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Following the onset of COVID-19, research production in economics and finance (measured by the posting of working papers) increased by 29 |$\%$|⁠. Production increases were widespread across geographies, job titles, departments, and ages with larger increases in top departments and for people under the age of 35. Men and women both experienced production increases with the exception of women between the age of 35 and 49, who experienced no production gains despite large increases for men in the same age group. COVID-19 increased reliance on past coauthorship networks, with larger production gains for authors that are more central to the network. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix , which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moreover, Willis was not the critic of Locke's views in the I Reasonableness of Christianity i as expressed in I The Occasional Paper: Number I i , and the "Post-Script" to I The Occasional Paper: Number V i . The stylometric evidence from the Delta analysis conflicts with the clear indications that the author of I The Occasional Paper: Number I i also wrote the "Post-Script" to I The Occasional Paper: Number V i . I The Occasional Paper i was a series of anonymous pamphlets covering a diverse range of topics, published in quarto by Matthew Wotton and running for ten numbers from 1697 to 1698.[1] The I Paper i was intended to provide a moderate Anglican perspective through a regular publication rather than one-off pamphlets.[2] It is remembered primarily for its criticisms of Locke, Toland, and its contribution to the Collier controversy.[3] It has always been attributed to Richard Willis ( I bap i . 1664, d. 1734), successively bishop of Gloucester (1715-21), Salisbury (1721-3) and Winchester (1723-34). We were unable to source any published texts for the ascribed author of I The Occasional Paper: Number X i , Mr Hodges, "fellow of Wadham College", and no ascription was provided for I The Occasional Paper: Number VII i ; hence, it was not possible to provide com- parison texts for these two I Occasional Papers i . [Extracted from the article]

The article offers an update on the characteristics of submissionsto and papers published in volume 188 of the journal which serves to enrich and educate practicing epidemiologists working in both general and specialty fields. Topics covered include the countries of origin of contributions, the percentage of published manuscriptsa in the the journal over time by type and subject area, and year-to-date decisions made for 2019 submissions to the journal.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics concerning experiences with social workers, the social work profession and social work service systems.

Objective To perform a thorough assessment of the recently published Mint Trials in order to illustrate how to read and analyze a study critically, according to principles of evidence-based medicine. Design Narrative review. Method We have applied the recently published guidelines for composing and assessing studies on the treatment of pain to a recently published article describing a large study that claimed its "findings do not support the use of radiofrequency denervation to treat chronic low back pain." These guidelines describe the critical components of a high-quality manuscript that allows communication of all relevant information from authors to readers. Results Application of evidence-based medicine principles to the publication describing the Mint Trials reveals significant issues with the methodology and conclusions drawn by the authors. A thorough assessment demonstrates issues with inclusion/exclusion criteria, diagnostic block protocols, radiofrequency neurotomy technique, co-interventions, outcome measurement, power analysis, study sample characteristics, data analysis, and loss to follow-up. A failure to definitively establish a diagnosis, combined with use of an inadequate technique for radiofrequency neurotomy and numerous other methodological flaws, leaves the reader unable to draw meaningful conclusions from the study data. Conclusions Critical analysis, rooted in principles of evidence-based medicine, must be employed by writers and readers alike in order to encourage transparency and ensure that appropriate conclusions are drawn from study data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background This year marks the 20th birthday of the European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing (EJCN). The official journal of the Association of Cardiovascular Nursing and Allied Professionals, is now recognized as one of the leading nursing and allied professional journals. Aims This article reflects on the developments and impact of the journal over its 20-year lifespan. Methods and results We present a descriptive account of the journal from inception (2002) until present day (2021), using data provided by the EJCN editorial office and extracted from published and available information. In the last 20 years, the EJCN has published 20 volumes, 106 issues, and 1320 papers from 79 countries. The volume and quality of papers has been consistently increasing, culminating in a 2020 impact factor of 3.908, the highest in its history, ranking second for nursing science. Papers are predominantly patient focused with a range of research methods that cover an extensive range of cardiovascular conditions. Authors who contributed to the first issue continued their contribution; 293 articles in total. Conclusion The EJCN has evolved into a leading journal of cardiovascular care. As the journal enters its next era, with a new Editor-in-Chief, it is appropriate to have reflected on the phenomenal contribution of the outgoing Editor-in-Chief, and the editorial team, over the last 20 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the relationship between North American and Latin American literary discourses and identities. Particular focus is given to the roles of experience and reading in North American and Latin American concepts of authorship, respectively. Topics include aesthetics, writers Roberto Bolaño and Francisco Goldman, and U.S. Latino fiction

