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This paper investigates the possibility of the implementation of Genetic Programming (GP) algorithm on a publicly available COVID-19 data set, in order to obtain mathematical models which could be used for estimation of confirmed, deceased, and recovered cases and the estimation of epidemiology curve for specific countries, with a high number of cases, such as China, Italy, Spain, and USA and as well as on the global scale. The conducted investigation shows that the best mathematical models produced for estimating confirmed and deceased cases achieved R2 scores of 0.999, while the models developed for estimation of recovered cases achieved the R2 score of 0.998. The equations generated for confirmed, deceased, and recovered cases were combined in order to estimate the epidemiology curve of specific countries and on the global scale. The estimated epidemiology curve for each country obtained from these equations is almost identical to the real data contained within the data set [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the authors discuss what public administrative theory says about promoting optimal levels of performance and accountability and what the papers in this issue say about this issue with regard to public administration in the People's Republic of China, the United States, and the Republic of Korea. The papers in this issue explore performance and accountability at various levels of government. The article notes that the three countries have different governments at different levels of experience, they all struggle with similar public administration problems.

This paper draws on the theory of ethnic enclaves to study Chinese international student communities and their role in constructing Chinese undergraduate student experiences on US campuses. Enclave theory has primarily been used by sociologists to study immigrant and diaspora populations, but it can also provide an important analytical tool for scholars examining the internationalisation of student populations in higher-education settings. Student interviews and participant observation at a representative research-intensive, doctoral-granting institution in the American Midwest indicate that institutional and media characterisations of Chinese international student communities as closed and segregated are far too simplistic. Chinese student enclaves provide their members with crucial information, support, and social spaces that help them adapt to - and in turn change - their host institutions. Chinese students are active participants in and creators of campus cultures that are often invisible to university administrators, faculty, and peers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In September 1954 forces from the People's Republic of China began shelling Chinese Nationalist positions on the tiny offshore islands that lay between the mainland and Formosa (present-day Taiwan). The outsized US response to this routine harassment sparked a Cold War confrontation that soon threatened to escalate out of control. This paper explores Canada's stake in that crisis. It follows Ottawa's early reaction to the events in the straits and traces foreign minister Lester B. Pearson's mediatory efforts to promote negotiations and a peaceful settlement. Pearson's liberal internationalist impulses, the paper argues, were always balanced and shaped by a realist calculation of where Canada's national interest lay. His doubts about the wisdom of US policy and his commitment to allied unity ensured that he beat a dignified retreat when the circumstances for peacemaking proved unpropitious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the author's experience in devising a localized version of The Vagina Monologues in Hong Kong, this paper critically appraises the 'global vaginahood' in the globalization of The Vagina Monologues and the V-Day movement that reproduces a core-periphery relationship in the transnational women's movement. As a theatrical performance and a worldwide movement, these productions are remarkable for the manner in which they raise awareness about women's sexuality and violence against women in different parts of the world. Critical questions, however, remain on the rhetoric of universalism and the ethnocentric methods of the global campaign, with US women's experiences and agenda defining those of women in other parts of the world. As a worldwide campaign, the V-Day movement reproduces a hierarchical model between the global North and South, with on emphasis on Western leadership rather than coalition between partners with different experiences, priorities, and strategies. The paper argues that feminists may develop more effective coalitions with local women by recognizing and identifying locally derived creative efforts to respond to issues that are pertinent to their lives. As such, the paper is a push for dialogues in the V-Day campaign and transnational women's movement in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines institutional entrepreneurship in the development of China's environmental protection system (EPS) over a period of almost 30 years. China's EPS evolved in four main stages, the boundaries of which were marked by transition-critical events. Within each stage, institutional entrepreneurs conducted activities that supported trajectories of field development. These activities are analysed according to the way they contributed to the construction of regulative, normative and cognitive institutional system pillars. The formation of the EPS as an organizational field in China was characterized by a ‘made order’ in which the regulative system came first and the state and its agencies dominated the process as the principal institutional entrepreneurs. In this respect it contrasts with the evolution of the same field in the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compared three-word move-specific lexical bundles (MLBs) in dissertation abstracts authored by linguistics doctoral students from China and the United States. Two separate corpora were constructed for analysis: (1) The China Linguistics PhD Abstracts Corpus (CLC), consisting of 700 abstracts totaling 613,713 words generated by doctoral students from China specializing in linguistics, and (2) the America Linguistics PhD Abstracts Corpus (ALC), comprising 700 abstracts totaling 247,359 words written by American doctoral students in linguistics. The identification of MLBs was based on log-likelihood values, indicating a notably higher number of instances within a specific move in contrast to the overall corpus. The study then proceeded to compare the structures, functions, and communicative purposes of MLBs in the two corpora. The findings of the analysis are as follows: (1) Chinese students employed a higher percentage of NP- and PP-based MLBs but a lower proportion of VP-based MLBs, and both groups used different words within similar structures; (2) Chinese students employed a higher percentage of research- and participant-oriented MLBs but a lower proportion of text-oriented MLBs, and the two groups used dissimilar MLBs to fulfill similar functions; and (3) the two groups employed distinct MLBs to achieve identical communicative purposes, with Chinese students utilizing MLBs specific to the CLC corpus. These findings highlight the pedagogical significance of MLBs and underscore the importance of corpus linguistics in identifying and teaching essential move-specific vocabulary to second/foreign language learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firms innovate their new processes and products not only within their countries but also across national boundaries. This is known as cross‐border innovation, and many countries have initiated policies to support it. But how does government support influence cross‐border innovation? Through the lens of Porter's diamond model, this study conceptualizes government support as slack resources and investigates how it affects a firm's inventive activities in an uncertain, competitive global market. This study examines Chinese firms' patent filings in the United States under the enactment of the "innovative city" policy. We apply matching and generalized difference‐in‐differences techniques to this staggered quasi‐experimental setting and find that government support stimulates firms' cross‐border innovation. We further show that firms with higher research and development capacity take better advantage of government support. Finally, we show that government support leads to a rebalancing of exploratory and exploitative innovation such that a firm that has conducted more exploration will perform more exploitation and vice versa. Taken together, this study extends our understanding of slack from internal resources to government support in the context of global operations. Findings suggest that government actions that improve the ecosystem of innovation in one country strengthen firms' innovation and competitiveness overseas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the role played by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) regarding the bilateral relations among the great powers in Asia, China-U.S., China-Japan, and China-India. It is stated that China has remained a strong supporter of ASEAN's central position in regional organizations since the 1990s, and the two sides have developed an extensive framework for bilateral cooperation. The ASEAN countries themselves promote good relations within these major powers.

