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Copyright of Revista de Estudos da Linguagem is the property of Revista de Estudos da Linguagem and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to understand how street papers represent homelessness and to what extent provide space for homeless people self-represention, a qualitative research investigating five newspapers and magazines published in Brazil and Portugal was held. For this paper, we composed a corpus of five consecutive volumes of the newspaper O Trecheiro. Based on Critical Discourse Analysis, we investigate the representation of homelessness in these volumes of the journal, exploring the analytical categories lexicon, intertextuality, representation of social actors and interdiscursivity. The inclusion of voices of people in homelessness in the texts of the newspaper opens space for their self-representation, which allows the materialization of other narratives, by other experiential prisms. In this space, homeless readers can see themselves represented; they can construct alternative modes of identification, based on other particular modes of representation (discourses), far beyond those which dehumanize them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the relation between variable input and sociolinguistic development in mother-tongue acquisition process. During language acquisition, children can acquire a linguistic system that differs - to some degree - from that of their primary caregivers. This fact emphasizes the close relationship that exists between language acquisition, linguistic variation and linguistic change. However, the presence of variation in primary linguistic data does not guarantee linguistic change. At this point, it is worthy to say that, although the attribution of social values to linguistic forms is a particular phase of the acquisition process, the perception of linguistic variability per se does not seem to be sufficient for such attribution to be made by children. By adopting the psycholinguistic assumptions, this paper aims at discussing some relevant aspects of language acquisition, linguistic variation and sociolinguistic development by analyzing the phenomenon of variable nominal and verbal number agreement in Brazilian Portuguese. Naturalistic data were analyzed in order to verify the input received by children and their own linguistic production. Formal education - and its normative effects in language -, speaker identity and the different dimensions of communicative interaction, as well as methodology issues, seem to be crucial for a deeper understanding of the topics under discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As did Cantoni (2013) for the Portuguese stress system as a whole, I propose in the present paper a diachronic explanation for a difference between verbs and nonverbs in Portuguese: the fact that verbs have mobile stress, whereas non-verbs do not. I adopt a diachronic perspective, considering, as proposed in dynamic systems approaches, that the knowledge of the initial state of a system helps us understand its current state. Based on that, I examine inflectional paradigms of Latin nouns and the changes that have taken place from Latin to Portuguese with the purpose of assessing to what extent those morphological changes have determined characteristics of the Portuguese stress system. The vast majority of nouns showed a stress shift in their paradigms in Latin. As is shown in the present paper, however, the accusative was the only case in which there was practically no change in stress between singular and plural. The fact that the accusative was the lexicogenic case in Portuguese, i.e., the fact that nouns and adjectives in Portuguese have their forms derived from the accusative of corresponding Latin words eventually produced fixed stress in Portuguese non-verbs. The accusative was the most frequent case in Latin and, as would be expected from a usage-based perspective, it was the only surviving case. The final section of the paper additionally discusses the fact that the same diachronic changes have kept noun and adjective theme vowels from ever being stressed in Portuguese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the hypothesis of parameters for the expression of comparison and degree constructions discussing data from Brazilian Portuguese (BP). Beck et alii (2009) and Beck, Oda and Sugisaki (2004) propose three parameters: i) the language has degree predicates (DSP -- Degree Structure Parameter); ii) the language has or does not have binding of degree variables in the syntax (DAP -Degree Abstraction Parameter); and iii) the language has a syntactic degree argument filled (DegPP -- Degree Phrase Parameter). Languages with negative setting in the DSP do not show any degree construction at all, especially comparative constructions with an expression like "more". The DAP explains structures with binding of degree variables in the syntax, like comparative clauses with scope ambiguities. At last, there is the impossibility of filling the syntactic degree argument of gradable adjectives with measure phrases (cf. *2 metros alto/2 meters tall). This fact is explained by a negative setting in the DegPP. It is shown that BP receives positive setting in the first ones but negative setting in the last. It is also discussed degree interrogatives and measure phrases like 2 metros de altura "2 meters of height". The paper concludes that these structures should be better discussed to understand their place in the degree parameter hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper models grammar functionally for the purposes of teaching foregrounding its systemic organization. Genre Pedagogy - a usage-based model of language teaching - selects models of texts for teaching based on the efficacy of language choices are made according contextual patterns. However, a problem that may occur is that 'model texts' selected to serve as example texts for teaching could rely not on patterns of usage alone, but also on the subjectivity of the person who implements the model (being them a teacher, a tutor, an educator and so on). The paper offers a model of text synthesis as a as a basis for application of Genre Pedagogy departing from non-systematic text selection and replacing it with a quantitative approach of language patterning based on use for the selection of 'model texts'. More specifically, it presents the process of modelling a synthetic text from systemic and quantitative criteria as the baseline of 'model texts'. The paper goes on to assesses the contributions of this modelling to the effectiveness of text production by means of an experiment in which texts written by a group of students is compared with synthetic texts generated by quantitative usage-based choices in language systems. Results show how text synthesis modelling can be an effective approach for applications of Genre Pedagogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to discuss the study of color from a social-semiotic perspective. The article begins with an overview of Gunther Kress and Theo van Leeuwen’s distinctive feature approach to color in their Grammar of Visual Design (2021) and concludes that the authors base their claims primarily on paintings