Introduction: Gender equity has become a major concern in many professional fields. The rate of women as authors has to be interpreted according to the rate of women in the related professions. In this perspective, studying nurses' population should be of particular interest since, worldwide, nurses are mostly women. Then, our aim was to study gender disparity in nurses' publications. Methods: We selected the three main journals dedicated to nurse publications: International Journal of Nursing Studies, Journal of Nursing Scholarship, and European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. We included 20 recent consecutive papers from each journal. For each paper, the number of authors, their gender, and rank were recorded. Primary endpoint: overall rate of women as authors. Secondary endpoints: rate of women as first, last, second, and third authors. Results: Sixty papers including 322 authors were analysed. Overall rate of women authors: 74%. Overall rate of women as first author: 82%. Overall rate of women as last author: 72%. Overall rate of women as second and third authors: respectively, 80% and 70%. Conclusion: Almost three-quarters of the authors in these main scientific journals of nursing studies were female. This rate is lower than the gender rate in the nursing profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the author's collaborative work with Clive W. J. Granger on the paper he was writing. It notes that the author's doctor of philosophy degree (PhD) dissertation was supervised by Granger on harmonizable processes which are related to long-memory processes insofar as they encompass non-stationary processes. According to the author, before he started his PhD in economics, he had finished a master's degree in the mathematics department.

This is a correction to: Hongtai Jing, Zhengtao Gao, Sheng Xu, Tao Shen, Zhangzhi Peng, Shwai He, Tao You, Shuang Ye, Wei Lin, Siqi Sun, Accurate prediction of antibody function and structure using bio-inspired antibody language model, Briefings in Bioinformatics, Volume 25, Issue 4, July 2024, bbae245, https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbae245In the originally published version of this paper, corresponding authorship information required correction, as author Siqi Sun was listed as the sole corresponding author. The correct corresponding authors are Shuang Ye, Wei Lin and Siqi Sun.The published paper has been corrected accordingly. [Extracted from the article]

Emails are often used to illegal cybercrime today, so it is important to verify the identity of the email author. This paper proposes a general model for solving the problem of anonymous email author attribution, which can be used in email authorship identification and email authorship verification. The first situation is to find the author of an anonymous email among the many suspected targets. Another situation is to verify if an email was written by the sender. This paper extracts features from the email header and email body and analyzes the writing style and other behaviors of email authors. The behaviors of email authors are extracted through a statistical algorithm from email headers. Moreover, the author's writing style in the email body is extracted by a sequence-to-sequence bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) algorithm. This model combines multiple factors to solve the problem of anonymous email author attribution. The experiments proved that the accuracy and other indicators of proposed model are better than other methods. In email authorship verification experiment, our average accuracy, average recall and average F1-score reached 89.9%. In email authorship identification experiment, our model's accuracy rate is 98.9% for 10 authors, 92.9% for 25 authors and 89.5% for 50 authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author highlights the characteristics of the papers published within the volumes 171 and 172 of the "American Journal of Epidemiology". He provides an overview of the contributions, including their countries of origin, type and subject area, and highlights the decisions made for the 2010 submissions. The author also acknowledges the reviewer and editor of the papers, dedicated staff, and the Society for Epidemiologic Research for their efforts.

