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Regarding the fact that gay men leave less offspring than straight men, it is appropriate to raise a question by which means is male homosexuality maintained in a population and what could eventually be its evolutionary role. The aim of this paper is to summarize theories that try to explain male homosexuality within the framework of evolution. Furthermore, it aims to critically evaluate the results of empirical research that support particular theories or give evidence against them. In the first part, the paper provides a review of knowledge about the genetic and immunological origins of male homosexuality which consequently serves as a theoretical base for the main part of the paper that pursues the five most influential evolutionary theories of male homosexuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the view of family resilience through the prism of known concepts of Masten (childhood period), Lerner (adolescence), and Antonovsky (old age). It describes the interconnection of personal resilience and family resilience, namely through the studies of Antonovsky and Walsh, stressing the incorporation of spiritual factors (Pergament) of family resilience into the research. These factors represent an important field of interest of both the researchers and family therapists today. The connections between the research results and the psychological practice as well as the brief comments concerning the related resilience models are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]