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Phase matching quantum key distribution is a promising scheme for remote quantum key distribution, breaking through the traditional linear key-rate bound. In practical applications, finite data size can cause significant system performance deterioration when data size is below 1010. In this paper, an improved statistical fluctuation analysis method is applied for the first time to two decoy-states phase matching quantum key distribution, offering new insights and potential solutions for improving the key generation rate and the maximum transmission distance while maintaining security. Moreover, we also compares the impacts of the proposed improved statistical fluctuation analysis method to those of the Gaussian approximation and Chernoff-Hoeffding boundary methods on system performance. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme significantly improves key generation rate and maximum transmission distance compared to the Chernoff-Hoeffding approach, and approaches the results obtained when the Gaussian approximation is employed. At the same time, the proposed scheme retains the same security level as the Chernoff-Hoeffding method, and is even more secure than the Gaussian approximation.

In the archive of the Ground Wide Angle Camera (GWAC), we found 43 white light flares from 43 stars, among which, three are sympathetic or homologous flares, and one of them also has a quasi-periodic pulsation with a period of $13.0\pm1.5$ minutes. Among these 43 flare stars, there are 19 new active stars and 41 stars that have available TESS and/or K2 light curves, from which we found 931 stellar flares. We also obtained rotational or orbital periods of 34 GWAC flare stars, of which 33 are less than 5.4 days, and ephemerides of three eclipsing binaries from these light curves. Combining with low resolution spectra from LAMOST and the Xinglong 2.16m telescope, we found that $L_{\rm H\alpha}/L_{\rm bol}$ are in the saturation region in the rotation-activity diagram. From the LAMOST medium-resolution spectrum, we found that Star \#3 (HAT 178-02667) has double H$\alpha$ emissions which imply it is a binary, and two components are both active stars. Thirteen stars have flare frequency distributions (FFDs) from TESS and/or K2 light curves. These FFDs show that the flares detected by GWAC can occur at a frequency of 0.5 to 9.5 yr$^{-1}$. The impact of flares on habitable planets was also studied based on these FFDs, and flares from some GWAC flare stars may produce enough energetic flares to destroy ozone layers, but none can trigger prebiotic chemistry on their habitable planets., Comment: 20 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables

When a wind turbine blade exposure to some degree of rainfall, water droplets in the atmosphere impact the blade at high velocity will causes erosion damages of the leading edge. The damages have significant influence to the aerodynamic performance of the blade, and also the cost of power generation. In this paper, a high velocity impact dynamics model of water droplet impact on wind turbine blade is develops based on SPH-FEM coupling method, where SPH model is used to model the large deformation region of the fluid domain, and FEM method is used to model the small deformation region of the structure domain. Together with properties of gelcoat material on the blade surface, effects of varying impact velocities and angles on the impact response of the gelcoat material are analysed through numerical simulation. The results show that during a high velocity impact event of water droplet, the contact force history appears two peaks. Also contact forces and strains on the blade material decreases with decreasing droplet impact velocity and impact angle, the total contact duration of the droplet during the impact decreases with increasing droplet impact velocity and angle. The present study is expected to provide theoretical guidance for enhancing the erosive capacity of wind turbine blade gelcoat material.

In this paper, the orthogonal cutting experiment and simulation analysis of Cu/PTFE composite materials are carried out with cemented carbide tools. The equivalent homogeneous model is adopted to realize the three-dimensional cutting simulation process. Compared with the experimental results, the predicted cutting force is in good agreement with that of the experimental results, and the deviation does not exceed 20%. The relationship between processing parameters and surface roughness under different cutting conditions is discussed in detail. The results show that the feed rate has a significant effect on the surface roughness, and the feed rate should be controlled during the machining process to obtain high surface quality. Through the observation of the turning surface, there are phenomena such as particle pulled off, cut off, and pressed in the processed surface morphology.