How does a state's source of wealth condition the domain in which it seeks to project influence? We argue that what a state makes conditions what they take. Specifically, the less states rely on land rents to acquire wealth, the less interested they will be in seeking control over territory and the more interested they will be in securing access to distant markets. We develop and test several observable implications that should follow whether this proposition is true. First, as states become less economically dependent on territory, they should be less likely to fight over territory; second, those states should be more likely to both invest in power projection capabilities and subsequently project power at greater distances. Our findings support our theory. These results are robust across a variety of model specifications that take into account potential confounds, such as regime type, economic development, threat, and geography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This commentary argues that scholars need an alternative to the dominance in academic research of the U.S. model of entrepreneurship to reflect better the variety and diversity of entrepreneurial activities around the globe. Using the example of China, today the world's second-largest economy, we discuss how researchers miss key elements of entrepreneurship because of their over-reliance on the U.S. model of entrepreneurship for analysis, espousing Western-based theoretical values and foundations. We discuss how researchers and journals can promote future research efforts focusing on indigenous entrepreneurship activities, applying indigenously developed theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human society can be roughly divided into three spheres and each has different public values. While public values should be at the heart of public administration and social development, they are often significantly weakened by their philosophical ambiguity and immeasurability. This article seeks to clarify the nature of public values, how they are created, and how they can be measured. An open public value account is constructed as a policy tool for assessing as many public values as possible. It is used to examine the public values creation in China and the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of Chinese legal history has undergone a tremendous change in the United States since the 1990s. Antiquated views and biased opinions of past decades have been rethought and criticized to a considerable extent. At the cutting edge of this new academic trend is the UCLA research group of Chinese legal history. Their scholarship as a whole exemplifies the features of what this article calls a “new Chinese legal history”—namely, conjoining the empirical (the extensive use of judicial archives in China) with the theoretical (drawing upon and dialoguing with well-established theories in social sciences), with the intention of formulating new and illuminating middle-level concepts. Moreover, their keen “historical sense” helps us understand the historical roots of contemporary problems, thus overcoming the epistemological problem of Chinese legal history studies often being regarded as useless. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this report we review the history of high-performance computing (HPC) system development and applications in China and describe the current status of major government programs, HPC centers and facilities, major research institutions, important HPC application fields, and domestic vendor activities. A comparison between China and developed nations, such as the United States, European countries, and Japan, in terms of system development level, application level, and long-term planning, is also briefly provided. In addition, the authors also include a few predictions about future directions for China’s HPC technology and applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Association of Southeast Asian Nations' (ASEAN) value added and limitations regarding its ability to play a role in regional security in East Asia. It is stated that ASEAN's contributions to regional security and within ASEAN-plus arrangements are not uniform, and are dependent on the relationship and the arrangement. It is mentioned that China, the U.S., and many other ASEAN states were initially resistant to the idea of new, expanded regional arrangements.

The article discusses military tensions between the two nuclear-armed nations of India and Pakistan. The nuclear and conventional military capabilities of each are discussed, as are the friendly nuclear relations between India and the United States on one hand, and Pakistan and China on the other. The history of conflict between the two nations since they were partitioned along religious lines, Muslim and Hindu, in 1947 is discussed, including the dispute over the territory of Kashmir. Other topics discussed include Islamic militancy in Pakistan and India's nuclear energy program.