In the eighteenth century a combination of economic and social circumstances gave rise to a debate over the notions of authorship and originality in London. The growing diffusion of printed works caused an increasing popularity of certain authors who were on the way to professionalization. An accurate attribution of works became thus a key point in their careers and incomes, but also in those of influential booksellers who, zealous of their business, used their power to protect their investment. This zeal, notwithstanding, did not prevent authors from copying, using and imitating other authors without acknowledging their sources. Such a practice caused problems of authorship, as in the case of the dictionaries written by Entick, The New Spelling Dictionary (1765), and by Fisher, An Accurate New Spelling Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language (17732). In a small set of letters written by Ann Fisher and some unpublished draft copies of the preface to her dictionary, she defends herself against a charge of piracy in which Entick's dictionary was involved. In these documents she not only denounces the falsity of these accusations but also tackles the question of authorship/originality in the production of dictionaries. The aim of this paper is to check Fisher's line of defence by, first, comparing both dictionaries and, second, briefly revising the eighteenth-century lexicographers’ practice of using an array of sources to devise their dictionaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article shares tips from an early career researcher on the art of writing. These include seeking peer support for early drafts, tapping into the productive hours in the day and avoiding distractions, writing for an audience with clarity, editing by working backwards to help ensure a more consistent development across the paper, accepting the reality that quality writing takes time, practice and patients, submitting the paper and learning to see reviews as another stage of feedback.

Women are less likely to be senior authors, invited to write in scientific journals, and to be cited in high impact journals. The aim of this study was to investigate trends in authorship and gender differences in peer-reviewed burn literature over 13 years. We performed a retrospective analysis of original research articles published from January 2009 to September 2021 in three burn journals. A gender determination application was used to categorize the gender of the first and senior author. Of the 3908 articles analyzed, 42.5% had a woman first author and 27.6% had a woman senior author. We identified 2029 unique senior authors, 29.0% of whom were women. Woman senior authorship was associated with increased odds of woman first authorship [OR = 2.31 (95% CI: 2.00, 2.67); P <.001]. The percentage of papers with a woman senior author increased from 17.8% in 2009 to 35.7% in 2021. If this 1.0% (95% CI: 0.50–1.51%) linear trend increase per year in woman senior authorship continues, we will expect to see equal proportions of woman and man senior authors in the included journals starting in 2037. The field of burn care is far from reaching gender parity with respect to authorship of peer-reviewed publications. Supporting and encouraging gender-concordant and discordant first:last authorship dyads in mentorship as well as redistributing obligations that may detract from authorship opportunities are potential ways to improve parity in authorship and academia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ruth Asawa's final year at Black Mountain College, c. 1948–49, she used a rubber stamp borrowed from the laundry room and featuring the college's initials (BMC) to make a body of work. Three years later, a pattern derived from this work was mass‐produced and marketed across the US under the name Alphabet – without attribution to Asawa, nor to the school for which the pattern's acronym stood. This essay examines the doubled abstraction of Asawa's stamp (in the sense of both material tool and figurative signature), as the letters that she first abstracted into images were subsequently disassociated from both her name and that of the school itself. By tracing Asawa's eventual reclamation of her authorship from this contextual abstraction, this essay makes a broader case for recognizing artistic practices of self‐definition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented on the literary style of writer Stevie Smith with specific reference to her debut book "Novel on Yellow Paper." It states that Stevie greets her readers in the subtitle to the book which shows the writer starting as she means to go on. It is opined that with this blunt injunction, Smith puts her readers on their guard, at once drawing them in and holding them at a wary distance.