The alloying and magnetic disordering effects on site occupation, elastic property, and phase stability of Co2 YGa (Y = Cr, V, and Ni) shape memory alloys are systematically investigated using the first-principles exact muffin-tin orbitals method. It is shown that with the increasing magnetic disordering degree y, their tetragonal shear elastic constant C′ (i.e., (C 11 – C 12)/2) of the L21 phase decreases whereas the elastic anisotropy A increases, and upon tetragonal distortions the cubic phase gets more and more unstable. Co2CrGa and Co2VGa alloys with y ≥ 0.2 thus can show the martensitic transformation (MT) from L21 to D022 as well as Co2NiGa. In off-stoichiometric alloys, the site preference is controlled by both the alloying and magnetic effects. At the ferromagnetism state, the excessive Ga atoms always tend to take the Y sublattices, whereas the excessive Co atom favor the Y sites when Y = Cr, and the excessive Y atoms prefer the Co sites when Y = Ni. The Ga-deficient Y = V alloys can also occur the MT at the ferromagnetism state by means of Co or V doping, and the MT temperature T M should increase with their addition. In the corresponding ferromagnetism Y = Cr alloys, nevertheless, with Co or Cr substituting for Ga, the reentrant MT (RMT) from D022 to L21 is promoted and then T M for the RMT should decrease. The alloying effect on the MT of these alloys is finally well explained by means of the Jahn–Teller effect at the paramagnetic state. At the ferromagnetism state, it may originate from the competition between the austenite and martensite about their strength of the covalent banding between Co and Ga as well as Y and Ga.

Particle swarm collaboration has many applications on the Internet. It is necessary to cluster a large number of algebraic matrices to obtain enough data. The current research focuses on the correlation between particle swarm coordination and matrix, and does not fully consider the difference between geometries. There is a large overlap, which leads to the same results for different matrices, leading to double counting problems. Therefore, based on the analysis of computer technology, this paper proposes a particle swarm optimization algorithm based on partial differential exact solutions. The selected geometric matrix has higher correlation and lower overlap. Experimental results show that this method can significantly improve the accuracy and efficiency of particle swarm coordination.

A tracking control algorithm based on active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC) is proposed to overcome the telescope’s mount fluctuation. The fluctuations are caused by internal and external disturbance when the large aperture telescope runs at ultra-low speed with direct drive. According to the high-precision and high-stability requirements of a large aperture telescope, the ADRC position controller is designed based on segmented arc Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (arc PMSMs). The tracking differentiator of ADRC is designed to undergo a transition process to avoid overshoot in the position loop. The speed of target tracking process is observed by the extended state observer and the position information in the system is estimated in real time. The current control variable of the segmented arc PMSM is generated by implementing a non-linear state error feedback control law. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy can not only accurately estimate the position and speed of the tracking target, but also estimate the disturbance to compensate the control variables. Experiments showed that the speed error is less than 0.05′ s−1when using the ADRC, and it can realize high tracking performance when compared with PID controller, which improves the robustness of a large aperture telescope control system.

Objective: To analyze the volatile constituents in the leaves of Trifolium pratense L. and to explore the effects of different factors on the extraction efficiency. Methods: The volatile components were extracted by the headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the relative content of the components was calculated by the area normalization method. Results: The best headspace solid phase microextraction conditions of the volatile components of the leaves of Trifolium pratense L. were as follows: 50 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS extraction head was used, the extraction temperature was 70 °C, and extraction time was 40min. 82 compounds were identified from Trifolium pratense L. leaves by GC-MS, accounting for 93.02% of the total volatile components, and the total peak area of volatile components was 2.31x109. The compounds with higher content and active activity were beta.-Caryophyllene (6.48%) and Naphthalene, decahydro-4a-methyl-1-methylene-7-(1-methylethenyl) (4.11%). Conclusion: The type of extraction head, the extraction temperature and the extraction time have great influence on the extraction effect. The HS-SPME-GC-MS method is suitable for the rapid extraction, separation and analysis of the volatile components of the leaves of Trifolium pratense L.

The purpose of this study is to comparatively assess the thermal versus mechanical effects of pulsed high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment on hepatic tumors in vivo. Forty-five rabbits with hepatic VX2 tumors were randomly separated into three groups (15 animals per group) before HIFU ablation. The total HIFU energy (in situ) of 1250 J was used for each tumor for three groups. In groups I and II, animals were treated with 1 MHz pulsed ultrasound at 1 Hz pulsed repetition frequency (PRF), 0.5 duty cycle (0.5 s on and 0.5 s off) and10 s duration for one spot sonication. For group II, in addition to HIFU treatment, microbubbles (SonoVue, Bracco, Milan, Italy) were injected via vein before sonication acting as a synergist. In group III, animals were treated with 1 MHz pulsed ultrasound at 10 Hz PRF, 0.1 duty cycle (0.1 s on and 0.9 s off) and 10 s duration for one sonication. The total treatment spots were calculated according to the tumor volume. Tumors were examined with contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) immediately prior to and post HIFU treatment. Histopathologic assessment was performed 3 h after treatment. Our study showed that all animals tolerated the HIFU treatment well. Our data showed that mechanical HIFU could lead to controlled injury in rabbit hepatic tumors with different histological changes in comparison to thermal HIFU with or without microbubbles.

