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Research exploring the correlates, moderators, and potential consequences of viewing pornography for romantic couples has surged in recent years. Research in this area has primarily focused on the question of whether viewing pornography for either partner (or together) is related to enhanced, diminished, or has no effect on relational well-being. However, this narrow scholarly focus and the continued methodological limitations of research in this area have made synthesizing or drawing broad conclusions about pornography use from this scholarship difficult. One specific limitation of this area is the lack of any broad organizational framework that could help scholars categorize existing research while also laying the groundwork for future scholarship. In this paper, we argue for such a framework and suggest that relational pornography scholarship could be organized across five broad dimensions: the nuances of the content viewed, individual background factors, personal views and attitudes, a couple's relational context, and couple processes. We provide a justification for these five areas and then discuss how this framework could help organize and structure the research in this area moving forward.

This concluding article presents visions for future research, prevention, intervention, and policy. This paper positions existing research paradigms against social justice principles, problematizing the ideological underpinnings of the legal system and its disproportionate impact on oppressed groups, including through the persistent overrepresentation of youth of color and/or marginalized genders. Highlighting the areas of challenge suggested by each of the manuscripts within the themed issue, this paper encourages critical shifts in the approach, design, and implementation of work with system-involved youth. Recommendations include: strengths-based, rights-based, systems accountability frameworks that account for structural forces and societal issues that produce oppressive contexts, amending and re-defining language to de-stigmatize youth, shifting the targets of this work up the power gradient to avoid victim blaming of youth, engaging participatory methods that provide direct benefit to youth, and critical discourse analysis alongside individual reflexivity to keep ourselves accountable in this work.

Situated within a Canadian context, but with implications for a broad range of institutional settings, this paper describes the events that preceded the adoption of the Age-Friendly University (AFU) framework at the University of Manitoba (U of M), as well as the specific strategies being employed within the university to assess and encourage age-friendliness. These include: a) the university's Centre on Aging and its mandate to foster interdisciplinary age-related research and community dialogue, b) the creation of an interdisciplinary AFU committee and several working groups, c) innovative research projects that have assessed university age-friendliness from a variety of stakeholder perspectives, and d) an interactive undergraduate course activity being used to educate students about AFU features. Present and future AFU challenge areas and potential solutions are discussed.

To commemorate that Cognition & Emotion was established three decades ago, we asked some distinguished scholars to reflect on past research on the interface of cognition and emotion and prospects for the future. The resulting papers form the Special Issue on Horizons in Cognition and Emotion Research. The contributions to Horizons cover both the field in general and a diversity of specific topics, including affective neuroscience, appraisal theory, automatic evaluation, embodied emotion, emotional disorders, emotion-linked attentional bias, emotion recognition, emotion regulation, lifespan development, motivation, and social emotions. We hope that Horizons will spark constructive debates, while offering guidance for the future growth and development of research on the interface between cognition and emotion. Finally, we provide an update on how Cognition & Emotion has fared over the past year, and announce some changes in editorial policies and the editorial board.

Definitions of emotion and emotional phenomena are often infused with intuitions and theoretical ideas about what is "truly" emotional. Although these intuitions and ideas motivate people to study emotion, their prominence at the conceptual level can hamper progress in emotion research. In this paper, we argue that there is merit in defining emotional phenomena as much as possible in terms of behavioural principles that have been developed outside of emotion research. We clarify that such a functional approach is compatible with, and can even strengthen, cognitive approaches to emotion research. This functional-cognitive perspective reveals ways to increase the cumulative nature of emotion research and to surpass initial intuitions and theoretical ideas.

Theories of emotion have often maintained artificial boundaries: for instance, that cognition and emotion are separable, and that an emotion concept is separable from the emotional events that comprise its category (e.g. "fear" is distinct from instances of fear). Over the past several years, research has dissolved these artificial boundaries, suggesting instead that conceptual construction is a domain-general process-a process by which the brain makes meaning of the world. The brain constructs emotion concepts, but also cognitions and perceptions, all in the service of guiding action. In this view, concepts are multimodal constructions, dynamically prepared from a set of highly variable instances. This approach obviates old questions (e.g. how does cognition regulate emotion?) but generates new ones (e.g. how does a brain learn emotion concepts?). In this paper, we review this constructionist, predictive coding account of emotion, considering its implications for health and well-being, culture and development.