and print media, which may skew the categories toward analog media. Drawing on color theory, mainly the contributions of Rhyne (2017), this article argues that social-semiotic analyzes can benefit from systematized and quantitative categories for color analysis, especially for digital media corpora. The article introduces several analytic categories, such as color harmony and the RGB color space, that are relevant to understanding how color works in digital spaces. The paper proposes the use of the free and open source software GIMP and ImageMagick for a qualitative and quantitative approach to the distinctive features of color and for a better understanding of the complexity of colors and their meaning potential. Based on these methodological procedures, the distinctive feature approach is revised with Rhyne’s contribution. Finally, the categories are applied to two stock images as a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a systematic review of studies published between 2010 and 2022 couched within the theoretical-methodological framework of Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST). Using "Publish or Perish" software, we extracted from Web 760 works related to RST and, considering the number of citations, we analyzed the first 100 results that were organized and described based on their abstracts. For didactic purposes, we classified these studies into the following criteria: (i) works that couldn't be analyzed due to accessibility issues; (ii) works focusing on theorization and the description of various linguistic phenomena; (iii) studies using corpus creation and exploration; and (iv) investigations on computational applications in Natural Language Processing (NLP). In addition, among the data collected, we conducted a brief analysis of RST works developed by Brazilian researchers. As a result, we present an overview of RST studies in the last decade, allowing for the creation of research programs that consider the projects already developed and the advances of the area in Brazil and worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the construction of coherence, specifically causal coherence, in children's narratives of personal experience. The study focused on the examination of causal relations and other types of connections established between the narrated events, as well as the presence of fragments of unrelated events. The corpus consists of 66 narratives produced by Argentinian Spanish-speaking children aged 3, 4 and 5 years. Narratives were obtained in individual interviews carried out in the kindergartens where children attended, located in urban-marginalized neighborhoods of Buenos Aires (Argentina). For the analysis of the narratives, we used a heuristic approach of an adapted version of Trabasso et al. Causal Network Narrative Model. The analysis combined qualitative and quantitative procedures. The results showed that children managed to connect the narrated events causally, temporally, and thematically. During this period, there predominated causal connections related to the physical (vs. mental) domain. The diversity of causal relations established within the same narrative increased with age. The narratives also contained unrelated events: breaks in the causal chain, dead-end events. The latter mostly referred to different components of narrative information (action, orientation, evaluation) that contribute to the coherence of the narrative in other non-causal dimensions. The results acquire special relevance for the study of children's narrative production, considering the role of narrative in cognition, communication, socialization, and the transmission of culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to understand a polemical episode (Amossy, 2017) on social network Twitter headed by Xuxa Meneghel about the use of prisoners as human guinea pigs (Boyd; Ellison, 2008; Cabral, 2022; Kwak et al., 2010; Recuero; Zago, 2010), from the perspective of the Dialogical Model of Argumentation (Plantin, 2008). The analysis of internet users' interactions was undertaken so that we could see the argumentative strategies used by interactants in contexts of disagreement of opinions, as is common in web 2.0 (Paveau, 2021). Disagreements are here part of a stase, like we may observe in DMA. After a detailed examination of the corpus, we noted the "spreading of the argumentative stasis", that is, a divergence of opinions so deep that leads the interlocutor to the silence. It was verified that the polemical interactions were materialized by the use of ad hominem, ad personam and ad populum arguments (Grácio, 2013; Plantin, 2016; Walton, 2006), in order to invalidate, disallow and generalize the position of the opponent and to discourage interactional mechanics of the interaction, leading the actantial opponent to the abandon of the dialogue. Thus, we verified the supressing of the interlocutors' voice, a procedure of the eristic ancient Rhetoric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how participants in a storytelling course of Portuguese as an Additional Language use repair practices (i.e. identify and solve eventual problems in the production and comprehension of utterances in order to maintain the intersubjectivity) during the lessons. We focus on three main questions: 1) how do participants use visual repair (i.e., the sequentially coordenated use of gestures and other embodied practices in order to solve interactional issues) resources to maintain the intersubjectivity in the classes observed?; 2) what is the relationship between verbal and non-verbal conducts in the organisation of repair during the activities carried out in the abovementioned course?; 3) based on data from this and other studies in the field, what is the particularity of the organisation of repair in the classroom we observed when compared to the repair conducts produced in classrooms organised in the traditional way (with seats arranged behind each other forming rows)? The results of this study point to the use of visual repair as a practical method (i.e. common and taken-for-granted method) used by teacher and students in the pedagogical activities observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a Functional Discourse Grammar (Hengeveld; Mackenzie, 2008) account of concessive constructions articulated by two specific complex conjunctions: ainda que and mesmo que. Based on contemporary Portuguese data from Corpus do Português corpora (Davies; Ferreira, 2006), the analysis proposes an association between concessivity and scalarity underlying the use of concessive constructions with ainda que and mesmo que (König, 1985a, 1985b). This association is evidence of an in-between position of these conjunctions in the lexical-grammatical continuum. These results demand, for a FDG representation, two directions: (i) a multilayered representation that aligns properties from formulation levels (Interpersonal and Representational), arriving to impacts on Morphosyntactic encoding, and (ii) the distinction of a new morphosyntactic primitive, the semi-fixed conjunctional template (Keizer, 2013). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, it is aimed to carry out a comparative-terminological study on the terms designating the agents involved in the celebration and registration of official marriages and in the issuance of marriage certificates in Brazil and France. Thus, it is intended to find the degrees of equivalence that are maintained between these terms, reflecting on the terminological differences and similarities that underlie them. To do so, this study is based on the theoretical and methodological assumptions of Terminology, more specifically on Bilingual Terminology. Therefore, criteria to establish the equivalence degrees between the terminological units studied were adopted according with this approach. As main results, this research reveals that there are more differences than similarities between the terms analyzed in Portuguese from Brazil (PB) and French from France (FF). In this sense, eleven cases of empty equivalence and seven cases of partial equivalence were found. Based on these data, it was observed that, when it was possible to establish an equivalence relation between the studied terms, this equivalence is partial. Furthermore, this study found that most terminological units in BP do not have an equivalent in FF in the domain in question. These particularities are mainly due to legislative differences regarding the way according with the rules of official marriages are organized in these two countries. In turn, these nations are influenced by socio-cultural issues underlying the area of civil law, as that they are two distinct historical and social realities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many years, scholars have been proposing generic or universal theories of metaphor, but metaphors turn out to be more complex than that. In this paper, we discuss cases that show that metaphor meanings and mappings are contextual. By contextual, we mean the interactions between multiple factors in different timescales. The cases we analyze to make our point come from our study of resistance to metaphors. When people resist metaphors, they tend to explain what meaning the metaphor has to them, thus we see naturally occurring evidence for metaphor's dynamic and multidimensional meanings. Contrary to Lakoff's claims, there can be no single source of meaning to metaphors. In a complex systems perspective, metaphor meaning is construed in the interactions between different factors, such as the background of the speakers and listeners, the grammatical form of the metaphor, the co-text, personality, other characteristics of the metaphor (aptness, familiarity, conventionality), the history of previous uses of the metaphor, etc. All these factors operate in a non-deterministic way. In this perspective, conceptual metaphors, acquired through experiences, are one source of constraint to meaning. People share similar meanings to the degree that they share similar experiences, knowledge, and biases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This survey is an attempt to reconsider the origin of the Classical Arabic invariable proclitic particles sawfa and sa- marking the future tense with the imperfect form yaf'alu. Classical Arabic is the only Semitic language using two particles to indicate the future, with the exception of the Modern Arabic dialects and the Modern Neo-Aramaic varieties. Due to the historical linguistic contacts with other Semitic languages like Aramaic, Classical Arabic developed a new particle to express the future tense, as a linguistic innovation. The paper demonstrates that sa- is not a reduced form of sawfa, but a native Arabic abbreviated form to stress the future; by contrast, sawfa is a loan that entered Arabic and was juxtaposed with sa- as a borrowed particle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weather events affect air traffic control (ATC) in many ways, for there are many situations that need to be reported in pilot-controller communication. This paper attempts to analyze the language used to express the impact of meteorological phenomena to air traffic operations, particularly in regard to aeronautical English, that is, the communication used during radiotelephony by air traffic controllers in training situations. For that, two types of analyses will be carried out: one regarding the formulaic structure of lexical units using 11 Aeronautical Meteorology terms within the ATC context (phase 1); and another one concerning the use of these terms by students in three ATC courses (for TWR, ACC and APP facilities) and how it affects their performance during communication activities in a learning environment (phase 2). These analyses will be based on rationales of lexical semantics for terminology; corpus linguistics (CL), comprising English for Specific Purposes (ESP) and learner corpora; and considerations about vocabulary assessment on aeronautical English exams. Results suggest that terminological patterns discussed in this paper show how meaning is dependent on context, and how lexical semantic analysis of terms may contribute to reveal nuances of language used in a specialized context. In this way, it indicates courses have been efficient in teaching and practicing the use of the main meteorological terms related to aeronautical English and that, despite some mistakes students make, evidence points out that they are able to report weather conditions to pilots and to understand pilots' requests in a proficient level concerning vocabulary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ICAO Language Proficiency Rating Scale offers parameters for aeronautical English teaching and assessment focused on oral skills. It assists governments worldwide in assessing pilots and air traffic controllers' English proficiency, licensing them for international operations. This paper addresses two of the six linguistic areas listed in the Rating Scale, namely fluency and interaction, to understand what conversational elements are present in pilot-controller communications with a view to informing pedagogical material. The analysis is based on a corpus of pilot-controller radio communications in abnormal situations, revealing a more spontaneous code as opposed to the documented Standard Phraseology mandated for routine situations. Corpus Linguistics is the methodology chosen for this investigation, concentrated on the top frequent three-word clusters extracted from the corpus. Investigation of these clusters reveals that fluency and interaction are interconnected and should be considered in a broader perspective that takes into account language in use. To illustrate, 'we'd like' and 'if you can' are commonly employed as requests in this specific register. The paper concludes by suggesting that learners' awareness of pragmatic aspects of language is pivotal in the aviation English classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the frequency and distribution of Brazilian Portuguese irregular plurals, within the scope of the word, in a descriptive approach. The data come from the Corpus Brasileiro and are divided into two samples: (i) pluralized nouns ending, in spelling, with vowel+is (eg papéis 'papers'), vowel+us (eg chapéus 'hats'), and is (eg funis 'funnels'), and (ii) those ending with ões (eg vilões 'villains'), ãos (eg irmãos 'brothers'), and ães (eg cães 'dogs'). The phonological and lexicalmorphological variables analyzed - number