Based on the pulse generation principle of Q-switching and cavity-dumping technologies, this paper designs a power supply with high voltage and narrow pulse for switching avalanche transistor with rising edge of ns level. In the power supply, an avalanche transistor and VOMS transistor are matched to design a driving circuit, which outputs 4.6ns narrow pulse signal. The circuit replaces the traditional cable transmission signal drive mode, reduces the whole signal transmission distance, and improves the signal transmission stability. It makes the two ends of the laser Q-switched crystal KD*P be pushed off instantaneously, which shortened the output laser pulse width from 18ns to 5.6ns. The power supply with high voltage and narrow pulse can be well used in many laser fields including communication, medical treatment, ocean exploration, etc.

The split bearing bores of diesel engine are generally bored after tightening bolts to install crankcase and cylinder block. Machining accuracy significantly affects the contact state during sliding bearing operation, thereby reducing the service life of bearing. For effectively suppressing misalignment of interface caused by deformation of bearing bore, this paper presents finite element model and experimental measurement. The theoretical analysis and numerical calculation of interface are carried out in this paper. The finite element models of bearing bore and interface between crankcase and cylinder block are established to quantitatively analyze the deformation characteristic and contact state. The results indicate that the contact pressure of interface increases gradually with increase of the pre-tightening torque. The sliding distance of interface is positively correlated with the contact pressure of interface. Furthermore, the direction and value of the principal stress are calculated by measuring the strain of nodes around the bearing bore. Differential forces on both sides of bearing bore lead to joint surface sliding. Finite element simulation results are compared with experimental results to verify the finite element model.

SnS2/Na0.9Mg0.45Ti3.55O8 (SNMTO) composite photocatalyst was synthesized by a hydrothermal method. The chemical combination in lattice scale between SnS2 and Na0.9Mg0.45Ti3.55O8 (NMTO) was observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, indicating that heterojunctions were obtained between SnS2 and NMTO. The photocatalytic activity of SNMTO heterojunctions was improved in comparison with that of pure NMTO and SnS2 for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and Rhodamine B. Electrons were excited in n-type semiconductors NMTO and SnS2 under light illumination, and a part of them moved to the interface, determined with the surface potential reduction observed directly by Kelvin probe force microscopy. The charge redistribution in the composite illustrates a high density of interface states between SnS2 and NMTO, which attract lots of photoelectrons, as a result enhancing the photocatalytic performance. This finding is very different from the speculation that the photogenerated electrons and holes migrate from one part to another because it is difficult for charge carriers to travel through the interface with high energy.

The grid planning is a crucial and basic work in the power system, but there are various uncertain factors in the power system, which cause dramatic influences to the size of the grid power investment, as well as the power system security and stability for next few years. Traditional planning methods are gradually hard to adapt the grid planning under situations especially with large amounts of uncertainties. To reduce the impact of uncertain factors of the power system, it is necessary to consider increasingly significant uncertainties in system planning. However, if all extreme scenarios all taken into account, generally, the optimization results will be really conservative. Therefore, to prevent a relatively conservative optimization scheme, this paper proposes a grid-based expansion planning model based on chance constraints which take fully considerations of system uncertain factors using genetic algorithm. Compared with other planning schemes, this method comprehensively considers the investment cost and the level of load loss. Finally, a test system with six nodes is used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The economics of the optimization scheme using the proposed approaches are observed using the test system.

The available transmission capacity of the network has a great impact on the safety and reliability of the whole system. After the reform of electricity market, the grid is required to have the highest available transmission capacity (ATC) based on the existing load due to the uncertain factors. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the growing demand for available transmission capacity from the grid planning stage. Meanwhile, considering the uncertain factors have a great influence on the available transmission capacity (ATC), this paper first models the three uncertain factors and introduces the solving method of probabilistic available transfer capability, then proposes a grid expansion planning model considering the probabilistic available transmission capacity under the influence of uncertainties, which is applied to the six-node test system. Finally, the genetic algorithm is used to solve the final planning scheme. Compared with other planning schemes, this method can consider the comprehensive investment cost and the probability available transmission capacity. The case study shows that the method is effective and can achieve good results.