Community centrality is a growing requirement of social science. The field's research practices are increasingly expected to conform to prescribed relationships with the people studied. Expectations about community centrality influence scholarly activities. These expectations can pressure social scientists to adhere to models of community involvement that are immediate and that include community-based co-investigators, advisory boards, and liaisons. In this context, disregarding community centrality can be interpreted as failure. This paper considers evolving norms about the centrality of community in social science. It problematises community inclusion and discusses concerns about the impact of community centrality on incremental theory development, academic integrity, freedom of speech, and the value of liberal versus communitarian knowledge. Through the application of a constructivist approach, this paper argues that social science in which community is omitted or on the periphery is not failed science, because not all social science requires a community base to make a genuine and valuable contribution. The utility of community centrality is not necessarily universal across all social science pursuits. The practices of knowing within social science disciplines may be difficult to transfer to a community. These practices of knowing require degrees of specialisation and interest that not all communities may want or have.

Integration has become an important and influential movement within psychotherapy practice, reflected by the fact that many treatment providers now identify as integrative. However, integration has not had as great an influence on psychotherapy research. The goal of this paper is to highlight the growing body of research on psychotherapy integration, and to identify future directions for research that may strengthen the integration movement as well as the field of psychotherapy as a whole. We first summarize the past 25 years of research on integration, with a focus on four approaches to integration: theoretical integration, technical eclectic, common factors, and assimilative integration. Next, we identify directions of research within these four areas that could strengthen and support integrative practice. We then propose ways in which the perspective of integrationists could contribute to psychotherapy research in the critical areas of harmful effects, therapist effects, practice-oriented research, and training. We end this paper by suggesting that a greater collaboration between integrationists and psychotherapy researchers will help to create a unified landscape of knowledge and action that will benefit all participants and advance the field.

In 1983, a group of 14 prominent psychotherapy process researchers attended a workshop sponsored by the US National Institute of Mental Health. Although the previous decade had seen a marked emphasis on psychotherapy outcome research, there had also been several major advances in the field of process research. The goals of the workshop were to review the current state of the field, address methodological and conceptual issues, and provide recommendations to advance scholarship in this area. In this paper, we summarize the major themes of the workshop and consider the degree to which its recommendations have come to fruition via subsequent developments in the field. Although 30 years have passed since the workshop was held, its insights remain highly relevant to psychotherapy process research today.

This paper serves as an introduction to the 25th anniversary issue of Psychotherapy research. It includes a consideration of the original aims of the journal in light of the most cited articles, various developments in research orientation and methodology, and most recent publications. It demonstrates both diversity and consistency in content over time, as well as the international reach of the journal.

In the immediate future Chaplains will need to practice evidence based spiritual care. To do this, they will need to be well versed in the research literature on spirituality and health, be able to critique it and incorporate it into their spiritual care, document their intervention, and measure its impact. To help train Chaplains for this reality, the Penn State Hershey Medical Center's Clinical Pastoral Education Residency program started the Spiritual Pathway Project in 2002. This paper describes the Spiritual Pathway Project, its evolution and contribution to the education of the next generation of Chaplains.

Seventy-two patients and parents completed the "Research Directions Survey" (RDS), consisting of an open-ended question and four rank-ordered lists. The RDS was designed to examine aspects of eating disorders (ED) that these individuals perceive as priorities for future research. The top three themes emerging from the open-ended question were treatment, family dynamics, and motivation for recovery. In the four ranking questions, respondents indicated low self-esteem, weight-related comments, body image distortions, and individual psychotherapy as most important for future research. This paper discusses the implications of our findings and directions for future research in ED.

A team of academic researchers, clinicians, prison administrators and undergraduate and graduate students came together to conduct an evaluation of a pre-release discharge planning program in a women's prison facility. This paper describes differences between academic and corrections systems, adaptations needed in order to work within the correctional system, pragmatic and ethical issues addressed by our team, and the joys and benefits we experienced doing the project. Team members who had not previously worked in a prison setting found it an extraordinary, transformative learning experience in spite of the challenges.