of syllables, stress, phonological context, morphological affiliation and lexical frequency - allowed to define the main contexts for the minority alternants of each sample, in opposition to the prevalent ones, vowel+is and ões, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper exemplifies the use of aggression as impoliteness in computermediated, or digital communication in Brazilian Portuguese, while looking into the performance of such linguistic actions in the context of a discussion about class discrimination. Specifically, it investigates the relationship between linguistic aggression as impoliteness, and identity as observed in a Facebook campaign page about a Brazilian university. The page under consideration was devised as an open platform to disseminate and call attention to examples of discriminatory behaviors experienced by students from peripheric communities attending an elite university in Rio de Janeiro. These students were at the center of a controversy, as they were supposedly brought to this institution through social programs promoted by the previous, leftist oriented governments. This paper examines the use of linguistic aggression as impoliteness, such as name calling and overt disagreement (LORENZO-DUS; BLITVICH; BOU-FRANCH, 2011), to communicate different opinions about, or argue against, the perceived instances of discrimination supplied by the students in the campaign and subsequently discussed by the participants in their posts. These impoliteness strategies ratify identities in the context of the discussion, marking in and outside group members, as the participants 1) align against, or 2) justify, the described behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an articulation between psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics, and from a formalist-like approach of language, this paper discusses possible adaptative effects caused by operant priming effects in language variation processing, and how these effects impact processing costs associated with third-person plural variable subjectverb agreement. To do so, we ran a self-paced reading experiment that included not only constructions attested for variable verb agreement but also ungrammatical instances, aiming to check for differences in cost proportionality between variable (then grammatical) and ungrammatical instances. The experiment also included the manipulation of long stimuli, which allowed adaptive effects to be verified as a result of an operant priming effect. This type of manipulation, as far as we know, is unprecedented in studies of the psycho-sociolinguistic interface in Brazil. The results suggested different costs and adaptative effects associated with grammatical conditions (redundant and non-redundant agreements) that were not attested in the ungrammatical condition. In other words: processing variable grammatical instances is different from processing ungrammatical ones. This study, therefore, shed light on questions concerning the online processing of linguistic variation, an increasingly productive topic in linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the processing of linguistic variation is an interdisciplinary enterprise involving sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics and cognitive neuroscience. In order to contribute to descriptive and explanatory accounts regarding the processing and acquisition of variable input, considering the effects of external social pressure, this thematic volume presents 14 papers. The studies contribute to observational and experimental approaches exploring a variety of topics: morphosyntactic phenomena, such as verbal and nominal agreement, grammatical gender inflection, grammatical imperative and relative clauses, as well phenomena at the level of social conscience and linguistic ideologies regarding taboo, prejudice and attitudes towards, especially, minority languages. The results of these studies show the way to broaden existing methodological-theoretic approaches, especially those that seek to reconcile the strictly controlled nature of experimental paradigms and stimuli with the observer's paradox as defined by sociolinguistics. This endeavor is complex and requires overcoming technological limitations and the current difficulty of theoretical models in dealing with language variability and structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almost forty years ago, the proposal of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory represented a milestone for Cognitive Linguistics studies. From this point, many pieces of research were developed around the analytical category of metaphor. However, the majority of these papers are still in the monomodal field, intending to build a concept resulting from the source and target domains that come specifically from the verbal structures. Taking this into consideration, this paper intends to focus on the metaphorical occurrence in diverse semiotic modes that constitute multimodal texts. In order to fulfill this aim, we outlined a corpus of five editorial cartoons about "fake news". Our specific objective is to, making use of the concept of multimodal metaphors proposed by Forceville (1996, 2009), presented how the different semiotic modes, in this case the verbal and the visual ones, are interwoven in the building of these metaphors. In this way, in our study, besides validating the thesis proposed by Forceville (2009) about the occurrence of metaphors not only in the verbal mode, it was also possible to verify the importance of multimodal metaphors for the meaning construction process in the analyzed genre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents results of a research project aimed to identify representations in online journalism regarding actions and public policies towards the homeless population. The research, carried out within the context of critical discourse studies (VAN DIJK, 2009, FAIRCLOUGH, 2010, VIEIRA; RESENDE, 2016) and the interdiscursive analyses of public policies (RESENDE, 2018; FISCHER, 2016), considered Folha de S. Paulo (in its digital platform), to compose a comprehensive corpus of the published news about the homeless population in a period of three years. The composition of the corpus considered the Portuguese language keywords '(morador)(a)(es)+(de rua)', '(pessoas)(população)+(em situação)/(de rua)' applied to the journalistic vehicle search tool. Metaphor (CHARTERIS-BLACK, 2004) was the analytical category that guided the mapping of data in NVivo software. In this paper, the specific focus are metaphors used to represent the displacements and permanences of the homeless population in the city, in texts thematizing actions and public policies. The analyzes pointed out that metaphorical meanings in this corpus have a justification effect for dehumanizing actions and public policies aimed at the homeless population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate, in a longitudinal perspective, the historical development of contrastive constructions with agora (Portuguese) and of contrastive constructions with now (English) that express semantic opposition. In the light of the paths of change undergone by these constructions and of a theoretical framework that assigns to pragmatics