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Research projects concerning informational and heritage resources accumulated in the Croatian diaspora communities are becoming a growing interest in Croatian academia. This paper is a contribution to illuminate content and significance of resources which are necessary in the research of the history and the present Croatian emigration. In the introduction we bring a short history of St. Anthony Croatian Catholic Church and Croatian community that gathered there since the founding of the parish in 1910. The second part of the paper explains the role of the church archives on an example of St. Anthony Croatian Catholic Church in relation to the community, analysing its structure and signi- ficance and reviewing the methodology used and shown in the research. By analysing the content of the documents the emphasis is put on the importance of archival sources for the historical research of the Croatian community in Los Angeles. Until now the Parochial Archives of St. Anthony Croatian Catholic Church has been unknown to the professional and scientific public, therefore, this paper is also a contribution to the research of the Croatian cultural and archival heritage in diaspora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents and describes archival records about Croats in Brazil and consequently on emigrants from Croatia in relation to that country, with the aim to enable easier access to future researchers and interested readers of this subject matter. The starting hypothesis is that the Croatian emigrant community is still relatively invisible in the context of migratory studies, as well as in general terms within the recipient country and the Croatian homeland. This is due to various reasons: the quantity and the accessibility of written records, possibilities of research and financing academic journeys to Brazil or Croatia, presence and activities of emigrants with the purpose of connecting and maintaining relations with the homeland, decreased emphasis on the national identity or lesser awareness of it with many emigrants, economic and political structural imbalance of the community in the new homeland in relation to other ethnic groups, relations of the local leaders and representatives of institutions, late opening and unstable work of consulates and embassies, the ideology of racial mixing and the conceptualization of identity according to the ius solis principle as the dominant model of Brazil's national policy towards immigrants and their integration into the Brazilian national corpus. Also important in that regard is the emigrational policy of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy which mostly favoured emigration of Slavic population, as is that of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia that strived to decrease the number of other minorities that were not part of the contemporary Yugoslav national corpus by favouring the departure for Brazil as a melting pot country. Besides outlining the particularities of the relations between these two countries in which migrations are salient for understanding and closer ties, the paper puts special emphasis on the invisibility of archival records i.e. sources. The invisibility is explained as the result of poor archival policy and failure to register information on immigration, both of which are necessary in order to acquire and preserve records, as well as the result of the forced national cohesion in the 1930s, which became instrumental in shutting down all institutions with ethnic features. Selfcensorship appeared after 1964 due to the policy of Brazilian nationalism, which forced immigrant communities to hide or not to care for their joint and/or institutional past and memory. Bearing all that in mind, this paper can serve as a starting point for future research that will cast light on the complex history of immigrant Croats and their progeny in the largest South American country and at the same time serve as a point of contact between the two countries, since there is a general view that such points do not exist. The paper starts with a brief introduction, followed by three projects that charted and systematised archival records as the first step in creating a consistent database which will be accessible in the future. The main ideas and the context of the creation of the most important scientific works for this subject matter are explained next, ending with the description of archival records relevant for the history of Croatian immigration i.e. immigration from Croatia to Brazil, with the special emphasis on the correlation between primary and secondary sources, as well as the contributions of the community/homes and academic research. The paper presents existing projects, books and papers and by analysing them strives to demonstrate how to reverse the invisibility of the Croatian immigrant community and sources. It also delineates the institutional projects created via different collaborations, including the one between the community and the Unicentro University, archival records that became available because of that, as well as academic papers that deal with records in critical and analytical manner. These records also contain sources that are not widely accessible or quotable. Researching and understanding this topic is a formidable task regarding the approach (both in terms of language and physicality), but it is at the same time very promising. A certain amount of conducted scientific research does exist, but the large part of the records has not yet been systematised and processed. This should be done and then with additional new papers become a part of a wider field of migration studies in Croatia and the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary information and communications technologies pose complex challenges to public institutions and other legal persons which create, own or possess records and archives. The problems generated by these challenges are even more acute when one considers that most of the public institutions and legal persons in Croatia still predominantly rely on "paper" i.e. analogue documentation in their everyday business. In that regard the recent Act on Archives and Archival Institutions (Zakon o arhivskom gradivu i arhivima), the Regulation on Records Management of the Public Authority Bodies (Uredba o uredskom poslovanju) and the Ordinance on the Management of Records Outside the Archival Institutions (Pravilnik o upravljanju dokumentarnim gradivom izvan arhiva) laid out a robust foundation for the gradual digital transformation of the records management system. However, the provisions of all these regulations addressing these questions are not always self-explanatory and simple, especially if one takes into account the conditions set by other relevant regulations which affect the area of records management of creators and owners or possessors of records and archives. That is why this issue needs to be considered in a thorough, systematic fashion over the long-term period. In other words, public institutions and other legal persons which create, own or possess records and archives should define a strategy on how to implement a transition to digital recordkeeping, which will allow for more efficient management of both analogue as well as digital records. The paper analyses a sample of internal normative acts of creators, owners or possessors of records and archives approved by Croatian State Archives since recent Act on Archives and Archival Institutions, and other relevant regulations came into force. The indicative examples of these acts (Rules for the Records Management and Records Disposal Schedules) singled out from the sample illustrate the possibilities offered by recent legislation and regulation on how to support the transition to digital records management system. That said, the paper argues that these acts can (and must) become an integral element of abovementioned transition strategy in the period when paper documentation is still very much in circulation at the same time when digital records are inexorably becoming the new norm. Second goal of the analysis is to consider how much are the creators and owners or possessors of records and archives in Croatia prepared to adopt the described solutions offered by the regulations when it comes to implementation of the digital transformation. The paper argues that there are noticeable advances in this area, but that many still prefer to think about records management along traditional patterns related to conventional records "on paper". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Croatian historiography has only few periodicals that were founded i.e. started back in the 19th century, but more importantly, that have been published continually in the following periods, until today. Extremely important place among such periodicals belongs to the Vjestnik Kr. hrvatsko-slavonsko-dalmatinskog Zemaljskog arkiva (The Herald of the Royal-Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian Land Archives) in Zagreb, which was founded in 1899 by the honourable Ivan Bojničić-Kninski (1858 -- 1925), with the help of Emilij Laszowski. Bojničić was also its first editor-in-chief. The periodical changed its name several times and since 1958 it has been published under the name Arhivski vjesnik -- Bulletin d'archives (Archival Herald), as a scientific and professional annual i.e. a specialised periodical of archival institutions in the Republic of Croatia for the fields of archival science, auxiliary sciences of history, information science and communication science, as well as related sciences. Since the publisher and the headquarters of this journal has always been associated with our most important national archival institutions i.e. the Croatian State Archives, the journal is the source of numerous studies and articles from the wide field of historical science, particularly from the auxiliary sciences of history. This was also emphasized in the first editorial of the journal ("Naša zadaća" ("Our task"), I/1899, p.2) with the following words: "(...) 3. This also includes the scientific interpretation of archival records i.e. the entire vast and interesting field of palaeography and diplomatics. It also includes heraldry, genealogy and sphragistics, if they are of use to the domestic history". Since the auxiliary sciences of history in Croatia did not have their own unique specialized publication (for a short while and only for some of them there existed Vitezović -- mjesečnik za genealogiju, biografiju, heraldiku i sfragistiku I/1903-1904, II/1905; and Glasnik heraldike -- časopis za grboslovlje, rodoslovlje, životopis i pečatoslovlje, I/1937, II/1938), it meant that journal was the focal point for publishing papers regarding epigraphy, palaeography, diplomatics, chronology, egdotics, sphragistics, genealogy, heraldry etc. This paper will examine and present the heraldic themes in The Herald of the Royal Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian Land Archives i.e. Archival Journal during a very wide timeframe from the 19th to the 21st century. It will also point out the role and importance of its editor-in-chiefs, as well as numerous archives employees who were also renowned experts in heraldry and other auxiliary sciences of history, namely, Ivan Bojničić, Emilij Laszowski, Josip Matasović, Josip Buturac, Bartol Zmajić and Petar Strčić. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Counsellings with the public are in the Croatian context a relatively new instrument of public participation in legislating regulations and other general acts whose characteristics and effects have not been scientifically researched in practice to a greater extent. The aim of the paper is to contribute to these perceptions by the elaboration of a subject i.e. analysing the participants of e-counsellings on regulations and planning documents that concern organizing and performance of the public archival service in Croatia. The subject is suited for a complete elaboration, since in the period from 2017 to 2020 the competent Ministry of Culture (renamed in July 2020 Ministry of Culture and Media) had carried out counsellings via the central internet portal on 8 such legal acts (two laws, five ordinances and one planning document). Apart from the new ordinance on registers and other official archival documentation that has yet to be regulated, this constitutes a comprehensive normative and planning framework of the public archival service coordinated with changes in the surroundings where public archives work. The data had been gathered by the method of quantitative analysing of the content of individual reports on conducted counsellings available on e-Counselling portal, as well as additional documents. The Data on the number and structure of participants (natural persons, various categories of corporations) and amount of comments they sent (in total and for each e-counselling) are interpreted as an important indicator of the public interest for the public archival service i.e. the work of the state archives who are intrusted with performing it. On the other hand, the participation of individual professional archival societies, state archives and their administrative and professional employees on e-counsellings is interpreted as the indicator of interest for strengthening of normative infrastructure pertaining to their own service. The total of 412 comments was sent to the analysed e-counsellings, submitted by 56 participants. Since individual procedure of e-counselling is conducted for each legal act, the same natural person or corporation can appear as a participant in several counsellings. Therefore, in the total number of 56 participants individual natural persons or corporations were counted more than once, depending on the number of e-counsellings they participated in. Further analysis established that 40 different natural persons and corporations participated in e-counsellings. The largest number of participants, as far as 30 or 75 %, participated in just one e-counselling. Six participants took part in two counsellings (15 %), whereas three counsellings had three participants (7.5 %). Four counsellings had no participants, whereas only one person (2.5 %) took part in five of them, which is also the largest number of noted participations by the same participant. Research results further show that from the total of 40 various participants of e-counsellings 30 of them are natural persons and only 10 corporations. In the process, the natural persons had 43 and the corporations 13 participations. The same number of persons from the professional archival community (administrative and professional employees in archives, state archives and professional archival associations) and persons from social environment i.e. interested public in the broad sense participated in e-counsellings. The former comprises of 21 participants and the latter has 19 of them. The biggest difference between the two groups concerns the number of participations. The professional archival community had 35, whereas other interested public 21 participations. The presented results indicate a rather low level of interest of the general public, as well as the professional archival community, for the normative infrastructure of the public archival service. This conclusion is supported by the comparison of the number of participants from both groups with other relevant data, such as the number of creators of documental and archival records under the jurisdiction of state archives i.e. the number of employees in state archives. The authorised ministry and state archives should use this as the basis for re-examination of the current approach in implementing e-counsellings i.e. encourage them to further motivate the professional community and the general public to participate in this segment of their work. The lower turnout can certainly be put into context of influences of the e-counsellings that had so far taken place, regarding the formation of the final proposals of legal acts in terms of the level of acceptance of the sent suggestions (comments). Analysis of this segment, including the content and types of comments (without arguments, with arguments, technical, professional etc.), is only pointed out in this paper as a subject that warrants separate research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamification is a process in which certain game elements are implemented into everyday working processes to make