The European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) is committed to maintaining the highest standards of professional excellence in all aspects of cardiovascular imaging. The mission of the EACVI is to promote excellence in clinical diagnosis, research, technical development, and education in cardiovascular imaging with a particular focus on education, training, scientific initiatives, and research. The EACVI established the Scientific Initiatives Committee (SIC) in December 2018. This committee has responsibility for surveys among imagers, patients' surveys and surveys including data from clinical practice. The current document describes the aims of the EACVI SIC and the creation of the international EACVI survey network. This document summarizes the EACVI's standards for the survey questions and standards for writing the papers with the results of the surveys. These are in accordance with previous recommendations and were approved by the EACVI SIC and the EACVI Board in 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By exploiting the cancellation of the 2012 American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, we investigate the role of conferences in facilitating academic collaboration. We assembled data sets comprising 17,467 academics, and in difference‐in‐differences analysis we find that the conference cancellation led to a decrease in individuals’ likelihood of co‐authoring an article with another attendant by 16%. Moreover, collaborations formed among attendants of (occurring) conferences are associated with more successful co‐publications: an effect which is sharpest for teams that are new or non‐collocated. Conferences seem to de‐cluster the co‐authorship network. Altogether, our findings demonstrate the importance of conferences in scientific production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Although the representation of women in science has improved, women remain underrepresented in scientific publications. This study compares women and men in scholarly dissemination through the AMIA Annual Symposium.Materials and Methods: Through a retrospective observational study, we analyzed 2017-2020 AMIA submissions for differences in panels, papers, podium abstracts, posters, workshops, and awards for men compared with women. We assigned a label of woman or man to authors and reviewers using Genderize.io, and then compared submission and acceptance rates, performed regression analyses to evaluate the impact of the assumed gender, and performed sentiment analysis of reviewer comments.Results: Of the 4687 submissions for which Genderize.io could predict man or woman based on first name, 40% were led by women and 60% were led by men. The acceptance rate was smilar. Although submission and acceptance rates for women increased over the 4 years, women-led podium abstracts, panels, and workshops were underrepresented. Men reviewers increased the odds of rejection. Men provided longer reviews and lower reviewer scores, but women provided reviews that had more positive words.Discussion: Overall, our findings reflect significant gains for women in the 4 years of conference data analyzed. However, there remain opportunities to improve representation of women in workshop submissions, panel and podium abstract speakers, and balanced peer reviews. Future analyses could be strengthened by collecting gender directly from authors, including diverse genders such as non-binary.Conclusion: We found little evidence of major bias against women in submission, acceptance, and awards associated with the AMIA Annual Symposium from 2017 to 2020. Our study is unique because of the analysis of both authors and reviewers. The encouraging findings raise awareness of progress and remaining opportunities in biomedical informatics scientific dissemination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyzed 27,234 publications published since the rise of the field of invasion science in 1980 to evaluate the presence of gender differences in research productivity, the extent of collaboration, and the research impact of those differences. Our analysis revealed significantly fewer female than male authored publications, both per capita and as a group, and the underrepresentation of women as first and single authors persists despite improvements in the gender gap. At the current rate of increase, gender parity in first authorship will not be achieved until 2100, and men will continue to constitute the principal voice of first or single authors in invasion science. Women collaborate with fewer coauthors and are cited less frequently than men, on average, which may influence recruitment and retention to more senior academic positions. These gender disparities in this aspect of research performance suggest that, although the gender gap is lessening, women experience barriers in invasion science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Content-based authorship identification is an emerging research problem in online social media networks, due to a wide collection of issues ranging from security to privacy preservation, from radicalization to defamation detection, and so forth. Indeed, this research has attracted a relevant amount of attention from the research community during the past years. The general problem becomes harder when we consider the additional constraint of identifying the same false profile over different social media networks, under obvious considerations. Inspired by this emerging research challenge, in this paper we propose and experimentally assess an innovative framework for supporting content-based authorship identification and analysis in social media networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the history of "The Diggers' Song," a song associated with a 17th-century English commune known as the Diggers, and its possible authorship. It discusses how the song was originally preserved in an anonymous and undated version, found in the papers of Sir William Clarke, a military administrator. The article also explores the potential authors of the song, including Gerrard Winstanley and Robert Coster, and their connection to the Digger movement.