the role of the chief driving force in change (TRAUGOTT; DASHER, 2002), the paper searches for evidence of the role of contexts and of polysemy in the development of new contrastive connectives. For this purpose, the research develops a diachronic study of contexts that provide conditions to the changes undergone by agora and by now, which are originally temporal adverbs. The results show, in accordance with Traugott (2012), that, if the development of new connectives involves grammaticalization, and not only meaning change, contexts that ally motivations for semantic-pragmatic reinterpretation and motivations for categorial reanalysis play a key role. Moreover, the diachronic analysis shows a great amount of similarities between the path of change undergone by agora and the path undergone by now, pointing to the productivity, across languages, of the temporal source as a derivation channel for contrastive meanings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rio de Janeiro is the state with the highest number of homicides due to police brutality (largely Black people). Faced with this situation and seeking justice, the victims' mothers engage in social movements such as the Rede de Comunidades e Movimentos contra a Violência. This paper focuses on what I will refer to as the narratives of engagement of these family members, especially mothers. It aims to understand how important narratives are for these women in the process of transforming grief into political action. The methodology encompasses a qualitative-interpretative research approach with participant observation. The data was generated in the protests organized by the Rede. The analysis was guided by the notion of narrative as a discursive and interactional practice which organizes human experience. Such practice also serves as a tool for social movements to make demands of the state. The analysis suggests the existence of a pattern that organizes the narratives of engagement; it further identifies two discursive mechanisms that interact with each other: i) the rationalization of events leading to the death of their children by using coherence systems; ii) a spiral movement that relates microsocial and macrosocial events in the narrative. The article concludes by highlighting narratives of engagement as a tool for this social movement to raise its demands in the public sphere, as well as a way of resisting structural racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to propose a description of three processes of external vowel sandhi in São Tomé vernacular Portuguese (PST): degemination (DG), elision (EL) and diphthongization (DT). All three processes are found in PST: 32% DG; 36% EL; 52.5% DT. Working with six Santomean informants, we analyzed a corpus of 113 sentences with vowel encounters in word boundaries (V#V). Then, we measured the duration of vowel encounters or the single resulting vowel when the encounter was undone. Factors such as the nature of the prosodic boundaries (phonological word, phonological phrase, and intonational phrase), prosodic stress (lexical and phonological word), and vowel quality are crucial to implementing sandhi processes. However, they occur in different prosodic settings: diphthongization occurs between intonation phrases (IP+IP) insofar their boundary is not limited by a pause. In contrast, elision and degemination occur in phonological word boundaries (ω + ω) and phonological phrase boundaries (ϕ + ϕ). The prominence of the phonological phrase was the preponderant factor in preventing all processes, blocking degemination whenever phonological phrase stress matches with a stressed second vowel. For elision and diphthongization, sandhi was blocked when two stressed vowels co-occurred with the stress of a phonological phrase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global media have reported widely on the (in)actions of the Brazilian federal government, particularly of president Jair Bolsonaro, in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper aims to describe media representations in terms of their transitivity choices (HALLIDAY; MATTHIESSEN, 2004) and to discuss how emerged language patterns may be indicative of particular ways life and death have been controlled in terms of a coupled conceptualization between biopolitics (FOUCAULT, 2008) and necropolitics (MBEMBE, 2019) which we call necrobiopolitics. Overall results indicate how the death of babies and mothers, the collapse of hospital and health service, the spike in hunger, the dismissal of the severity of the pandemic, and the purposeful delay in purchasing vaccines are instrumental in the way president Jair Bolsonaro has implemented a political agenda that defines whose lives are worthy and whose deaths are tolerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the presence of multiple chronotopes manifested in the testimony of graduate students about the writing process of their dissertations and theses. Based on Bakhtinian theory and guided by the metalinguistic analysis (BAKHTIN, [1975] 2002; [1924] 2011; VOLÓCHINOV, [1929] 2017), the work highlights three chronotopes that constitute and transform the experience of writing in graduate context. These notes propose the perspective that there are different factors that collide with this linguistic-discursive activity, which should become a joint agenda for the new researcher's formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper deals with the postposition of the indefinite "algum" (some) in relation to the noun to instantiate the negative polarity in the nominal phrase in the Portuguese language diachrony, seeking to understand: (i) the nature of the structure [N+algum] in sixteenth-, seventeenth-, eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Portuguese texts, and in nineteenth-century Brazilian texts; and (ii) the process of grammaticalization of the structure as a Negative Polarity Item (IPN, in Portuguese Item de Polaridade Negativa) in the history of the language. It has been found that the structure [N+algum], with inversion, in the 16th and 17th centuries, Classical Portuguese (PCL, in Portuguese Português Clássico), could be used with non-negative value and that other elements could occur in a noun phrase (NP), including the possibility of inflection and non-adjacency between the noun and the indefinite. Such facts supported the hypothesis that in PCL the structure [N+algum] was not grammaticalized as an IPN and the negative value was valued by the presence of a sentential negation operator, preposition or negative conjunction in a higher syntactic domain. It has been concluded that the indefinite in PCL is a determiner (D) even in structures with inversion, these being derived from the movement of the lexical part of the phrase to the specifier position of Determiner Phrase (DP) a fact that contemplates the D properties of "algum" in PCL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Givón (2001), the lexicon is a repository of concepts which are relatively stable in time, socially shared and well encoded. They are well organized in a network where similar concepts are grouped next to each other. On a similar note, the lexicographer Georges Matoré proposes associative relationships between words and defines