More than 1 million adults make the transition from nursing homes to the community every year, often using formal health services including Medicare Part A skilled home health care. Although the need for discharge planning is well described, and the risks associated with care transitions are increasingly recognized, there is very limited information about the process and outcomes as patients move from nursing home to home. This paper reviews pertinent published data and health services research as background information and outlines a research agenda for studying these important transitions.

Recent advances in communication have enabled an underground interest group, unrestricted by geographic boarders, to evolve. The so-called pro-anorexia movement has a particular presence in the form of Internet discussion boards. This paper examines the potential impact of such online activity for those visiting these resources, for practitioners working with individuals who have anorexia, and for those conducting research into the condition. It contributes to the debate about this controversial development in the world of eating disorders.

A quick review of introductory textbooks reveals that while gerontology authors and instructors introduce some aspect of demography and epidemiology data, there is limited focus on age adjustment or other important epidemiology rates. The goal of this paper is to reintroduce a variety of basic epidemiology strategies such as incidence, prevalence, crude, age-specific and age-adjustment rates into the gerontology classroom. Background information and formulas for each rate, as well as examples of how they can be applied are provided. A recent change, encouraged by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, from a 1940 to a 2000 "standard million population" for ageadjusted rates, is reviewed. Finally, a teaching module with answers is provided for use in the gerontology classroom.

In this paper, we review the result of research conducted in the context of a 13-year collaborative partnership between DePaul University and a community-based, self-run, residential substance abuse recovery program called Oxford House. This collaborative effort highlights several examples of the research and action activities fostering a positive alliance that benefited both the research team and the Oxford House community. It also proposed practical guidelines for developing effective action research collaboratives that may be helpful to others who desire to cultivate and maintain similar mutually beneficial partnerships; including such processes as the development of trust, respecting the personal experiences of the community members and group, commitment to serving the community, validating findings with organization members, and accountability.

This paper provides a critical review of RT and non-RT methodology for the conduct of research on semantic priming in Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared to elderly normal (EN) individuals. The review is organized by type of semantic priming (or attribute-knowledge) paradigm. Theoretical as well as methodological issues are highlighted insofar as they are relevant to: (1) the design, conduct, and analysis of semantic priming experiments (and closely related types of experiments) with AD compared to EN participants, and (2) the interpretation of findings from these experiments. Recommendations are provided for further research involving semantic priming and related paradigms with AD and certain other neuropsychological populations.

Research with children presents issues beyond those normally encountered in adult exercise science research. This paper explores the specific ethical issues that are encountered when conducting paediatric research in the exercise sciences. We identify the historical, moral and philosophical underpinnings of ethical conduct. The issue of consent and children's ability to provide informed consent is discussed, as is the nature of therapeutic and non-therapeutic research. Finally, we examine the information that is required by a local ethics and research committee and provide guidance material to help in the formulation of an application to such a committee.

Health-related problems among lesbians, bisexuals, and gay men require research before solutions to them can be identified. This paper describes NIH sponsored research listing homosexuality as a primary or secondary issue between 1974 and 1992. Homosexual projects unrelated to HIV and excluding capitol funding averaged only $532,000 per year compared to about $20 million per year since 1982 for HIV projects. Considering the range of health threats to these communities and the amounts needed to deal with HIV alone, current funding is clearly inadequate. Community members, scientists, experts, and others need to take action if appropriate research is to be done and the health needs of these groups are to be addressed.

The purpose of this paper is to facilitate international research of medical resources on the World Wide Web. International research consists of overcoming a unique set of obstacles and challenges that are not involved when undertaking research tasks using only U.S.-based information. Utilizing the World Wide Web can help us to overcome most of the restraints we would have to face when we perform research outside of our local geography. Currently, there are a number of Internet Web sites that may assist us in breaking down the barriers to undertaking international research.

This paper briefly critiques each of four papers presented at the symposium, relates how these papers contribute additional information on the realities of rural older women, and the implications for future research, policy, and outreach. The critique points out that the realities of rural women's lives can best be understood through their lens in combination with objective observations. Further, most of the conflictual findings in this literature can be attributed to a lack of melding of findings across diverse studies. It is concluded that effective research, policy, and outreach must be predicated on culturally sensitive interpretations of older rural women's realities.