them easier and more fun. Gamification can be implemented through educational video games, simulations, or by placing gamification elements into the working processes. In this paper the process of gamification is explained and examples are given. The paper also explains how archives can use gamification with educational games and the use of crowdsourcing with which users contribute to the processing of archival materials. To check how many archives implement gamification on their websites a research was conducted which included 66 foreign and 18 Croatian archives. Each site was checked if they have any educational games and this data was compared to the data collected for museums and libraries. Other forms of gamification were also analysed. The results show that museums have more game types than archives and also implement more gamification elements within their games. However, archives contain more game types than libraries since libraries mostly do not have their own games and usually use links to games on other sites. Moreover, there is one archival website, Archives nationales de Luxembourg, which implements crowdsourcing with gamification elements into the process in which users describe the archival materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to central institutions such as state archives, many other types of archives that are covered by archival legislation have recently been increasingly promoted and developed, such as private archives and special collections of individual institutions, community archives, etc. However, the fact is that due to various obstacles many such places are not officially registered in the mentioned categories, even though they correspond to them in terms of character and activity. Such archives, whether they are registered or only operate nominally in one of the legislative frameworks, often differ from state archives in the priorities according to which they define their methodology. For example, many adapt the methodology of describing archival records and working with users in accordance with the logic and dynamics of the environment in which they exist. In addition, in such places, the roles of the creator and owner of the material are mostly intertwined. Historically speaking, special collection departments were more focused on internal users, often also the creators of the materials, than on external users -- individuals, groups, institutions or associations. However, in the last few decades, the number of external users of private and special, especially research archives, has been increasing, which is why it was necessary to re-examine the dynamics of the archival staff's relationship with all types of users and propose certain improvements. In the context of contemporary digital technologies and social networks, special librarians and archivists in special collections get to know users more and more thoroughly and readily respond to their specific requests. Furthermore, they also try to gather potentially interested individuals and groups, thus creating new communities of users. In any case, the appreciation of the implicit knowledge of users is valuable as a pledge in the process of ending the binary opposition of business and research value of archives. This is most visible in the example of community archives, which rely very directly on small stories. The analysis of the work of the Special Collection of Ethnographic Materials of the Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Research in Zagreb, Croatia, served here as an example of those services that function as informal special research archives and were created for their needs by the parent institutions. It was at the same time an example of a special collection that takes over evaluation criteria from other specific forms of archives, such as community archives, precisely recognizing the aforementioned qualities as a bridge to a more inclusive archival activity. The relationship between employees and users was examined through the lens of different methodologies, projects and cooperation in approaching archival records. Special emphasis was placed on the contemporary models of community involvement. Based on the review of the record lists of external users over a period of 60 years and the management of social networks, it was shown to what extent the characteristic approach to archival records and users, more precisely, their presentation and dissemination, affects the specificity of the formal and legal status of the Institute's Special Collection. The paper also concludes that social networks are not only important for promotion, dissemination and networking, but that due to the already mentioned inclusion they represent a completely new environment. Certain individuals within this environment transform from passive followers into a new, modern type of users of institutions within the GLAM (Galleries, Libraries, Archives and Museums) community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the history of the development of the Budapest Time Machine (www.hungaricana.hu/en/budapest-time-machine), which started from the vision of the Venice Time Machine, despite the fact that it was never realised, but was the basis for the European Time Machine Initiative. The Budapest Time Machine was a visionary phenomenon from the moment of its debut, and it has maintained this position ever since: one of the flagships of the international Time Machine initiative from the very beginning. The development was launched by the Budapest City Archives in 2017. The background database of the Budapest Time Machine is the Hungarian public collection portal called Hungaricana, on which the Budapest City Archives continuously publishes a large amount of digitised archival sources (maps, blueprints, notarial deeds etc.). The interface of the Budapest Time Machine -- whose first version was developed in 2017 provides digitized and georeferenced maps of Budapest, synchronized with each other using GPS coordinates, and vectorised historical maps of the city's development in five different time sections (1837, 1872, 1908, 1916, 1938). The platform also allows browsing through historical documents related to the buildings, their owners or their former inhabitants: building plans, land registry inserts showing the owners, notarial deeds showing legal and administrative transactions of the period and the network of the inhabitants. Archival photographs and postcards are also easily searchable, either by address or by browsing the map. The Budapest Time Machine was completely renewed at the end of 2022. The advantage of the new version is that, unlike the previous version, it provides a single interface for accessing the data, and the maps can now be viewed in 3D. An important innovation is the publication of 3D historical reconstructions of some 30 buildings in cooperation with the University of Óbuda. The Budapest Time Machine is an example of collaboration between public collections and academic research, and we plan to include data created by NGOs in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to present archival records they store and facilitate their usage, archives produce various types of finding aids. Previously these finding aids were accessible in Croatian archives in archival reading rooms in printed form, whereas in recent times they have become more accessible in digital form on websites of archives or on network information systems. In this way the descriptions of archival records become publicly available to a large number of users, without geographical or temporal constraints, by which archives mostly do not possess tools or resources to monitor the manner users further dispose of that descriptive data. This further reinforces the practical and ethical issues regarding the formation of archival description in a way that it provides the whole information on records’ contents and the context of their creation, without hiding (omitting) and at the same time does not reveal data responsible for the possible limited availability of records. For the last twenty years Croatia has been applying ISAD(G) and ISAAR(CPF), the international archival standards for describing archival records. Despite that, there are departures in practice and misgivings