called '3 P model: Profit/Planet/People' or '3 E model: Economics/Environment/Equity', which is very widely used as the reference model for any project in sustainability, including sustainable design. The purpose of the paper is to present a critique of this tripolar model as it is structured and used. The research is based on the empirical evidence that too many projects based on this model have run into serious difficulties or have failed. The critique of the model is carried out in two steps. The first concludes that there is a lack of complex intelligence in handling the systemic logic of the model. The second shows that the anthropological foundations of the model are fallacious. A corrected version of the model follows, with a renaming of the three poles: comprehensive economics, social equity and human creativity. The new model is then discussed with regard to the so-called 'social threefolding' principles of philosopher Rudolf Steiner (1866-1925), which refer to the three ideals of the French revolution. In this perspective, Fraternity should be associated with the economic pole, Equality with the social, and Liberty with the cultural/creative. This model is currently used throughout the world as a basis for various initiatives, on scales ranging from local enterprise to national political economy. The paper concludes with the proposal that the model seems fruitful for the conduct of sustainable design projects.

This paper is concerned with the analysis of the theories of the mind proposed by the researchers in cognitive science and the stakes linked to the construction of this domain. The first part of this work deals with the analysis of the texts, discourses, references and representations of the most famous actors of the construction of the cognitive science. Some maintain that the logic is the most suitable mean to study the cognitive processes, whereas others believe that it is the study of the brain functioning. The aim of the paper is to understand the cultural universe of the researchers in cognitive science, what philosophical choices they adopt and how their practices and formation affect their conceptions. The second part of the paper deals with the institutional aspects of the construction of the cognitive science in France., Cet article a pour objet l'analyse des modèles de la pensée proposés par les chercheurs en sciences cognitives et des enjeux sous-jacents à la construction de ce domaine. La première partie de ce travail porte sur l'analyse des textes, des discours, des références, des représentations, des images que se sont forgés les acteurs les plus actifs dans la construction des sciences cognitives. Si pour certains, la logique apparaît comme le meilleur moyen d'aborder le fonctionnement de la pensée, pour d'autres, c'est l'étude du cerveau qui leur semble l'approche la plus adéquate. L'objectif de cet article est de comprendre dans quel univers culturel les chercheurs en sciences cognitives évoluent, quelles positions philosophiques ils adoptent, quelles références ils utilisent et comment leurs pratiques et leur formation influent sur leurs conceptions. La deuxième partie aborde la question des enjeux disciplinaires, économiques et politiques attachés au processus d'institutionnalisation des sciences cognitives en France.

This paper is concerned with the problem of self-identification in the domain of action. We claim that this problem can arise not just for the self as object, but also for the self as subject in the ascription of agency. We discuss and evaluate some proposals concerning the mechanisms involved in self-identification and in agency- ascription, and their possible impairments in pathological cases. We argue in favor of a simulation hypothesis that claims that actions, whether overt or covert, are centrally simulated by the neural network, and that this simulation provides the basis for action recognition and attribution. In this paper we will be concerned with the problem of self-identification as it arises in the domain of action, which we will take to include both overt and covert or simulated actions. Talk of a problem of identification presupposes a contrast set, and the possibility that, in seeking to identify one self, one picks out something in the contrast set instead. With self-identification, two contrast sets must be considered: the world at large and the set of other selves. The problem of self-identification therefore divides into two sub-problems: self-world discrimination and self-other discrimin- ation. We focus here on the latter problem. Our first aim is to show that there is a problem of self-other discrimination. Our second aim is to discuss and evaluate some proposals concerning the mechanisms involved in self-identification and in agency- ascription, and their possible impairments in pathological cases. In the first section, we will examine some of the reasons why philosophers have paid little attention to the problem of self-other discrimination, and investigate the conditions under which this problem can arise. In section 2, we will concentrate on the identification of the self as a physical body. In section 3, we will present evidence that we are able to perceive the intentions of others. This will involve the idea of shared representations of actions, the nature and format of which we will

International audience; When time is of the essence and teams face unexpected contextual changes, they must adapt quickly, sometimes even in real time, that is, they may have to improvise. This paper adopts an inductive approach to explore how teams decide to engage in improvised adaptation, and what happens during those processes for improvisation to be successful. The study analyzes improvisation from the perspective of paradox theory and identifies six paradoxical tensions driven by these contexts: deployment, development, temporal, procedural, structural, and behavioral tensions. We propose a dynamic equilibrium model of team improvised adaptation that leads to team plasticity. By properly managing the paradoxical tensions emerging from the convergence of design and execution, teams become more plastic and able to cope with sudden change. These findings contribute to adaptation and improvisation literatures by delving into the adaptation process under the temporal and material confluence of design and execution.

International audience; Certain confusion may be observed in the field of biomimetic architecture, as it emerges at the crossroad of two disciplinary domains: architectural design and biological sciences. If biomimetics is defined as a science, once it is applied to architecture, biomimetic architecture should logically be defined as a science too. This assertion collides with the nature of architectural design, which may rather be defined as a technology: its aim is to transform the world, not to explain it. On the one hand, there is no obvious relationship between architecture and life sciences. On the other hand, the biomimetic approach tends to redefine the concept of science itself by seeking to avoid the excesses of scientism. Moreover, existing applications of biomimetic design show that it is difficult to observe a genuine biomimetic architecture; most cases are closer to engineering component or urban planning and sometimes they involve little or no life sciences. The aim of this paper is to describe this conceptual confusion through two movements called “forcings”, occurring between design and science. These forcings are conceptualised as shifts between constructed scientific objects and given empirical objects. Models, used in biology as in architecture, allow these shifts by virtue of their double function. They are both tools for knowledge and for design, thus they may be conceptually forced into what they are not supposed to be, particularly in the field of biomimetic architecture where design process and scientific knowledge are said to meet.

International audience; Gradual semantics are now well-studied in the computational argumentation literature. In this paper, we argue that gradual semantics that can handle both bipolarity (e.g. attacks and supports) and sets of attacking arguments (i.e. several arguments together attacking an argument) might be useful in some contexts. We define the formal framework and properties for such semantics. We proceed by adapting, studying and implementing three well-known semantics from the bipolar gradual literature to this new framework.

Background. This paper explores the conceptual and methodological problems arising from several empirical investigations of professional education and learning in the workplace. Aims. 1. To clarify the multiple meanings accorded to terms such as ‘ non-formal learning’, ‘ implicit learning’ and ‘ tacit knowledge’, their theoretical assumptions and the range of phenomena to which they refer. 2. To discuss their implications for professional practice. Method. A largely theoretical analysis of issues and phenomena arising from empirical investigations. Analysis. The author's typology of non-formal learning distinguishes between implicit learning, reactive on-the-spot learning and deliberative learning. The significance of the last is commonly overemphasised. The problematic nature of tacit knowledge is discussed with respect to both detecting it and representing it. Three types of tacit knowledge are discussed: tacit understanding of people and situations, routinised actions and the tacit rules that underpin intuitive decision-making. They come together when professional performance involves sequences of routinised action punctuated by rapid intuitive decisions based on tacit understanding of the situation. Four types of process are involved-reading the situation, making decisions, overt activity and metacognition-and three modes of cognition-intuitive, analytic and deliberative. The balance between these modes depends on time, experience and complexity. Where rapid action dominates, periods of deliberation are needed to maintain critical control. Finally the role of both formal and informal social knowledge is discussed; and it is argued that situated learning often leads not to local conformity but to greater individual variation as people's careers take them through a series of different contexts. This abstract necessarily simplifies a more complex analysis in the paper itself. (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1348/000709900158001/abstract)