Wade Hampton Frost, who was a Professor of Epidemiology at Johns Hopkins University from 1919 to 1938, spurred the development of epidemiologic methods. His 6 publications in the American Journal of Hygiene, which later became the American Journal of Epidemiology, comprise a 1928 Cutter lecture on a theory of epidemics, a survey-based study of tonsillectomy and immunity to Corynebacterium diphtheriae (1931), 2 papers from a longitudinal study of the incidence of minor respiratory diseases (1933 and 1935), an attack rate ratio analysis of the decline of diphtheria in Baltimore (1936), and a 1936 lecture on the age, time, and cohort analysis of tuberculosis mortality. These 6 American Journal of Hygiene /American Journal of Epidemiology papers attest that Frost's personal evolution mirrored that of the emerging “early” epidemiology: The scope of epidemiology extended beyond the study of epidemics of acute infectious diseases, and rigorous comparative study designs and their associated quantitative methods came to light. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The authors reflect on the implementation of a checklist for authors who will be submitting measure development and measure validation manuscripts to the "Journal of Pediatric Psychology (JPP)." They examine the importance of evidence-based assessment (EBA) in pediatric psychology, and cite some papers concerning EBA. They discuss the purpose of the checklist for measure development papers, and the criteria that must be included in all measure development papers.

Objective: We aimed to compare the number of submissions until acceptance and the time to publication between articles co-authored and articles not co-authored by statisticians.Methods: We randomly selected 781 articles published in 2016 in 18 high impact factor journals of general internal medicine and primary care. For each article, we retrieved its date of submission to the journal and its first publication; we also contacted its corresponding author and asked about the number of submissions necessary from the first submission to a journal until acceptance and whether the article was co-authored by a statistician. After having excluded qualitative studies, we compared the articles co-authored with those not co-authored by statisticians in terms of number of submissions and submission-to-publication time, using negative binomial and Cox regressions, adjusted for intracluster correlations.Results: One hundred fifty-eight authors completed the questionnaire (20%); 136 articles with quantitative design were included in the study. Overall, 63 articles (46%) were co-authored by statisticians. There was no statistically significant difference in the number of submissions (statistician group: mean 2.1 (SD 1.1) versus 2.2 (SD 1.2), P value 0.87). By contrast, we found a statistically significant difference in the submission-to-publication time (statistician group: median 211 days [interquartile range (IQR) 171] versus 260 (IQR 144); hazard ratio 1.44 (95% CI 1.01-2.03), adjusted P value 0.04).Conclusions: Papers co-authored by statisticians have a shorter time to publication. We encourage researchers to closely involve statisticians in the design, conduct and statistical analysis of research, not only to ensure high standards of quality but also to speed up its publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents guidelines for submission of manuscripts to the "Journal of Applied Microbiology". Preparation and presentation of manuscripts; Format of papers; Submissions; Layout of references; Materials and methods; Statistics; Experimental hazards; Ethics of experimentation; Review articles.