the concepts of notional field and testimonial words, which are organizational elements of the lexicon. Using computational techniques such as Word Embeddings, which represent words as vectors in a vector space, it is possible to analyze groupings of words based on their semantic features. This paper aims to explore the viability of such methods in semantic change. The occurrences of the word forms "deus", "homem", "mulher", "pai", "mae" and "terra" were analyzed in the Tycho Brahe corpus for Portuguese. Word Embeddings were created using the Skip-gram algorithm, and visualizations for a semantic feature network were created for each word in three different time slices. Evidence of the semantic organization of the lexicon and its reorganization was observed through the generated visualizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I claim that a parametric view on change in pro-drop does not contradict the fact that not all the Partial Null Subject (PNS) languages display identical properties. I show that the contingent nature of diachronic change is the reason for the slight differences between PNS languages. Modern Russian (MR) and Brazilian Portuguese (BP) are two PNS languages that developed from Consistent Null Subject antecessors (Old Russian and European Portuguese) independently from each other. I account for the change in pro-drop experienced by these two languages, analyzing the properties usually related to the null subject parameter (verbal inflection, clitics, null objects, embedded and arbitrary null subjects), and show that the final parametric setting in both MR and BP was almost identical, with small differences that can be attributed to the different initial conditions for the change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, our aim is to present the results of our researchs about the anaphoric accusative object in the Spanish variety of Madrid and in the Brazilian Portuguese variety of São Paulo and to propose a theoretical analysis to these constructions based on minimalist developments (CHOMSKY, 1999, 2000, 2004). Interviews of the Spanish variety of Madrid (CESTERO MANCERA et al. 2014) and Brazilian Portuguese variety of São Paulo (LIMA-HERNANDES; VICENTE, 2012) were analysed. Regarding the theoretical approach, the biological (CHOMSKY, 1981, 1986) and social (LABOV, 2008; WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 2009) perspectives on language were combined. We observed the effect of the antecedent referenciality, of the determinant indefinite features, of the bare nouns, of the structure and lexical aspect of verbs on possibility of elipsis in the Spanish variety of Madrid. Concerning the Brazilian Portuguese variety of São Paulo, the null objects were almost categorical and the lexical pronoun presented restrictions to less referencial antecedents. These results ressemble the tendencies of our previous research (SIMÕES, 2015) and the Spanish varieties of País Vasco (LANDA, 1993) and Quito (SUÑER; YÉPEZ, 1988). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we will discuss the textual genesis (Genetics of Texts) of reported discourses (DR) identified in writing processes and their respective school manuscripts, produced by a pair of 2nd year of elementary school. From the protocol of data collection proposed by the Ramos System, 10 processes of etiological tales invented by these students were filmed. The students should combine an etiological tale invented, and later the pair of students would write the story on a sheet of paper. In the first part of this study, we describe the occurrences of DR relating product and its writing process. In the second part, we will analyze the process of DR construction from the process of writing a etiological tales. We will show that the low occurrence of DR in the written enunciation in relation to DR uttered orally is due to the genetic process of construction of the narrative invented by two students. The DR inscribed on the sheet of paper is the result of a series of formulations/reformulations activated through dialogue between the students. This dynamic seems to have favored the inventive dimension of the fictional narrative and, at the same time, the very production of unity of meaning of the narrative plot, putting in relation the voices of the students / narrators and the voices of the characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to provide an historiographical review about the evolution of two orthographic signs that often lead to doubts about their use: the semicolon and the colon. In particular, three works about orthography published by the Royal Spanish Academy in 1741, 1844 and 2010 are submitted to analysis. In conclusion, this paper emphasizes that the only use the 1741 edition mentioned regarding the semicolon has remained until the present. In contrast, the colon shows divergence between its employment described in the 1741 edition and the 1844 and 2010 publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Standard Arabic (SA) complementizer known as 'inna poses a restriction on word order in the clause it introduces and induces accusative Case-marking on the otherwise nominative preverbal NPs.1 Following Chomsky's (2001) account of the morphosyntax of Case, this paper argues that 'inna is a Case assigner and thus it carries an uninterpretable Case feature that determines the value which it assigns to an unvalued Case feature concerning accessible goal within A-bar projection. The paper shows that this argument captures the restriction imposed on 'inna-clauses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates both internal (i.e. the morphophonological structures) and external (i.e. the relation with the other constituents of the sentence) syntactic properties of infinitives occurring with the verbs ir ('go') dever ('must') and poder ('can/may'). More specifically, this paper shows that the syntactic and semantic behavior of those infinitives is captured by three major properties, namely, (i) the constituency of a single syntactic unit with ir, dever and poder, (ii) the morphosyntactic dependency on the auxiliary/modal that is selected, (iii) the reading of potential event. Thus, departing from those properties, the present study proposes a Distributed Morphology-based approach (HALLE; MARANTZ, 1993) analysis and, alternatively, a Minimalist-based approach (CHOMSKY, 1993) analysis, in order to show that, regardless the theory assumed, by considering the same group of features, the empirical phenomena underlying the relation between ir, dever and poder and their infinitives can be captured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a review of the literature on coordination and on the constraints involved in coordinating certain syntactic categories. Such constraints prevent the construction of non-parallel coordinate sequences. In order to elaborate a principle of parallelism that is efficient for the identification of ill-formed structures, this paper discusses the coordination concepts of some canonical authors, such as Chomsky (1957), Schachter (1977), Garcia (1986), Radford (1988) and Osborne (2006). The analysis of cases extracted from texts produced for Portuguese language subjects by undergraduates of the initial and / or