Good osseointegration and gingival epithelial sealing play a key role in preventing peri-implantitis of dental implants. In addition to antibacterial qualities, the transmucosal surface of the implant is beneficial to the growth of fibroblasts and epithelial cells, while its body surface is suitable for the growth of osteoblasts and is resistant to epithelial cells and fibroblasts. In this study, both microgrooves mimicking the extracellular matrix (ECM) and titanium (Ti) dioxide nanotubes with different parameter settings were produced on Ti surfaces. The behavior of MG63 osteoblasts, L929 fibroblasts, SCC epithelial cells and Porphyromonas gingivalis on these decorated Ti surfaces was detected to quantify their performances in terms of osseointegration, biological sealing and antimicrobial ability. Via a scoring method based on these results, we concluded that 100-50-20-10-5 μm width grooves arranged in the horizontal direction at 2 μm depth were the priority for the design of the implant's transmucosal surface. By changing the depth to 3.6 μm and further decorating with 55 nm nanotubes, a best surface design for the implant body was acquired. Hierarchical ECM-like micro/nano patterns could provide novel designs for dental implants to achieve excellent gingival epithelial sealing and osseointegration, which would facilitate the clinical application of dental implants.

To study the mechanical response of H96 brass, the quasi-static and dynamic compression experiments were performed by the universal-testing machine and the split Hopkinson pressure bar system. The selected temperature range was 293 K ∼ 873 K, the selected strain-rate range was 0.001/s ∼ 6000/s and the strains were up to 0.6. It was shown that, this alloy has remarkable strain hardening character, and this alloy is sensitive to strain-rate and temperature. In addition, the Dynamic Strain Aging phenomenon of this alloy occurs under the condition of 473 K and 0.001/s. According to the testing results and the thermal-activation dislocation mechanism, a plastic flow constitutive model was brought forth. This constitutive model can predict and describe the plastic flow behavior of H96 brass alloy in a wide range of temperature and strain rate.

A compound muscle action potential (CMAP) scan has different settings such as stimulus frequency, duration (or pulse width), and the number of stimuli (or steps). This study aims to evaluate the influence of different stimulation protocols on MScanFit, a recently developed approach to motor unit number estimation (MUNE) from CMAP scan.CMAP scans of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle were performed using four protocols with different pulse widths (0.1 ms, 0.2 ms) and steps (500, 1000) in twelve neurologically intact subjects. For each CMAP scan, the MUNE was derived using MScanFit.Across all subjects, a significantly higher MUNE was obtained using stimulus pulse width of 0.1 ms (500 steps: 107. 7 ± 21.3; 1000 steps: 94.9 ± 22.07) than that using pulse width of 0.2 ms (500 steps: 81.8 ± 9.9; 1000 steps: 77.8 ± 16.1) (p 0.001). However, no significant difference in MUNE was observed using 500 and 1000 steps (p 0.1). No cross effect of pulse width and steps was found between four different protocols (p 0.1).Given these results, a stimulation protocol of 0.1 ms pulse width and 500 steps is recommended for CMAP scan recording of the FDI muscle toward estimating motor unit number using MScanFit.

High-precision machining technology has attracted increasing attention with the rapid development of modern industry. Jet electrochemical machining is a promising method for forming complex 3D shape surface by controlling the path and dwelling time of electrode nozzle moving over workpiece surface. The machining accuracy mainly relies on the stability of the material removal rate and the smoothness of the machined surface. In this paper, a new jet electrochemical machining method, which is based on a newly developed acid electrolyte, is proposed to improve its machining performance. The effects of voltage, interelectrode gap, electrolyte temperature and flow rate are discussed in this work. Stable machining can be achieved by selecting the optimum process parameters, and the surface roughness (Ra) can be reduced to 14.8 nm. Moreover, the obtained material removal rate distribution agrees well with the Gaussian function, which is recognized to have high capability to form complex 3D surface through controlling the movement of the tools.

New blade was designed by combining the advantage of sweepback and characteristic of flight trajectory. Mass and rotational inertia of turbine were calculated before using UDF and SDOF to build up the condition of fluid-driven simulation and observing the behavior of VAWT with airfoil NACA0012-800, LJY-800 and NACA23012-800. Results showed the potential of new designed airfoil and blade with better aerodynamic stability. Fluid-driven simulation gave out further suggestion that VAWT with high lift-drag ratio coefficient and power coefficient should be validated for its feasibility by fluid-driven simulation.

