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Paper gives an overview of brief history, main results, current status, and further perspectives of the Prague (N = 98) and Brno (N = 83) Longitudinal Studies on Life-span Development running since 1956 (Prague) and 1961 (Brno). These build upon the longitudinal studies of children carried in the National Institute of Public Health at Prague and Institute of Psychology of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences at Brno in the sixties and seventies. The paper starts with information about the original project and how we have searched for participants and built on current samples from the original cohorts. Then the main conclusions from the first two stages of the research in adulthood are reported. As to the current status of the studies, from 2010 both research teams act in a coordinated way and share common methodology. Finally, paper presents research plan for the next stage of the study focused on optimal development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's market conditions require nonprofit leaders to act in an increasingly business-like fashion. This study asks whether NPO leaders have a similar disposition to act entrepreneurially as for-profit entrepreneurs, but hold different underlying motives. For this purpose, the study contrasts a sample of 72 leaders of nonprofit organizations with 117 entrepreneurs on their personality traits and explicit motives using standard personality tests and interviews. Both groups exhibit similar general and entrepreneurship- specific personality traits but differ significantly regarding their motivation. While nonprofit leaders' motivation stems primarily from the meaningfulness of their work; entrepreneurs are mainly motivated by the independence as well as by the income and profit provided by their work. This paper helps us understand who leaders of nonprofit organizations are. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]