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What is known and objective: Caspofungin is commonly used in kidney transplant patients for prophylaxis or treatment of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) caused by Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. Factors such as concomitant medications, co‐morbidity and rejection often cause caspofungin pharmacokinetic parameters alterations in kidney transplant patients. Here, we aimed to investigate factors influencing caspofungin plasma concentrations and evaluate its prophylaxis and treatment efficiency for IFIs in kidney transplant patients. Methods: The prophylaxis and treatment efficiency of caspofungin for IFIs were assessed in 164 kidney transplant patients in the study. Six hundred and fifty‐two caspofungin trough concentrations (Cmin) from the 164 patients were monitored by the liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry method. Basic demographic variables, baseline disease, surgery, rejection, indwelling catheter, coinfection, concomitant medication and other caspofungin‐related factors were collected. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess factors influencing caspofungin plasma concentrations. Results and discussion: The success rates were 94.96% (132/139) for caspofungin prevention and 80% (20/25) for caspofungin for IFIs. Caspofungin Cmin in the kidney recipients varied largely compared with healthy volunteers (0.10‐12.25 mg/L vs. 1.12‐1.78 mg/L). Caspofungin Cmin significantly increased in patients with continuous renal replacement therapy before transplantation (P =.001), concomitant medication of cyclosporine A (CsA, P =.009), ALB concentration of > 30 g/L (P =.019). What is new and conclusion: This is an uncontrolled observational study of caspofungin as prophylaxis or treatment for IFIs in kidney transplant patients. Caspofungin could be an effective and well‐tolerated option for antifungal prophylaxis and treatment in kidney transplant patients, and a number of factors could influence caspofungin Cmin in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]