The composition and content of glucosinolates were investigated in ‘Nainaiqingcai’ mustard to reveal the diversity of the glucosinolates among the individual edible parts (leaves, petioles, and bolting stems). The results showed the significant differences of the composition and content of glucosinolates were found in the different edible parts of ‘Nainaiqingcai’ mustard. Eleven glucosinolates were detected in leaves of ‘Nainaiqingcai’ mustard, including six aliphatic glucosinolates, four indole glucosinolates and one aromatic glucosinolate. Only ten of the eleven glucosinolates were detected in petioles and bolting stems of ‘Nainaiqingcai’ mustard. The highest contents of glucosinolates in ‘Nainaiqingcai’ mustard was found in leaves. Aliphatic glucosinolates were predominant in the ‘Nainaiqingcai’ mustard, followed by indole and aromatic glucosinolates. Sinigrin was the predominant glucosinolate in the ‘Nainaiqingcai’ mustard. In summary, these findings provide a theoretical reference for the scientific consumption and a foundation for the further study of ‘Nainaiqingcai’ mustard in the future.

Interview technique, field investigation and quadrat sampling method were used to study the sleeping sites selection by Macaque Mulatta in Lu Mountain, Sichuan Province. 5 sleeping sites selection were recorded in the investigation. 12 quadrates (10m*10m) and 15 habitat factors were measured and calculated with principal component analysis. The results showed that the characteristics of the sleeping sites were the area of 1600m-1700m, the middle slope position of slope land with slope of 20°- 40°, certain macrophanerophytes density, the average DBH of the sleeping tree were less than 15 cm, the sleeping height were less than 6 m, the theropencedrymion with medium concealment, less disturbed human activities. The principal component analysis showed that the first 6 factors contributed 82.242% of the total variance reflecting the characters of the sleeping sites. It was indicated that the main ecological factors affecting the sleeping sites of the Macaca mulatta in Lu Mountain were terrain, sleeping height, feeding point distance, road distance, human interference distance, concealment, slope direction, etc.

The directionality of the response of gross primary productivity (GPP) to climate has been shown to vary across the globe. This effect has been hypothesized to be the result of the interaction between multiple bioclimatic factors, including environmental energy (i.e. temperature and radiation) and water availability. This is due to the tight coupling between water and carbon cycling in plants and the fact that temperature often drives plant water demand. Using GPP data extracted from 188 sites of FLUXNET2015 and observation-driven terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs), we disentangled the confounding effects of temperature, precipitation and carbon dioxide on GPP, and examined their long-term effects on productivity across the globe. Based on the FLUXNET2015 data, we observed a decline in the positive effect of temperature on GPP, while the positive effects of precipitation and CO2 were becoming stronger during 2000–2014. Using data derived from TBMs between 1980 and 2010 we found similar effects globally. The modeled data allowed us to investigate these effects more thoroughly over space and time. In arid regions, the modeled response to precipitation increased since 1950, approximately 30 years earlier than in humid regions. We further observed the negative effects of summer temperature on GPP in arid regions, suggesting greater aridity stress on productivity under global warming. Our results imply that aridity stress, triggered by rising temperatures, has reduced the positive influence of temperature on GPP, while increased precipitation and elevated CO2 may alleviate negative aridity impacts.

High capacity and stable anodes are demanded since the current graphite-based anode does not meet the high-performance requirements of emerging Li-ion battery systems. Herein, we present a novel spring-shaped hierarchical SiO2@Co3O4 nanowire composite, which exhibits good Li-storage performance. The special structure is able to effectively accommodate the change in structure during charge-discharge, and the coaxial hierarchical morphology enables rapid Li+ ion and electron transfer. The spring-shaped SiO2@Co3O4 anode exhibits a capacity of 770 mAh g-1, along with a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.8% after 400 cycles. A stable rate performance even after three rounds of measurements is also achievable. In addition, the real-time lithiation of the SiO2@Co3O4 composite is investigated through an in situ transmission electron microscopy technology, which demonstrates the stable structure of the spring-shaped SiO2@Co3O4 composite during the rapid lithiation process.

