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The Examination of the Czech Language is a milestone on the path to gaining permanent residence in the Czech Republic for many non-EU residents. In this paper, the Language Examination is regarded in its formal, contentual, and contextual aspects from an experience-based perspective. In the beginning, the topic of administration and language methodology regarding crucial points in preparation and processing of the Exam is emphasized. The requirements of Czech and European language policy (from which the Examination is derived) are mentioned, and specific attention is paid to the oral section of the Exam as assessing the most significant language skill - speaking. In a later section, the set of the statistical data of the Exam and its results are analyzed where research findings amplify these data. The results show some unfavorable outcomes among a highly variable success rate. Testing and evaluation of the Exam are framed in the linguistic and socio-cultural context, and the potential of the Exam specifically for the integration of the Vietnamese applicants behind the monitored data and processes is illustrated. The lack of systematic language learning was detected as the main limitation of integration and overall perception of the importance of the exam among these foreign residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Skopos Theory emerged as a new translatological movement back in the 1980s. Although every text may possess an infinite quantity of skopoi, the practical use is associated mostly with advertising texts, particularly due to their strong persuasive character. Religious texts, in our case liturgical texts, which do not seem to be related to the Skopos Theory, also have a persuasive character. The so-called Divine Liturgy of St. John the Golden Mouth (Chrysostom Liturgy), a liturgical text of the Eastern Orthodox churches, is therefore an ideal example of a petrifi ed liturgical text passed over for centuries. The main goal of the study is to outline the connection between the Skopos Theory and the translation of the liturgical text. This paper not only presents translations of the Chrysostom Liturgy into the Czech language of the twentieth century, but also points out the implicit and explicit influence of the Skopos Theory on the development of this text production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Democratization of the Russian society in the last three decades, many social and psychological factors are indirectly reflected in language and speech. It is the Russian language that is ahead of other Slavic languages in terms of pace and scope of dynamics. Although syntax is highly resistant to extralinguistic factors, it is greatly responsive to them. The consequence of this is a mass entry of syntactic constructions that violate the traditional syntactic norm into speech usage, as well as the emergence of new phenomena in syntax that require analysis and evaluation. The aim of the paper is to identify the most active changes in the syntax of modern Russian speech against the background of Czech syntax, to define their nature, to discover the manifestation of the main trends of development. The objects of the research are new syntactic phenomena in the structure of word combinations and simple sentences, which are often revealed in Russian speech in the first decades of the XXI century. The material for the study involved texts published in modern Russian periodicals, as well as facts recorded by the author in radio and television broadcasts of the last decade; Czech periodicals were partially involved. The most active changes are analyzed: transposition, expansion of prepositions in subordinate phrases, simplification of the structure of a simple sentence, segmentation, compression, topicalization of the necessary part of the statement, parcelling, innovative changes in the functioning of nonagentive constructions. The revealed changes prove the manifestation of the main tendencies: "democratization" of the Russian syntax, the tendency to develop a new syncretism, the tendency to strengthen analytism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Historica Olomucensia: Journal for Central European History is the property of Palacky University in Olomouc and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper presents the possibility of transferring Russian anthroponyms and toponyms in the graphic system of the Czech language (transliteration, transcription, transplantation, translation), special attention is paid to their practical transcription and its related problems (variability and lack of standards for the transcription of certain letters, the unresolved question of the use of the letter „ë“ Russification of non-Russian anthroponyms and toponyms, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]