This article examines the Chinese perception of Russian foreign policy during the Putin administration by analysing Beijing's assessment of Russia's foreign policy objectives and its policy towards the U.S., as reflected in the official media and the authoritative publications of China's major security and foreign policy think tanks. Promoting multipolarity and checks and balances against U.S. unilateralism has been a very significant consideration on the part of the Chinese leadership. Using the concept of the "strategic triangle", the article demonstrates how changes in U.S.-Russian relations have probably become the most important variable in this push for multipolarity. In the past decade and a half, Sino-Russian relations have improved when Russia has become disappointed with the support it received from the U.S. There have also been periods of time when Russia has anticipated closer relations with the U.S. and thus neglected China's vital interests. The Chinese leadership, however, has exercised restraint at such times. There has been greater optimism in Beijing concerning Sino-Russian relations in recent years because of the expanding economic ties, Russia's increasing oil wealth and Putin's authoritarian orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses global efforts to confront the challenge of climate change. A conference in Stockholm in 1972 acknowledged the problem, and in 1997 the multinational Kyoto Protocol established goals for reducing emissions. Since Kyoto rapid economic growth in India, China, and other developing nations has made action on climate change more urgent. China and the U.S. combined account for 40% of the world's greenhouse emissions. Among nations disagreement still exists as to what level emissions should be capped at.

In recent years, China has sought to supplement its traditional use of hard power with soft power, and thus the Chinese government has paid more and more attention to public diplomacy. Chinese governments have previously demonstrated a limited understanding of public diplomacy, seeing it either as external propaganda or a form of internal public affairs, but this has not prevented China from becoming a skilled public diplomacy player. Key aspects of traditional Chinese culture and politics have presented major obstacles for Chinese public diplomacy. In comparison to the United States, China needs an enduring and effective public diplomacy strategy and needs to improve its skills to make full use of the modern media. The peaceful rise/peaceful development policy in Chinese grand strategy has sought to integrate Chinese hard power and soft power to create a soft rise for China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the implications regarding the acceptance of U.S. President George W. Bush to the invitation of China's President Hu Jintao to attend the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. According to the author, Bush's move to visit China raises questions about when and how the U.S. government should link its trade policies and human rights objectives to the country. It is noted that Chinese government has implemented repressive rules such as jailing of human rights activists, denial of religious freedom and undermining the civil, political, and labor rights of its own people. Some watchdog groups and scholars wanted Bush to boycott the Olympics or to use the opportunity to press China's leaders to change their despotic policy.

Chinese students often outperform U.S. students on international tests in mathematics. Chinese students' mathematics performances are assumed to be related directly to their teachers' deep mathematics understanding and ability to represent concepts flexibly in their classrooms, which, in turn, are thought to be influenced by Chinese mathematics curriculum and policies. The authors examine this theoretical assumption through a systematic review of relevant literature and attempt to identify the relationship between Chinese students' mathematics performance and the factors that contribute to their achievement. On the basis of their review, the authors raise questions about the assumption and propose research that can lead to a better understanding of the relationship between the quality of students' mathematics learning and the contexts in which their learning occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the evolution of China's engagement with its periphery and its implications for the U.S. Efforts of China to develop institutionalized linkages with Southeast Asia; Potential disadvantages of economic integration; Impact of China's rise to great power status on the U.S.

Examines the U.S.-China relations. Strategic implications of the leadership of U.S. President George W. Bush; Background on the response of China to the Bush Doctrine; Difference in the approaches of the two countries in resolving the problems of the twenty-first century.

Focuses on 19th-century American explorer and diplomat William Woodville Rockhill's role in the development of the United States' emotional and political involvement with Tibet. Rockhill's support of China on the Tibet issue; Career background; Status of China during the period 1842 to 1912; Rockhill's activities as the United States envoy to China.

The article analyses the split labor market discrimination against Chinese immigrants. Between 1852 and 1882, Chinese immigrants to the U.S. faced periodic outbursts of extensive discrimination. This was a period of transition from petty-commodity to capitalist relations. when producers became proletarians. In the course of this transition, emerging working-class solidarity was recurring disrupted by ethnic antagonism by white workers against Chinese competitors in the labor market. By the l870s, white small-business owners who employed white labor and competed against employers of Chinese labor had formed a political alliance with white workers in the Democratic Party which secured passage of the 1882 Exclusion Act banning further immigration of Chinese workers. The pattern of discrimination against the Chinese is analyzed from a split labor market perspective in order to explain the sources and outcomes of ethnic competition under conditions of unequal labor costs. Split labor market theory is expanded to include analysis of the reproduction of split labor market conditions and alternative sources of labor market segregation with emphasis placed on the effects of market crowding, a self-perpetuating racist discourse, and state action.

Focuses on the United States' competing viewpoints about China reflected in the books `The Coming Conflict With China,' and `The Great Wall and the Empty Fortress: China's Search for Security.' Contentions of the authors that their analysis is in the `realist' foreign policy tradition; China's emergence as a great power; China's economic interdependence with others.

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