regarding the interpretation of contents and the role of individual descriptive elements, as well as the structure of finding aids. Such departures are also expected in the segment that describes personal data, bearing in mind that both ISAD(G) and ISAAR(CPF) contain general rules without particular guidelines for the description of archival records containing data with limited availability. Misgivings in practice can result in a passive approach in processing and describing personal data which can, for example, manifest by producing finding aids only for internal needs (without making them available to users), ignoring or (un) intentionally withholding information on the existence of personal data in archival records and terms of their availability. Since 2018 Croatia has been applying two new provisions that are important in the context of the processing and description of personal data in archival records. They are the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Act on Archival Records and Archives. The paper describes in detail and compares some of the principles from these two provisions and analyses their influence on the current practice of description of personal data in archival records (defining personal data, processing the data of deceased individuals, the principle of reducing the quantity of data, encouraging the acquirement of data that is important for raising awareness of totalitarian and undemocratic regimes and their consequences). With regard to the very broad definition of personal data archivists always face the question whether the data they will supply in the title or the description of archival units can cause the direct or indirect identification of an individual i.e. the particular issue of endangering someone’s privacy, dignity and other rights. Furthermore, bearing in mind that the Regulation and the Croatian archival act do not impose any limitations regarding the processing of deceased individuals’ data, it can be concluded that there are no formal impediments either for archival description or publishing such data. However, the question remains, regardless of the fact it concerns the data of deceased individuals, whether the ethical principle that archivists abstain from overly exposing data should be upheld, particularly if it concerns sensitive data which can influence the violation of dignity of family members of those individuals. The basic principles of the Regulation include the principle of reducing the quantity of data. It entails that personal data must be appropriate, relevant and limited to necessities in relation to purposes for which they are processed. The application of this principle is particularly important in the context of creating and enhancing the trust between the archives and the public. In other words, this approach conveys the message to the public that they can trust the archival service not to unjustifiably or excessively reveal and publish personal data. Within the context of processing data which is important for enhancing the awareness on the totalitarian and undemocratic regimes and their consequences there is a practical and ethical question on how to maintain the neutral position of archivists and archives as institutions in terms of providing objective description, without the endeavour to interpret on the political or ideological level. Concerning the indicated practical and ethical issues, the application of the guidelines created in October 2018 by the European Archives Group as assistance in implementation of the General Data Protection Regulation is recommended. The guidelines are connected with the Principles of Access to Archives by the International Council on Archives from 2012. This demonstrates that even before the General Data Protection Regulation was adopted the archival community paid considerable attention to ethical issues and standards of good professional practice regarding protection, processing and description of personal data in archival records. However, within the context of the new legislation the paper’s intention is to encourage further scientific and professional addressing of this topic within the Croatian archival community, including producing a guide regarding all aspects of managing personal data in archival records. Besides, the prevailing view is that there is a need for producing a special manual for the description of archival records which contain personal data and other categories of data with limited access, in which the application of standards and current provisions would be illustrated with appropriate practical examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gradual process in which the medieval commune of Dubrovnik developed into a classical city-state in the first half of the 16th century was related both to the outer and to the inner elements. Among the latter the most important role belonged to the establishment of a firm, reliable and well organised web of clerks. Since their work would have been impossible without a continuous supply of paper and parchment, the Government signed several contracts with various entrepreneurs who were undertaken to fulfil all such needs, including also the book binding. The primary sources always describe them simply as librarii. They were coming from various backgrounds, including native people and Italians, priests and laity, nobles and commoners. Although they had never formed a proper corporation, their profession enjoyed a particular status due to a relatively small, but regular income, their mutual connections (including education of apprentices) and particular professional knowledge they had, especially that of making parchment. The first decades of the 16th century witnessed to a severe restriction imposed to all civil servants, but since 1540s sources are particularly abundant with news concerning the parchment and paper supply. Therefore we traced the roots of paper from Venice and Ancona to Dubrovnik and, occasionally, to the Ottoman Empire afterwards. We are precisely informed about the prices, careers of several librarii who worked in a span of several decades and their mutual relations. Also, as there were various kinds of paper being supplied to the State offices, it is easily possible to perceive their value. Towards the end of the Republic the flourishing days gradually disappeared and 1790s brought just a single request from a local priest to learn the service of bookbinding in Rome. However, thousands of books kept today in the State Archives of Dubrovnik undoubtedly testify about the quality of the late librarii and their work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies the history of the Croatian State Archives (CSA) during the Second World War, from the establishment of the Independent State of Croatia on 10 April 1941 to its collapse in May 1945. The main goal of the paper is to outline the activities of the CSA in the mentioned period, with emphasis on the professional and conservational activity of the CSA. The political and ideological features that were part of the public life in this period are only taken into account if they had a direct influence on the CSA's activity or its employees. One chapter is dedicated to Josip Matasović, the director, who headed the CSA and whose dedication and professionalism at the same time successfully bypassed the ideological and political challenges present in those days. Matasović is particularly responsible for the modernisation of the CSA in organisational terms, and his orientation towards protecting the archives remains the heritage of the archival profession until today. His impartialness and professionalism made it possible that might had continued working after the war and establishment of the communist Yugoslavia, which was rare for the high-positioned state officials. The central part of the paper concerns the work of the CSA, which covers wider panoply of activities of the institution during the entire period. The inherited organisational structure is outlined and its further development is also shown in the context the new state- and legal framework. The problems which faced the CSA' employees are particularly emphasized, many of which were the result of the wartime- and political situation the entire state was facing. The