The metamaterial with negative Poison’s ratio is widely used due to its special mechanical and physical properties. Based on the theory of periodic solution and bifurcation of nonlinear dynamics, we mainly focus on the nonlinear vibration behaviors and parameter control of a simply supported concave hexagonal composite sandwich plate with negative Poisson’s ratio in auxetic honeycombs subjected to in-plane and transverse excitation. The Melnikov function is improved by introducing the curvilinear coordinate frame and Poincaré map to detect the existence and number of the periodic solutions. The effects of the forcing excitation coefficient on nonlinear dynamics as well as the parameter control conditions are presented. Numerical method is performed to obtain the phase portraits of the number and corresponding positions of multiple periodic orbits.

With the fast increase in the resolution of astronomical images, the question of how to process and transfer such large images has become a key issue in astronomy. We propose a new real-time compression and fast reconstruction algorithm for astronomical images based on compressive sensing techniques. We first reconstruct the original signal with fewer measurements, according to its compressibility. Then, based on the characteristics of astronomical images, we apply Daubechies orthogonal wavelets to obtain a sparse representation. A matrix representing a random Fourier ensemble is used to obtain a sparse representation in a lower dimensional space. For reconstructing the image, we propose a novel minimum total variation with block adaptive sensing to balance the accuracy and computation time. Our experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can efficiently reconstruct colorful astronomical images with high resolution and improve the applicability of compressed sensing.

We present a scheme for symmetric controlled remote preparation of an arbitrary 2-qudit state form a sender to either of the two receivers via positive operator-valued measurement and pure entangled two-particle states. The first sender transforms the quantum channel shared by all the agents via POVM according to her knowledge of prepared state. All the senders perform single- or two-particle projective measurements on their entangled particles and the receiver can probabilisticaly reconstruct the original state on her entangled particles via unitary transformation and auxiliary qubit. The scheme is optimal as the probability which the receiver prepares the original state equals to the entanglement of the quantum channel. Moreover, it is more convenience in application than others as it requires only two-particle entanglements for preparing an arbitrary two-qudit state.

A material removal mechanism of a single-tip tool cutting/scratch is the foundation for the analysis and prediction of the grinding process. A novel method for conducting single-tip, relatively high speed, and force-measurable nano-cutting tests with controllable cutting length are proposed to investigate the elastic–plastic deformation. Nano-cutting tests of single-crystal silicon are implemented at the cutting speeds of 0.1 m s−1 and 1 m s−1 which are close to the real grinding speed and much higher than that of single-tip tool scratch tests reported. Remarkable elastic recovery rate over 50% is observed in both cutting speeds. A semi-empirical model describing the relationship between the elastic recovery rate and residual depth is proposed. The normal force is studied in the whole cutting range. The findings of the elastic–plastic deformation behavior under relatively high cutting speed are valuable for the further mechanisms and process analysis of the ultra-fine grinding of brittle materials.

Bijie City, Guizhou Province belongs to the alpine cold climate. In order to understand the nutritional values of ‘Nainaiqingcai’ mustard, the contents of main nutrients among different edible parts (leaves, petioles, and bolting stem) in ‘Nainaiqingcai’ mustard under the alpine cold climate were investigated. The results showed that significant differences were found among different edible parts. The levels of chlorophyll, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, soluble soilds, and soluble proteins were followed as the trends of leaves > petioles > bolting stem.Whereas the sugar components showed different distributions, and the lowest content of sugar was detected in leaves. Moreover, significant negatively correlation were found between sugar and the other nutrients. Most of the extremely significant positive correlations were found between sugar components, and the correlation coefficient is high (except for the correlation between fructose and sucrose). The highest correlation coefficient was between chlorophyll and carotenoids, up to 1.000. In summary, the information in this study provides a theoretical reference for the study of nutritional quality of ‘Nainaiqingcai’ mustard under the alpine cold climate.

This experiment analyzed the bioactive compounds content and antioxidant capacities of different edible parts (the leaves, petioles and bolting stem) of ‘Nianaiqingcai’ mustard. The results showed that significant differences were found among different edible parts. The levels of chlorophylls (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll), carotenoids (neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein, β-carotene and total carotenoids), proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, total phenolic and antioxidant capacities were all followed as the trend of leaves > petioles > bolting stem, and the bioactive compound contents and antioxidant capacities of the leaves were far greater than other parts. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between all indicators. The correlations between individuals of chlorophyll and carotenoids were extremely high, and the level even reached 1.000. Even the lowest correlation coefficient between ABTS and total phenolics was as high as 0.965. This study provides a theoretical basis and data reference for people’s daily diet