Distributed language representation (deep learning) has been applied successfully in different applications in natural language processing. Using this model, we propose and implement two new authorship attribution classifiers. In this perspective, a vector-space representation can be generated for each author or disputed text according to words and their nearby context. To determine the authorship of a disputed text, the cosine similarity between vector representations can be applied. The proposed strategies can be adapted without any difficulty to different languages (such as English and Italian) or genres (essays, political speeches, and newspaper articles). Evaluations using the k-nearest neighbors (k-NNs))and based on four test collections (the Federalist Papers, the State of the Union addresses, the Glasgow Herald, and La Stampa newspapers) indicate that the distributed language representation preforms well, providing sometimes better effectiveness than state-of-the-art methods such as k-NN, nearest shrunken centroids, chi-square, Delta, latent Dirichlet allocation, or multi-layer perceptron classifier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many studies examined gender inequalities in research, but only a few data are available for general biomedical journals. We assessed the prevalence of female first authorship in general biomedical journals and examined its variations across a number of author, article and journal characteristics.Methods: This study was nested within a larger project designed to analyze the bibliometric characteristics of scientific articles. We retrieved 767 randomly selected articles published in 2016 in high impact factor journals of primary healthcare (n = 9) and general internal medicine (n = 9). We extracted the following data: author (gender, number of publications and affiliation of the first author), paper (number of authors, number of participants and study design) and journal characteristics (journal discipline and 2015 impact factor). We compared the proportion of articles authored by women and men using univariate and multivariate logistic regressions adjusted for intra-cluster correlations.Results: The female authorship proportion was 48% (63% for primary healthcare and 33% for general internal medicine, P-value < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, women published fewer articles (<5 versus >15 publications: OR 1.6 [95% CI 1.1-2.4]), were more often affiliated with institutions in the Western world (OR 2.2 [95% CI 1.2-3.9]), were more likely to publish qualitative studies (versus systematic reviews or experiments: OR 2.7 [95% CI 1.5-4.8]) and to publish in primary healthcare journals (OR 1.7 [95% CI 1.1-2.7]).Conclusions: The underrepresentation of women in articles published by general internal medicine journals, in articles from the non-Western world and in systematic reviews and trials should be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A range of widely copied Arabic works on asceticism and spiritual poverty attributed to prominent Muslim scholars, Najm al-Dīn al-Kubrā, ʿUmar al-Suhrawardī, Yaḥyā al-Suhrawardī, Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī, and Aḥmad Zarrūq, are either identical, or contain significant overlaps. This paper analyses the content and reception of this work, and the 36 manuscripts of it available, in order to clarify the issues around its authenticity, authorship, and genre. It makes four key arguments. First, it argues that Minhāj al-sālikīn widely attributed to al-Kubrā is not an authentic work. It is a recent ascription that invents this title and changes the creedal content of an originally longer work. Second, a shorter version of this work can be ascribed to ʿUmar al-Suhrawardī in a particular sense of pre-modern authorship. He compiled a selection from the longer work that was penned by someone else––in the same way his Irshād al-murīdīn is mostly selections from al-Qushayrī's Risāla. Third, different versions of the treatise are mistakenly attributed to Zarrūq, Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī, and Yaḥyā al-Suhrawardī in various publications and manuscripts. Finally, the original version was penned by one of the less-known teachers of Ibn al-ʿArabī, Abū ʿAmr ʿUthmān al-Abharī, and soon attributed to more celebrated figures. Through these later agents and their attributions, reproductions, redactions, and publications, the text came to be situated within a Sufi framework and genre. Thus, the epistle on poverty exemplifies not only the construction of 'Sufism' as a genre beyond the authorial intention, but also the dispersal of the author-function typical for this genre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the pathogenesis, clinical investigation, medical microbiology, diagnosis, immune mechanisms, and treatment of diseases caused by infectious agents.

In the major reforms and reviews of social work in the UK that followed the death of Baby P in 2007, significant attention has been paid to the relationship between social work and the media. The College of Social Work, established in 2012, has created a media centre, commissioned and published research into media ethics, and produced a media guide for social workers. Whilst The Munro Review of Child Protection explicitly addressed the responsibilities of politicians in relation to media stories about social work, there has been little detailed analysis of their role. This paper presents findings from research undertaken by the author involving the analysis of ‘moral talk’ in political and press accounts of the death of Baby P. I argue that politicians, in conjunction with the press, actively mobilised public anger towards social work through their responses. The paper further suggests that politicians and the press have a shared mutual interest in the co-authorship of ‘bad’ stories about social work. This paper is timely given the continuing impact of the social work reform agenda and the potential implications of the Leveson Inquiry into the culture, practice and ethics of the press in Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses the long-term impact of collaboration in terms of the extent to which collaborators cite each other’s works and cite the same publications as each other. The results are based on coauthorship of academic articles during 1990–2010. Although the number of citations to, and common references with, collaborators both increase as the number of collaborators increases over time, these differ between collaborators. For example, many authors do not cite their collaborators and many collaborators do not cite any of the same references as each other. In contrast, many authors cite their collaborators extensively and many collaborators have many of the same references as each other. The extent of citing collaborators and citing the same references as cited by collaborators varies with the impact of the collaborators. These widely different properties may reflect some collaborators working in completely different research areas, others working in the same broad research area, and still others working within a narrow research area. Alternatively, some collaborators may learn from or monitor each other while others do not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the prevalence of questionable research practices (QRPs), the negative effects they have on the public's trust in research, and the cultural pressures that incentivize the practices. Topic include understanding the nature of QRPs and the pressures researchers face to prioritize research quantity and career advancement over quality; and the pressure to prioritize research impact, reach, and quantity over quality is often a significant contributor to QRPs.