CSA tried to meet these challenges in order to protect the archives, as well as to develop the institution itself. By outlining the turn of events it is shown how the course of the war negatively affected the activity of the CSA and the destruction of the archives. The chapter on the CSA's employees may serve as a supplement of the previous chapter, since their professionalism and dedication contributed to the more successful running of the institutional activities. The most important employees of the period are mentioned individually, with special emphasis on their involvement in important projects and daily activities, and their personal thoughts on the archival profession and organization of the CSA. The next chapter is dedicated to archives and it shows the most important acquisitions of the CSA. It also puts emphasis on the general circumstances of the archives and particularly their destruction during wartime. During the war the activities of the CSA mostly pertained to the protection of endangered materials and acquiring the archives, as the most challenging task of the CSA. The problems the CSA faced in the period were mostly a result of its augmented jurisdiction, as well as wartime events that made its professional engagement even more difficult. The activities and the dedication of the CSA's employees who tried to meet those challenges is the best indicator of the circumstances of the archival profession in Croatia of the period, but it also paves the way of its development in the post-war era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For different reasons the important records from the period of the Homeland War were also kept or are still kept by the private holders, whether these records were created by institutions or individuals, associations and organizations. By acknowledging the importance of such records and the sensitivity in its acquiring the Croatian Memorial-Documentation Centre of the Homeland War has started to collect them ever since it was established in 2005. By establishing the Centre as the central institution for archival and scientific research of the Homeland War, the Centre is recognised in the public as a trustworthy institution to which everyone interested to hand over the records can turn to. The private holders of the archives from the Homeland War can be divided into those who are the creators of archives and those who in various ways became possessors of public archives. The Centre can acquire records of private holders in two ways; mostly through donations, and partly by purchasing records that are particularly valuable and that were created as someone's authorship. After acquiring, the records are registered, appraised and classified, after which they form individual fonds or they supplement existing fonds and collections. Among the conventional archives, besides military documentation, the Centre acquired various newspapers, magazines and official papers, military maps, political and military posters, caricatures etc. The majority of the acquired records were digitized, due to a more efficient storage and keeping, as well as the desire of holders to keep the originals. The majority of archives from private holders are unconventional records (photographs, video and audio clips), i.e. the re-recorded and digitized conventional records. The archives acquired from individual private holders were in terms of subject and quantity appraised as a rounded off whole and after the archival processing it was decided to form personal papers. By the end of 2016 the Centre had ten of them. Besides these, the Centre also stores memoirist records of private holders, whether it concerns records created by structured interviews or written entries of the direct participants of the Homeland War. The Centre published part of these in 17 books as part of its publishing activity. Also, several photo-monographs were published based on the received or bought photographs from the private holders. Among the private holders from which the Centre got the archives are also the historians-researchers who gave or deposited in the Centre the materials they used, after finishing a certain research or a book. The majority of the acquired and processed archives of private holders are available to researchers through fonds and collections of the Centre. The basic problem regarding the acquiring of the records of private holders pertains to certain indistinctness in the Act on the Archives and the ignorance of holders regarding their obligations prescribed by the law which entails relinquishing of the public archives to the Centre. Besides ignorance, some of the holders advertently kept these records in their keeping mostly out of fear of misuse and the negative perception of the activity of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. However, after the acquittal of the generals Gotovina and Markač in late 2012 and the greater public recognisability of the Centre, the inflow of archives from public holders has been increased. Another problem in acquiring records of this kind is the parallel activity of certain individuals and associations with similar archival activities. As far as arranging is concerned, due to the large quantities of acquired records and their stockpiling in the future it will be necessary to pay greater attention to their appraisal and disposal. Still, it could be said that the archives of the private holders prominently features in the Centre's professional archival policy and that so far the important amount of such records had been acquired. Despite certain difficulties concerning their processing, these records are an important source for archivists, researchers and historians, particularly for subjects that are wider than the more usual political and military ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Croatian archival regulations (Archives and Archival Institutions Act and Ordinance on the Management of Records Outside the Archival Institutions) prescribe the procedure of the verification of compatibility of rules, technologies and procedures for conversion of archival materials into digital form. The procedure is carried out by the Croatian State Archives as the central state archives in the Republic of Croatia. It concerns a complex procedure of verification of a specific IT system for digitization which requires acceptance and implementation of appropriate standards and norms from the public authorities, other bodies or individuals in order for digitized records to be transferred in a certain way to authorised archives and consequently ensure their long-term protection. The paper provides answers to several current issues from conformity check procedures that can help public authorities and other interested parties in reconciliation of business processes and preparing documentation necessary for obtaining a certificate of conformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article shows, on the example of Croatian newspapers in Australia and New Zealand, the possibilities of researching the publications of Croatian emigrants. The goal of the Croatian Emigrant Press project implemented at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, is explained. The method of creating bibliographies within the project (with views in ISBD and MARC 21 formats) is also explained, as is the research methodology, which includes searching library catalogues, community engagement (crowdsourcing) and searching archival materials. The role of archives as heritage institutions that are indispensable in the research of publications is especially explained. Examples are given of New Zealand and Australian newspapers for which the only surviving sources are archival ones. One New Zealand newspaper (Glas istine, The Voice of Truth) has not been preserved in any of its copies, but documents preserved in the New Zealand archives prove that they were published. A similar example is of an Australian newspaper (Svijetlo, The Light) for which a document was found which makes it clear that the person who wrote the document had the publication in his hands. Images of documents related to the research of Croatian newspapers are also presented in the paper. One of these documents is related to the implementation of censorship in Australia in the 1930s and indicates that it were the Croatian newspapers Iskra (The Sparkle) and Oganj (The Flame) that influenced the amendments to regulations in order to control press as effectively as possible. The importance of private archives and community archives within Croatian associations is pointed out, and new possibilities for researching Croatian publications in archives in countries where emigrated Croats live are also emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archival public relations are defined as a complex communicational process (by focusing on the coordination of the public and private interests) whose purpose is supposed to manage the archives' public image and, depending on the possibilities, support its marketing (advertising) activities. The special emphasis within analysing possibilities of the applicability of public relations in the activities of contemporary archives is put on publications, since they are one of the best known and most popular archival programs. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the historical development of publishing activities of Croatian archives, as well as the contemporary managerial process of archival publishing as a promotional tool and in the context of the public relations. The analysis of the historical development of the publishing activities of Croatian archives had been based on the available literature, as well as documents of the individual archives and Ministry of Culture and Media of the Republic of Croatia. The research in the network of the state archives (regional archives and the Croatian State Archives) on managing the publishing activities had been conducted on a onetime basis via the questionnaire in the period from the 2nd to 7th March 2022. The main finding of the analysis is that the Croatian archives soon became aware of the techniques of early public relations' models and tried to implement them to the publishing activities. The strategic planning of their publishing activities, including the analysis of preferences of archival public based on the continuing interpersonal communication between archives and users, as well as the analysis of the communication with potential media and wider general public, can be considered as the important segment of public relations, whose purpose ought to be part of the archival management. The specified models imply a two-way symmetry of the public relations. Due to the fact that already in the mid-20th century the planning of publishing activities included interpersonal communication with actual users of archival services, it implies an early implementation of informational-communicational aspects in the strategic planning of archival program activities meant for their users i.e. the attempt of integration of the discipline of the public relations in archival project management. The publishing activities within the primary tasks of the archival network of state archives in independent Republic of Croatia formally kept continuity based on the existing Archives and Archival Institutions Act. Publishing of archival publications is stimulated by users' needs for better understanding and finding of archival records, as well as by archives' endeavours to increase as much as possible the sales of their services. According to the available information on the websites of the Croatian archives, and catalogues of the National and University Library in Zagreb on their publications from 1991 to 2022 (published on their own or co-published with other institutions), it can be concluded that archival publishing activities have gone into full swing after democratic changes. Still, the publishing policy did not undergo major changes compared to the earlier period. After 1991 the publishing activities are still mostly focused on publication of archival sources with the aim of increasing their availability. Apart from that, the results of research concerning the contemporary archival publishing activities in Croatia as promotional tools and in the context of the public relations indicate the need for their reorganisation, especially in the phase of strategic planning and evaluation, with additional stimulation of the development of digital versions of archival publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bulletin d' archives from 2021 published the results of a survey on participants in public consultations (e-counsellings) on regulations and planning documents on public archival service in Croatia. The subject was suited for a complete elaboration, since in the period from 2017 to 2020 the competent Ministry of Culture (renamed in July 2020 into Ministry of Culture and Media) had carried out counsellings via the central internet portal on eight legal acts (two laws, five ordinances and one planning document). Apart from the new ordinance on registers and other official archival documentation that has yet to be regulated, this constitutes a comprehensive normative and planning framework of the public archival service. Inter alia, the results of that research indicated a rather low level of interest of the general public, as well as the professional archival community for the normative infrastructure of the public archival service. The lower turnout was put into context of influences of the e-counsellings that had so far taken place, regarding the formation of the final proposals of legal acts in terms of the level of acceptance of the sent suggestions (comments). Analysis of this segment, i.e. the status with which the comments were marked after the e-counsellings (accepted, partially accepted, not accepted, duly noted, unanswered) are presented in this paper. This seeks to encourage scientific interest in further research on this topic, especially within the ALM community (archives, libraries, museums). The results of the research show that the Ministry of Culture and Media, as the competent state administration institution, fully or partially accepted 79 or 19.1 % of the total of 412 sent comments. This percentage is slightly lower than the average percentage of accepted and partially accepted comments on e-counsellings at the state level (24 %). Analysis of the structure of comments by two groups of participants (professional archival community, general public) showed an equal share of accepted and partially accepted comments in the total number of comments submitted by each group (18.8 % of comments of the professional archival community and 20 % of comments of the general public). Accepted and partially accepted comments were also analysed according to their content and classified into two basic categories: technical and professional comments. The share of unaccepted comments turned out to be very high (201 comments or 48.8 %). Nevertheless, as a kind of incentive for participation on future e-counsellings, it should be noted that two thirds of the accepted comments are related to professional comments. Although modest in terms of number or percentage (53 comments or 13 % of the total of 412 comments sent to the analysed e-counsellings), this data still reflects the valuable contribution of participants in shaping the normative infrastructure of the archival service, i.e. respect for their competence by the legislator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We often witness the fact of knowing very little or almost nothing about private and everyday life of the people from the past. Due to the lack of reliable sources one has to be content with arid facts and information such as the year and place of birth, beginning and the end of education, service and employment, social activity, scientific work, and place and year of death. Even this basic information is sometimes hard or impossible to find. For that very reason the personal papers of the renowned intellectual and public official Emil Laszowski, stored in the Croatian State Archives, is considered particularly valuable. It features the saved diary, memoir and autobiographical data written about his life by Laszowski and they offer a first hand insight into his life in its entirety, with all the details and events that formed it. Since life of an individual is always inter- woven with fates and lives of other people, from friends and relatives to casual