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Paper gives an overview of brief history, main results, current status, and further perspectives of the Prague (N = 98) and Brno (N = 83) Longitudinal Studies on Life-span Development running since 1956 (Prague) and 1961 (Brno). These build upon the longitudinal studies of children carried in the National Institute of Public Health at Prague and Institute of Psychology of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences at Brno in the sixties and seventies. The paper starts with information about the original project and how we have searched for participants and built on current samples from the original cohorts. Then the main conclusions from the first two stages of the research in adulthood are reported. As to the current status of the studies, from 2010 both research teams act in a coordinated way and share common methodology. Finally, paper presents research plan for the next stage of the study focused on optimal development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. The primary objective of the study was to verify the stereotype that Slovaks are "more emotional" than Czechs. In the present paper authors compared the emotionality of Czech and Slovak undergraduates: study focused on the frequency of experienced emotions and on the preferred strategy of emotional expression. Authors assumed that the samples of Czech and Slovak undergraduates would not differ in terms of frequency of emotions but that they would differ in terms of their regulatory strategies. Sample and settings. The Czech (N = 107) and Slovak (N = 144) undergraduates recorded emotional valence, frequency of their emotional experience and their preferred expression of the emotion into a specific questionnaire (an inventory of 80 emotions obtained in previous investigations). Statistical analysis. The collected data was processed based on the average frequency of responses for each emotion. For the comparison of Czech and Slovak frequency of experienced emotion, authors used the t-test for two independent samples and to compare the expressive strategies the chi-square test for comparing the observed and expected values. For the correlation of emotions, authors used the nonparametric Spearman rho correlation coefficient. Results. The results have shown that the emotional connotations are predominantly similar in both samples; however analyses found different connotations for the emotion of pride, which correlated more strongly with negative emotions rather than positive in the Czech sample. Students in the Slovak sample experienced emotions slightly more often than Czech respondents. The samples differ significantly in terms of emotion regulation: the Slovak undergraduates express emotions more openly as compared to Czech students who often deamplify their emotional expressions. Study limitations. The limitations of this study are the facts that the samples were not representative and that the Slovak undergraduates were not involved in the construction of the used inventory of emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents Lightner Witmer as a founding personality of psychology applied in practice. It follows his professional career and put it into the historical context of development of both the society and psychology in the U.S.A. On the basis of authentic materials, the author describes the Witmer's clientele and his description of the clinical method. His founding article from the year 1907 is mentioned more extensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presented work deals with experience and sensation seeking tendency as an important phenomenon of quality of life of present days society. The paper contains a brief introduction into this field. It describes a questionnaire method, which enables measuring of the sensation seeking tendency. This scale is known in the country of its origin, the United States of America, and in the world as the Sensation Seeking Scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's market conditions require nonprofit leaders to act in an increasingly business-like fashion. This study asks whether NPO leaders have a similar disposition to act entrepreneurially as for-profit entrepreneurs, but hold different underlying motives. For this purpose, the study contrasts a sample of 72 leaders of nonprofit organizations with 117 entrepreneurs on their personality traits and explicit motives using standard personality tests and interviews. Both groups exhibit similar general and entrepreneurship- specific personality traits but differ significantly regarding their motivation. While nonprofit leaders' motivation stems primarily from the meaningfulness of their work; entrepreneurs are mainly motivated by the independence as well as by the income and profit provided by their work. This paper helps us understand who leaders of nonprofit organizations are. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of motivational structure is introduced and discussed in a broader context of motivational psychology. The use of the term has changed during the developments in the field of motivational psychology; the shifts in the concept content are mentioned. Motivational structure is presented from the standpoint of Klinger's current concerns theory, as the individual's pattern of goal-striving. This conceptualization is congruent also with the Heckhausen's model of motivation. The paper presents the tools for operationalization of motivational structure and their psychometric properties. The relations of motivational structure to the distinctions between motivational states and traits, between implicit and explicit motivation and between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are discussed. The final part of the text deals with possibilities to modify the motivational structure in relation to self-regulation and motivational counseling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]