This paper gives a brief overview on the current state of the art of biomedical research on homosexuality. It concludes that so far the cause(s) of homosexuality is (are) unknown and that biomedical research has failed to provide evidence for a possible causation of homosexuality. We do think, however, that homosexuality is not merely a social construction and the quest for its cause is intelligible. It is less clear, however, whether research into the cause(s) of homosexuality should be done at all. We explore the different arguments brought forward in favor of doing this research and reject all of them. Furthermore, we argue that research into the causes of homosexuality is at the present time unethical and should not be undertaken. Research into the causes of homosexuality assumes more often than not that homosexuality is one or another form of mental illness or undesirable deviance from the heterosexual norm, and should be cured. These views will be criticized as heterosexist.

In recent years there has been a growing interest among hospital Social Work departments, especially those associated with major medical research institutions and universities in initiating research which could inform clinical practice. Yet little has been written that describes the process required to develop social work research within health care agencies and institutions. In this paper we discuss some of the challenges social work departments will confront in developing a research program, and alternative solutions that might be considered in different institutional settings. We identify ways to: (1) select an effective model and develop institutional support for social work research; (2) prepare clinical staff for interaction with the research effort; (3) consider relevant factors in selecting topics for study; (4) identify personnel required for specific research functions; and (5) secure outside funding.

Efforts of agencies and schools of social work to encourage goals of research and professional writing among their staff and faculty have brought uneven results. A medical center and a graduate school of social work are in the process of implementing a joint research model which encourages practice based research and publication. This paper describes the beginning structures of the model and the questions addressed in the formative process.

The action imperative inherent in amniocentesis, one that emphasizes the detection and selective abortion of disabled fetuses, exerts a powerful influence on women's decisions to undergo prenatal diagnosis. In this paper, the construction of this imperative is considered through an examination of medical research that contributed to the development and clinical practice of amniocentesis. It is argued that this research reflects medical judgments about socially "undesirable" human attributes, professional interests, and individual, technical solutions to the "burden" of congenital disability. The necessity to consider the implications of this technology within both a feminist and disability rights framework is discussed.

Psychosocial factors may profoundly affect the successful implementation of a research study. The purpose of this paper is to describe psychosocial influences on the researcher-participant interaction during: (1) recruitment, (2) enrollment, and (3) retention and to provide guidelines for effective implementation of a study within a clinical health care setting. An interdisciplinary teamwork approach was used to identify and to resolve psychosocial issues. A study of 4781 family planning patients will be used as the case example.

Abstract This paper examines the treatment of ontology offered by critical realism. It addresses much of the material elaborated upon in two editions of this journal. Three main groups of [...]

Abstract This paper intends to provide an evaluation of where the economic research on happiness stands and in which interesting directions it might develop. First, the current state of the [...]

Abstract This paper explores the origins and evolution of the concept of the disutility of work. The original formulation of this concept developed by Stanley Jevons and by Alfred Marshall [...]

Abstract In this paper we set out to deepen our understanding of the importance of fairness in decision-making within the context of Prisoners' Dilemma games. A review of the 'historic' [...]

Abstract Kalecki's 1943 essay Political Aspects of Full Employment (PAFE) is widely recognised as a seminal essay in the theory of the political business cycle. The paper argues that PAFE [...]

Abstract Using the backdrop of an economy emerging from a decade of restructuring and on the brink of the longest expansion on record, this paper is an exploratory work that [...]

Abstract This paper examines a particular employment inference of recent Papal social thought, for a Western developed economy context. The Papal documents studied are Centesimus Annus (1991), Sollicitudo Rei Socialis [...]

Abstract This paper develops a concept of human well-being that integrates economic and noneconomic aspects of life. Philosophers, humanistic psychologists, and religious traditions have been very helpful in pointing out [...]

This paper by John Bishop, John Formby, and Buhong Zheng begins with the postulate that there are serious flaws in the way in which poverty is officially defined and measured [...]

I. Introduction In this paper, I lay out a theoretical framework for understanding consumption behavior in contemporary capitalism.(1) The argument, in brief, is that the conventional Left critique of 'consumer [...]

The study of labor economics has gone through dramatic changes over the past fifty years. Theories have come and gone, each innovation, hopefully, improving on its predecessor. This paper looks [...]