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Pakistan is an integral part of South Asia in geographic, cultural, linguistic and historic terms but its rulers have emphasized the country's relations with the Middle East since independence in 1947. The desire to simultaneously find national cohesion and a significant role on the world stage has shaped Pakistan's history as that of a state in search of a national identity. The emphasis on ideology led to a foreign policy that rested on Islam and Islamic unity as its principal drivers. Just as Islamic ideology was to be a substitute for nationalism and the basis for a distinct Pakistani personality, Pakistan's foreign policy highlighted closer ties with Muslim Middle Eastern nations at the expense of normal relations with India. This paper is an analysis of this aspect of Pakistan's Foreign Policy since 1947 onwards. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, based on field research in South Asia and shadow cases of Brazil and Thailand, argues that transnational advocacy networks (TANs) systematically favor a particular framing of the issues surrounding new biotechnology, such as GM crops. .x000d.I argue that the mechanisms of TANs, identified by social movement theorists, such as modularity and externalization have systematic political effects on the political field in which they operate. I show how, in India, TANs have enhanced the resources and discourses of pre-existing 'romantic' groups, by which I mean those taking an anti market, traditionalist approach to agrarian issues, and at the same time TANs have diminished or distorted the efforts of populist groups to frame the issues of biotechnology toward economic questions, for example of the price and quality of seeds in particular places. .x000d.I conclude that the literature on TANs and INGOs, needs to adopt a more critical political geography of their impacts, taking into account how transnational resources alter existing patterns of contention. Finally, I attempt to generalize these findings to other areas of contention and ask under what circumstances TANs are most likely to be helpful for their target populations. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact that the acquisition of ballistic missile defense capabilities by India and Pakistan would have on the international security environment in South Asia. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]