final semesters of baccalaureate and undergraduate courses corroborates the Principle of Parallelism - Reformulated (PPR), proposed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic properties of sentences with capaz as a negative marker in the Gaúcho dialect of Brazilian Portuguese, expressing a strong rejection to a previously uttered propositional content. The paper also compares the behavior of capaz with that of other non-neuter negative markers in Portuguese (anaphoric, emphatic and metalinguistic) with regard to the possibility of negative concord and the distribution across different sentential types. It proposes a syntactic derivation for sentences with negative capaz within the framework of generative grammar, assuming a monoclausal structure in which capaz is generated in a specifier position in the left periphery, where it can be modified by adverbs. The copula that optionally accompanies capaz is assumed to be a functional category in the CP system rather than a VP nucleus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to offer an overview of research developed in Brazil since the beginning of the 2000s that have the Lexicon-Grammar (LG) model as a theoretical-methodological basis. Starting with Gross's investigations (1968) on the French language, LG describes linguistic phenomena by conjugating lexicon and grammar and analyzing syntactic, semantic, structural and transformational properties that are distributed into binary tables. We have compiled and described 38 publications, including theses, dissertations, and articles, concerning LG studies in Brazil. In addition, we have classified those publications into three main themes: support verbs; fixed expressions; and analysis, description and classification of verbal constructions. This paper is expected to contribute to the diffusion of research developed both at the Federal University of São Carlos and the Federal University of Espírito Santo, serving as a reference material for LG researchers, thus further strengthening descriptive studies of Brazilian Portuguese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper focuses on the Common Ground effects on the production of wh-in situ in Brazilian Portuguese, bearing in mind that this is a language with apparently optional wh-movement. In this study, we aim to discuss, based on empirical research, how the pragmatic concept of Common Ground play a role on the production of such questions, taking into account the behavior of other languages that allow whmoved and wh-in situ, such as French, Spanish and European Portuguese. For this purpose, at the end of this paper, we present a new acquisition experiment that elicits wh-questions in a context with enriched presupposition. The results suggest that there is, in fact, an association between wh-in situ and the pragmatic context, both in adult (control group) data and in child's data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this theoretically oriented paper is to lay out the particular view of the interface between syntax and phonology in the theory of the Parallel Architecture (PA) as formulated by Jackendoff (1997, 2002, 2007). Even though it doesn't have its own phonological component, this theory took the developments of nonlinear phonology in the 1970s as a starting point (GOLDSMITH, 1976; LIBERMAN; PRINCE, 1977; MCCARTHY, 1982). The central idea in the PA is to distribute the complexity of the grammar among relatively independent tiers, in order to unburden syntax, which took an exaggerated explanatory role in mainstream generative theories (CULICOVER; JACKENDOFF, 2005). According to Culicover and Jackendoff (2005), in liberating this component from the responsibility of explaining all relevant linguistic phenomena, it may be possible to envision a Simpler Syntax. After clarifying some general characteristics of the PA and its relationship to non-linear phonological theories, the paper will focus on what this model has to say about the interface between syntax and prosody. The paper will illustrate the PA view on this interface through a specific discussion about the nuclear stress rule (CHOMSKY; HALLE, 1968; HALLE; VERGNAUD, 1987). The main idea here is that the conclusions reached by Menuzzi and Mioto (2006), which go against Cinque's (1993) theory, can be understood as positive evidence for the conception of the syntax-phonology interface suggested in the PA, which grants more autonomy to the phonological component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human speech has been studied in different areas of knowledge, which range from biometry to phonetics and phonology. In research conducted in such areas, speech samples are necessary resources for obtaining results and validating hypotheses. For this, samples of different speakers and contents are stored in audio files and organized into databases. Such databases allow the continuity, practicality and reliability of studies, eliminating the difficult and time consuming step of data collection. Moreover, they allow consistent comparisons between different studies. However, free access databases in the Portuguese language or recorded in controlled environments are rarely found. The objective of this paper is to construct a free and public database of Brazilian Portuguese, named Corpus CEFALA-1. The database comprises 104 speakers guided by a specific protocol for the collection of audiovisual speech samples recorded in a studio. The paper presents the methodologies for processing, segmentation and organization of speech samples, statistical analysis, application to biometric verification and preliminary phonetic-phonological analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines and compares, in the light of French Discourse Analysis, four life stories - collected through interviews - that were produced by Brazilian migrants that live illegally in France or in England. The main objective is to find out the discursive representations (of themselves, of the others, of the world) constructed by such individuals in their narratives and, at the same time, verify if and how their irregular situation interferes with their routine in the new country. In order to analyze and compare the four stories, some categories that integrate Maingueneau's Global Semantics (2005) were used: themes, vocabulary, enunciative deixis and enunciation mode. If the results reveal differences in the way of telling and evaluating the migratory experience, they also allow us to apprehend similarities, such as the primarily economic motivation to migrate, the difficulties (cultural, linguistic etc.) faced especially when arriving in the destination country and the precarious working conditions to which Brazilian migrants are submitted due to being in an irregular situation. Even though two of the interviewed subjetcts have preferred to be silent on this issue, their opinions can be implicitly identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyze the perfective progressive periphrasis (PPP) in Brazilian Portuguese (BrP) and Argentinian Spanish (AS) in a comparative way. Based on different linguistic tests, we make two statements regarding the PPP in comparison with the imperfective progressive periphrasis (IPP). Firstly, we claim that the