Using the World Wide Web (hereinafter the `Web') has become an increasingly viable way to source information in academic writing. However, the Web is a fundamentally different type of resource from conventional sources such as books and journals. This paper argues that there is a need among learners for a heightened critical awareness of web-source nuances. Specifically, although the Web contains a much greater amount of information than conventional research sources, a great proportion of its sites harbour ideological agendas. It is suggested that L2 learners, in particular, may require both consciousness raising and practice in recognizing the biases that exist in websites. The paper concludes by describing a pilot study which produced some practical steps that teachers can take to introduce and enhance Internet literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The aim was to evaluate the use of PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses), CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) and STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) methods in reviews, clinical trials and observational studies, respectively, which were published in European journals within the field of Public Health (PH). Methods Papers published between 2010 and 2013 in seven PH journals were evaluated. The presence of the words PRISMA, STROBE and CONSORT was considered in the search criteria. (Results In total, 2355 of 3456 retrieved articles were included: 1.5% appeared to follow the guidelines. The boundaries within which the criteria were applied are 0-100% for CONSORT, 0-0.6% for STROBE and 0-37% for PRISMA. Conclusions A strong heterogeneity in the application of guideline statements was observed. A common agreement among journals regarding research-reporting methodologies could improve the quality of PH research publishing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We extend the results in Lissoni et al. (2013, J. Econ. Behav. Organ. , 95, 49–69) on scientific credit misallocation, as measured by misalignment between authorship and inventorship recognition in patent-publication pairs. Extending the analysis to European data, we confirm that, other things being equal, the probability of exclusion of a scientific author from a publication-related patent declines with seniority and increases for women. In addition, we find that the senior scientists' power to exclude other authors plays a more important role in explaining the patterns of exclusion than differences in authors' attribution preferences. The unfavorable treatment of young and/or female scientists emerges in particular when patents are owned by companies or individuals, thus providing a warning flag on those institutional arrangements that favor company or individual ownership of academic patents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To determine whether postgraduate medical trainees are exposed to honorary authorship, whether they are aware of the topic and if they believe that further support and education concerning this issue is needed. Methods Postgraduate medical trainees were contacted by email with a link to our questionnaire on two occasions (2 and 26 February 2014) and then contacted in person ( June-November 2014). The questionnaire topics included demographics, authorship practice beliefs and experience, and authorship policy-related questions. We also determined the proportion of perceived, International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)-defined and unperceived honorary authorship in the respondent group. Results The response rate was 27.7%. The prevalence of perceived, ICMJE-defined and unperceived honorary authorship was 38.1%, 57.3% and 24.2%, respectively; 90.1% were unaware of the ICMJE authorship criteria, 92.6% were unaware of a support system for authorship disputes, but 91.8% believed such a system should be implemented and 93.3% believed medical trainees and faculty should be instructed on authorship guidelines. Conclusions A paradigm shift from the current system is needed, where enforcement of ethical authorship practices is shifted away from journal editors. Instruction on the topic should be provided to medical trainees throughout medical school and continued during further training. A process should also be outlined to resolve authorship disputes. These measures may encourage researchers to have an open discussion on the topic prior to the commencement of a research project, and to resolve authorship conflicts in a constructive manner. We also hope this paper encourages further work on the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study of the process of translation into Arabic of the Pragmateia of Paul of Aegina, an important work of late‐Hellenic medicine, has the potential to shed light upon the early development of Arabic medicine. Traditionally, the authorship of this translation has been ascribed to the famous translator Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq. In this paper, however, I provide evidence drawn from several primary sources, including prominently the Arabic translations of the Hippocratic Aphorisms and the Syriac lexicons of Ḥasan bar Bahlul and Isho ‘bar ‘Ali, demonstrating that Ḥunayn was not the author of the Arabic translation of the Pragmateia, and that the translation was composed well before Ḥunayn’s career. The addition of the Arabic version of the Pragmateia to the list of Arabic medical works produced prior to Ḥunayn should enrich significantly scholarly understanding of the early development of the discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses various papers published in the Practice of Epidemiology section of this journal, including one by Brookhart et al. on the use of propensity scores in simulation studies, one by Benowitz et al. on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and one by Stuart et al. on the application of multiple imputation to account for missing data.