acquaintances, these kinds of notes also speak about persons who formed the totality of living known to us even today and which is often almost impossible to reconstruct in the past reality. What Laszowski left behind as a diligent archivist is really a document of his entire life, from its beginning to its end, with (almost) all events and persons that characterised it. Due to the amplitude of the data from his personal papers, this article shows only one of its parts, from Laszowski's birth to enrolment to the Law School at Zagreb's University. It shows in a very picturesque and "life-related" way Laszowski's origin, his next of kin, childhood, schooling, friends, first loves, facing the reality and so on. One has to bear in mind of course, that this gives a subjective (retrospective) image and that some details (including the comments by the article's author) has to be taken with a certain amount of care. On the other hand, no one knew better about the Laszowski's life and the people who characterised it than Laszowski himself and we can only be thankful that he left us such an interesting testimony about it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents history of archival service on Šibenik territory. Based on the documents from fonds of the State Archives in Šibenik, the paper analyzes circumstances that had led to a series of failed attempts at establishing regional archives based in Šibenik. Adverse conditions for developing archival service through the work of Records Center Šibenik, as a division of the Historical Archives in Zadar, had affected the quality of protection and preservation of archives held by the institution and creators/custodians on Šibenik territory. The States Archives in Šibenik was established in 2007 by Croatian Government's Regulation, and registered by the end of 2008. The paper analyzes the outset of organized archival service activity since 2009, and suggests guidelines for institution's further development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore the role of the archives in dealing with the communist past, that is, in regard to the public debates about the contested archival materials and the problems which researchers have been facing in Croatia over the last two decades. It will inquire into the past practice of Croatian historians in carrying out research on the communist period. The article examines the state of the archives in Croatia, especially with regard to the most critical archival fonds – the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Croatia (CK SKH) and the files of the State Security Service (SDS) of the Republic Secretariat of Internal Affairs, which are kept in the Croatian State Archives in Zagreb. Since the independence of Croatia, those archival materials have been the subject of many debates in Croatian public and political life. Finally, this article will showcase the practical consequences of the newly adopted legal changes, especially in the case of the Horizon 2020 project “COURAGE – Cultural Opposition: Understanding the Cultural Heritage of Dissent” (2016-9). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Croatian Memorial Documentation Center of Homeland War in Zagreb stores archival fonds of the 9th (Knin's) Corps of the Yugoslav People's Army, the total of fifty eight boxes (5,8 linear meters) of archives, confiscated by the Croatian forces after the Storm operation in August 1995 in the liberated territory of the Republic of Croatia. Originally the fonds was not an organic whole, but was created by the exclusion of the corps' archives from various and unarranged documentation wholes which from December 2005 to March 2018 were handed over to the Center as deposit by the Croatian State Archives, Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Croatia, State Archives in Zadar, Military Security and Intelligence Agency, Lika-Senj Police Administration and several private holders. To a significant extent, that slowed down and made its arrangement harder, while causing numerous difficulties for the Center's employees during the fonds' archival processing. Because of that, fonds was arranged in three phases during several years and it was finished in June 2018. A finding aid was created for the fonds (summary inventory) kept at the Division for Conventional Records of the Center. The fonds' records, dating from 1972 to 1992, are divided into sixteen series with associated sub-series. They are written in Serbian (or so called Serbo-Croatian), in Latin or Cyrillic script. The fonds mostly contains original documents, written on paper, cardboard or transparency. It also contains smaller amount of photographs and negatives. The records are authentic, wellkept and credible, representing the large part but not the entire documentation created by the activity of its creator. The fonds has significant informational value and is an extremely important historical source for research of the Homeland War, especially in the area of north Dalmatia and southern Lika during 1991- 1992, research of the outbreak of war in Bosnia and Herzegovina in spring 1992, as well as for understanding the role of the Yugoslav People's Army in the way the Yugoslav crisis was resolved. Due to its historical importance and in order to bring it closer and present it to the both professional and general public, the Center published four volumes comprising of 525 documents of the Corps' Command and units within it, as well as headquarters and units of the territorial defence of the rebelled Serbs in northern Dalmatia, created from mid-February 1991 to the end of May 1992.The judiciary bodies of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina also used it to a large extent in their investigations of criminal offences and war crimes committed during the conflict in northern Dalmatia and southern Lika, as well as western and south-western Bosnia until mid-1992. Fonds' records were also greatly used to create The Memorial for suing Yugoslavia due to violation of Genocide Convention's provisions, submitted by the Republic of Croatia to the International Court of Justice in Hague on 2 June 1999. Fonds' records are public archives available to all users on equal terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

150 years have passed since the birth of Ivan Bojničić, a long-time director of the Croatian State Archives (then called Royal Land Archives). A historian and an archivist (Valpovo, 1858 - Zagreb, 1925), he was born in the family of the old Croatian nobility. He earned degrees in law and philosophy in Budapest where he also got his PhD in 1880 with the thesis entitled The forging of manuscripts during the Middle Ages. He started to work as an apprentice in the library of The People's Museum in Budapest (1877-1879) and then he worked as a desk officer in the archaeological department of the People's Museum in Zagreb (1879-1892). During the years 1892-1925 he is the director of the Croatian Land Archives in Zagreb. Together with his regular duties, he was also a language instructor for the Hungarian language at Zagreb's Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences (since 1882) and as a non-regular professor in the years 1910-1922. He was also a member of the Board for the preservation of the artistic and historical monuments in the Kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia (1911-1915), a court advisor (1914-1918) and member of the Croatian parliament from the People's Party for the outer county of āakovo. In 1889 he became a clerk representing Croatia in the Hungarian ethnological society. He was a secretary of the Croatian archaeological society (1889-1893) and in 1885 at the suggestion of Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski he was appointed a member of the Board for the renovation of the Archives. In 1885 he became a secretary and in 1903-1918 a vice-president of the Art Society. Working for 33 years as a director of the Archives in Zagreb, Bojničić is particularly responsible for its decoration. By his intervention, in 1912 the Archives was moved to the east wing of the newly built National library and thusly gained contemporary rooms. In 1899 he started publishing the journal The herald of the Royal Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian Land Archives (today Archival Herald) and edited 21 volumes, i.e. its entire first series (1899- 1920) and also started editing the second one in 1925. He was also an honorary member of the Croatian antiquarian society in Knin and one of the first members of the Brethren of the Croatian Dragon. Bojničić's scientific and professional interests were very wide and covered different cultural and historical fields: political history, historical folklore, witch hunt, jewellery, fashion, the lives of the ladies from high society in the past, heraldry, sphragistics, diplomatics, genealogy, numismatics, archaeology, history of the nobility etc. His most renowned scientific work is Der Adel von Kroatien und Slavonien, a groundbreaking work for the history of the Croatian nobility, published in 10 volumes in the years 1896-1899. His numerous scientific and popular works are written in Croatian, Hungarian and German language and are scattered in many journals, papers and miscellanies. Bojničić was also a distinguished translator of the scientific writings (N. Klaić, N. Tomašić). He received several important indigenous and foreign recognitions. Bibliography of Bojničić's work written by Emilij Laszowski and published in 1926 in The Herald of State Archives is also featured in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with a problem of quality of finding aids, based on the practice of the State Archives in Pazin in the period between 2002 and 2006. The question is raised How to make quality finding aids regardless of forms of their use, presuming need for maximum fulfillment of their potential capacity to provide information. Actions taken in order to raise the quality of finding aids are discussed in the context of presumption of the best practice. Based on the analysis of finding aids, some omissions related to typology are emphasized, partly generating from professional procedures of archival arrangement. The paper presents a concept of evaluation of finding aids and explains criteria and procedures on which the evaluation is based. The part of the paper involved in archival description presents basic and specific quality requirements. It also considers some of the most frequently identified deviations from the normative prescriptions (national archival legislative, international archival norms) and other established professional criteria, and offers proposals for their partial compensation. Finding aids in the form of archival lists are discussed concerning methods of creating information and forming data, with intention to achieve a maximum compliance with that type of finding aid, as well as a need to raise their usability regardless of context of their use. The role of creator of finding aids is considered in the context of information system and specific working environment existing within the archive. The information system is identified as primal recipient of the information given by content of finding aid. The role of user is represented by examples of specific recipients, regarding on the type of information given within some of descriptive elements in ISAD(G). The paper emphasizes a need for the systematic coordination and coherent documentation of procedures and practices related to the process of archival arrangement. The importance of professional planning and of defining management policy for documentation created in the process of arranging archival material is analyzed by giving examples concerning the consequences of their partial absence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes activities on the project of commemorating World War I in the Croatian State Archives, specifically the challenges of developing a web portal "The First World War 1914-1918 - A View from the Archives." The project was financed by Croatian Ministry of Culture, and the portal was designed to be recognized as a modern tool for searching and viewing digitized content - articles, event announcements, casualty reports, and, particularly, archival sources on World War I. It was launched in order to familiarize the public with work and importance of archives by publishing archival records about World War I, to contribute to public's awareness about the War's impact on Croatian history, and to encourage its research. The web portal is maintained and run by the website's editorial staff, and features sections Events, Sources, Casualty Reports, Topics, Chronology of War. Events section publishes news on World War I commemorations in heritage and scientific institutions, Topics section presents numerous topics on the Great War in the form of various articles that are based on bibliography and archival documents. This way, less known facts about the War will be made known and accessible to readers. Articles in this section are written by three regular contributors: Višeslav Aralica, Boris Blažina and Marko Vukičević. Casualty Reports section is the start page for researching database on war casualties - The Vienna War Ministry's List of Losses (Verlustliste), that also includes dead soldiers from Croatian territory who were members of Austro-Hungarian army. Sources are the essential and most important section of this portal that has so far published 34000 digitized images of original archival documents and its metadata. Topics, Events, and Sources sections are being continually updated with new content, and a new section entitled Publications, that will feature printed material (exhibition catalogues, etc.) commemorating World War I published by archives, libraries, museums, scientific institutions and others, is planned to be launched soon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archival materials, kept in the separate collection in the Museum of the City of Split, are as much varied as activities of the Museum itself, pervading into all fields of communal life: cultural, social, economical, artistic, and urbanistic. Materials belonging to the Archival Collection are devided into fonds and subcollections. Amongst them are present personal papers, those of significant individuals and families, but also institutional fonds, of different societies and organizations. They date from 14th till second half of the 20th century. Specificities of the Collection's position, inside the Museum as non-archival institution, are similar to all kindred institutions. They influence issues of collecting and acquring archives, same as those of their treatment, i.e. of arrangement and description of archives. Problems of the variety of approaches in the treatment of archival collections and its fonds and subcollections, typical for non-archival institutions, have not yet been solved, despite efforts tending to implement rules and principles of museological and archival profession. Mostly it is connected to the implementation of the principle of provenance typical for archival science, and of the description and treatment of individual documents characteristic for museology, which are two different practices. The most significant attributes of the Archival Collection in the Museum of the City of Split are wideness, diversity and fragmentation of contents. Archival materials have been acquired systematically from the very beginning of the Museum's existence, by redemptions and gifts, and this kind of activity has always been taken seriouosly. In that sense the Collection is of significant importance for the history of Split, but also of wider community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the CSA's fonds of the families Oršič and Claudius (HR HDA 749) a deed of čazma's Kaptol from 1656 is kept, which contains testimonies of witnesses on a murder of baroness Katarina Keglević (Catherine Keglevich), ordered by her husband, duke Franjo Petričević (Francis Petrichevich), in Gornja Stubica. Special value of the text of those testimonies is in fact that, describing Petričević's crime, it clearly presents characters of the members of different social standings, and literally quoting their words, supplies us with something usually deprived in archival documents. The paper contains also a transcript and Croatian translation of the text with the testimonies of witnesses, accompanied by matching notes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]