PPP has a progressive and perfective meaning. Secondly, we claim that the PPP allows iterative readings when combined with telic events (i.e., achievements in BrP and AS and accomplishments just in AS). We propose a syntactic and semantic analysis which accounts for these observations in a compositional way: while the gerund form expresses a progressive meaning (present in both periphrases), the auxiliary on the PPP expresses a perfective meaning which allows the iterative readings observed in this periphrasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relations between Historical Linguistics and Corpus Linguistics are quite close and fruitful, especially from the 90's, when the former gains renewed breath in Brazil, having in the edition of diachronic corpora one of the basic drivers for its progressive development. Under the sign of this intertwining between the two areas, this work, through content analysis, presents a case of reedition of a diachronic corpus, the Rio Grande do Norte official letters (1713-1950), and, through bibliographic research, proposes some reflections about the contact between these two fields of study in Brazil and the impacts, positive and negative, of the digital medium in this connection. The paper reveals how changes in research guidelines can justify a fruitful process of reedition and highlights both ethical risks and functional improvements to which these corpora are subject due to factors such as technology and the internet, proposing, in the end, a greater visibility of the issues raised in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to analyze rhotic deletion in coda in Santomean Portuguese (PST), a Portuguese variety spoken in Sao Tome and Principe. This process was analyzed based on Variationist Sociolinguistics. Quantitative analyses have been carried out by softwares RStudio and Rbrul. Thus, we consider social (sex, age and education level) and linguistic (grammatical class, syllable stress, position in morphological word and quality of preceding vowels) variables that might favor or not the phenomenon. By examining 1523 rhotic occurrences in coda, we verified r-deletion in 56,53% of the data. The most significant variable is Segmental Position with the highest rate of r-deletion in word-final syllables (P. R. 71). Then, the sample was divided into two samples separately analyzed: 712 occurrences in word-medial coda and 811 occurrences in word-final coda. In word-medial coda, 32,6% of rhotics are deleted. The highest rates of loss are associated to elementary school (P.R. .62) and women (P.R. .59). In word-final coda, 77.5% of rhotics are deleted, Speakers with elementary school (P.R. .75) and younger speakers (P.R. .76) are more likely to delete the rhotic in coda. Considering Grammatical Class, r-deletion is favored in verbs (P.R. .62). These outcomes are compared with previous studies (BOUCHARD, 2017; BRANDÃO, 2018; BRANDÃO; DE PAULA, 2018; BRANDÃO et al., 2017) and with studies on PB and PE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the time, analyzing the phonetic entities of speech requires the alignment of the speech recording with its phonetic transcription. However, studies on automatic segmentation have predominantly been carried out on read speech or on prepared speech while spontaneous speech refers to a more informal activity, without any preparation. As a consequence, in spontaneous speech numerous phenomena occur such as hesitations, repetitions, feedback, backchannels, non-standard elisions, reduction phenomena, truncated words, and more generally, non-standard pronunciations. Events like laughter, noises and filled pauses are also very frequent in spontaneous speech. This paper aims to compare read speech and spontaneous speech in order to evaluate the impact of speech style on a speech segmentation task. This paper describes the solution implemented into the SPPAS software tool to automatically perform speech segmentation of read and spontaneous speech. This solution consists mainly in two sorts of things: supporting an Enriched Orthographic Transcription for an optimization of the grapheme-to-phoneme conversion and allowing the forced-alignment of the following events: filled pauses, laughter and noises. Actually, these events represent less than 1 % of the tokens in read speech and about 6 % in spontaneous speech. They occur in a maximum of 3 % of the Inter-Pausal Units of a read speech corpus and from 20 % up to 36 % of the Inter-Pausal Units in the spontaneous speech corpora. The UBPA measure - Unit Boundary Positioning Accuracy, of the proposed forced-alignment system is 96.09 % accurate as regards read speech and 96.48 % for spontaneous speech with a delta range of 40 ms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to present semantic aspects found in Parkatêjê anthroponyms. Currently the Parkatêjê people live in villages in the Mãe Maria Indigenous Reserve (RIMM), near Marabá in the state of Pará. The Parkatêjê language belongs to the Timbira Dialectal Complex, from the Macro-Jê linguistic stock. The study of proper names from different typologies is the central interest of the discipline called Onomastics and Anthroponymy is the study of human proper names, which will be our focus in this paper. In general, the significant content of proper names in Parkatêjê refers to some personal characteristic of the nominator. From a semantic perspective, these anthroponyms can be considered denotative or figurative, according to Araújo and Ferreira (2001). Based on this perspective and the analysis of data collected through fieldwork, it was possible to verify specific semantic phenomena in Parkatêjê anthoponyms. Such phenomena, according to the presuppositions of Cultural Semantics and Cognitive Semantics, say a lot about cultural knowledge, values, thoughts, among other aspects that are reflected in that language. The methodology followed in this paper encompasses bibliographical research on indigenous languages and readings on Onomastics and Semantics, as well as ethnographic research along with data collection in the community of the Parkatêjê. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper probes the robustness of Traunmüller and Eriksson's methodology to determine the base value of the fundamental frequency of speech, an estimator of a speaker's typical F0 value. The methodology entails the estimation of a constant, k, indicating where the base value for a speaker lies in relation to F0 standard deviations below the F0 mean. The methodology was originally developed from acted speech samples. Here we test if k values can be successfully obtained from non-acted samples and how they compare to the ones reported by Traunmüller and Eriksson. A speech corpus of speech samples differing in speaking styles (spontaneous interview, sentence reading, word list reading) from seven languages (English, Estonian, French, German, Italian, Brazilian Portuguese, Swedish) was used. Results show that k values estimated from non-acted speech are roughly the same as those reported in Traunmüller and Eriksson's original paper. We speculate that deviations can be explained by the fact that some speakers make extensive use of non-modal register. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]