Graph ULTIMATELY, AUTHORSHIP ITSELF IS A BINARY CATEGORY (AUTHOR OR NOT) AND AUTHOR ORDER IS AN IMPRECISE, VARIABLY INTERPRETED SIGNAL. Ultimately, authorship itself is a binary category (author or not) and author order is an imprecise, variably interpreted signal (Bhandari 2012). Asking Better Questions about Authorship. [Extracted from the article]

The article offers guidelines on writing an abstract. Topics discussed include the functions of the abstract of a research paper, the importance of writing a concise, informative and scholarly abstract, elements of an effective abstract including the aims and scope of the journal, instruction for authors and five sections of the structured abstract format.

Titles are considered a crucial element of grant applications, journal articles, reports and other public health documents, but they are often overlooked in student writing assignments. In this article, we argue that public health instructors should teach students how to write compelling document titles. Our argument about titles is part of a broader assertion that public health students should be asked to write in professional formats such as grant applications, reports and journal articles. Requiring students to engage with important writing conventions like titles that are used in the professional workplace helps them make connections between the content they are writing about and the activities, roles, values and context of public health practice. We recommend that instructors explicitly incorporate titles into their assigned writing in three ways: first, instructors should require titles; second, instructors should provide criteria for a good title that are appropriate to the document type and finally, instructors should award points for a good title. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper continues the rhetorical line of research of the public sphere, approaching it from a general theoretical perspective. The goal of the present paper is twofold: it strives to understand the nature of the rhetorical personification of the public sphere, that is, the rhetorical slide from the many to the one, and it strives to identify the rhetorical roots of the public sphere, that is, reveal its general bases and biases. The paper traces four shifts in the discussion of the public sphere: From autonomy to inclusion, from ethnocentric to global, from transparency to mediation, and from logocentric to nonlinear. The role of time in the process of building the public sphere is underscored, presenting its dynamic as a complex topological process. It is also noted why and how this dynamic should be viewed as a tropological process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information related to sending manuscripts to the Journal of Applied Microbiology. Manuscripts should be drafted as concisely as possible. Manuscripts will not be reviewed unless the English is of a publishable standard. Manuscripts should be prepared using a word-processor. Text must be double-spaced, and the right hand margin justification should be switched off. Authors are invited to suggest at least three reviewers. It is not appropriate for reviewers to be members or former members of the authors' organization or to have been associated with them.

Digital editions make it possible to create a collection of all existing copies of a text including digital facsimiles. Is this a problem if it means that there will be editions that are in fact collections of full variant texts with no selected or edited reading text? This paper argues that both archival editions with digital facsimiles and encoded source texts (digital diplomatic editions) and digital critical texts can and must exist side by side. It is also suggested that from high quality diplomatically encoded source texts it is possible to automatically extract texts that either directly or with some further encoding/editing can function as a base text for editions of different types and which build on different editorial philosophies. The editions produced at the Wittgenstein Archives in Bergen and in the project Henrik Ibsen's Writings in Oslo are used as examples of projects supporting the author's arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]