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This paper investigates crises in which the Chinese government requested an apology from the United States, and the official and popular reactions to these incidents. Two contentious episodes are studied: the 2001 EP-3E airplane collision near Hainan Isl ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China?s impressive economic growth has led to a surge in energy consumption, increasing Chinese dependence on foreign energy resources. US policy analysts disagree over whether China?s increasing dependence on international energy markets conflicts with US energy security interests. Thus far, these debates are occurring within the policy sphere and are not theoretically informed; this paper will improve on those debates by analyzing the energy issue against the backdrop of international relations theory. We argue that the security dilemma best models the emerging energy situation ? although both China and the United States are defensive status quo actors, uncertainty over one another?s intentions may lead to unwanted conflict. Recognizing the presence of security dilemma dynamics is critical for correctly determining which policy actions are most likely to lead to a cooperative outcome. The US must recognize that China is a status quo actor and follow a strategy of reassurance. If the US mistakenly treats China as a revisionist actor in the energy sphere, this may verify Chinese fears of US intentions and trigger avoidable spirals of Sino-US conflict. Maintaining US-China cooperation in the energy sphere is crucial because both the US and China view energy policy as an issue of national security. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking a gender sensitive approach to Social Identity Theory in Anglo-American, Chinese and Russian negotiating contexts suggests that gendered social identities significantly correspond to "ideal type" diplomatic negotiators across cultural contexts. In the US, the identities of the "ideal man" and the "ideal negotiator" converge as an individualistic, self controlled, rational, male actor who seeks to "expand the pie" through problem-solving negotiation in order to maximize the benefits available. In China, the "junzi" (ideal man) and "ideal negotiator" are male actors who are tightly in control of their relationships, and consequently able to use the relationship games of guanxi and paradigms of wen / "joint quest" or wu / "mobile warfare" to promote the achievement of their "principled" goals. In Russia, both masculine ideal types and typical negotiators are strong members of fraternal communities, who utilize position-appropriate tactics to achieve group goals at the expense of subordinated and feminized opponents. In all three, gendered structures on individual, state and global levels reinforce each other in perpetuating diplomatic demographics, goals, and institutions which privilege dichotomous, and primarily masculine- over feminine-typical social identity roles. This critical interrogation of the intercultural diplomatic negotiation literature suggests that investigating other key social identities may also provide models which can be selectively drawn on in order to both understand the sources of potential conflict or cooperation, and provide a tool to improve negotiation processes and outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the effect of the increasing economic interdependence on the U.S.-China bilateral relationship since 1978. It argues that as dyadic trade interdependence increases, it is less likely that there will be high-grade conflict, which includes actions such as ending a diplomatic relationship or using military force. It explores the relationship between trade interdependence and conflict. It examines the impact of trade interdependence and dependence on cooperation.

Chinese perspective is required to better understand the China?s foreign policies. China fundamentally changed its national strategy in early 1970s. During the Cold War era, the U.S. and Japan were enemies of China. However, China has acknowledged the U.S. as its strategic partner, and normalized its diplomatic relations with Japan in 1972. After the normalizations, China have developed its political and economic relations with the U.S. and Japan economically and politically. Recently, tension between China, and the U.S. and Japan have increased. On the other hand, after the open policy of Deng Xiaoping in late 1970s, China adapted capitalistic economic development strategy; it seems to be very successful. However, China still holds Marxism-Leninism as its fundamental national ideology with Maoism. On the other hand, Chinese Communist Party has officially opened its membership to Chinese capitalists.To understand and correctly explain the China's national behavior, a unique Chinese perspective based on a new Sino-centrism is required. The new Sino-centrism is a combination of Marxism-Leninism, Maoism, and traditional Sino-centric thoughts. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]