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GRADE-CERQual (Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research) was developed to support the use of evidence from qualitative reviews within policy- and decision-making. To date, the approach has been applied predominantly to aggregative synthesis methodologies and descriptive review findings. GRADE-CERQual guidance recommends the approach be tested on more diverse review methodologies and outputs to support its evolution. This paper contributes to this evolution by reflecting on our experiences of applying GRADE-CERQual to findings that emerged from a recent Cochrane meta-ethnography on childhood vaccination. Specifically, we describe the similarities and differences, challenges and dilemmas we experienced applying the approach to more interpretive versus more descriptive review findings. We found that we were able to apply the core criteria and principles of GRADE-CERQual in ways that were congruent with the methodologies and epistemologies of a meta-ethnography and its findings. We also found that the practical application processes were similar across review finding types. The main differences related to the level of demand placed on the evidence and the level of complexity involved with the decisions. Compared to more descriptive findings, more interpretive findings required evidence that was richer, thicker, more contextually situated and methodologically stronger for us to have the same level of confidence in them. Making the assessments for these findings also involved more complicated forms of judgement. We provide practical examples to illustrate these complexities and how we approached them, which others applying GRADE-CERQual to more interpretive review findings could draw upon. We also highlight areas requiring further discussion, in the hope that this will offer a platform for engagement and the potential future refinement of the approach. Ultimately, this could enhance the usability of GRADE-CERQual for a larger range of qualitative review findings and in turn expand the kinds of knowledges that count within decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choosing an appropriate qualitative methodology in nursing research is a researcher's first step before beginning a study. Such a step is critical as the selected qualitative methodology should be congruent with the research questions, study assumptions, data gathering and analysis to promote the utility of such research in enhancing nursing knowledge. In this paper, we compare focused ethnography by Roper and Shapira and interpretive phenomenology by Benner. Though these methodologies are naturalistic and appear similar, both have different methodological underpinnings. The historical, ontological, epistemological, and axiological philosophy guiding each methodology are described. In addition, the methodological underpinnings of both methodologies and a justification for use in nursing research are provided. This paper will assist future researchers who aim to employ these methodologies in nursing research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to show the potential value of using the constructivist grounded theory (CGT) methodology in the Urban and Regional Planning discipline. This is done by reflecting on the application of the CGT fundamentals defined by Kathy Charmaz, applied in a doctoral thesis in Urban and Regional Planning. The substantive area of research in which the thesis took place was the practical training experience of planners in becoming professionally registered. The thesis collected primary data through interviews with 14 planners who have undergone the process of practical training to record, document, and analyse their experiences as a prerequisite and requirement of professional registration. The use of the CGT methodology provides valuable insight into the registration process of planners in South Africa and encourages doctoral candidates to use CGT methodology with the aim of generating new knowledge and theory in the built environment. This paper recommends that CGT methodology should be encouraged, particularly when contributing to fields that are under-researched, limited, or non-existent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What continuities and contradictions can qualitative researchers discern among versions of the grounded theory method? How do contradictions within the method affect research practice? How do new versions of grounded theory advance research practice and critical inquiry? To answer these questions, this keynote address begins with a brief overview of grounded theory for those who are unfamiliar with the method and subsequently discusses the continuities and contradictions between versions of the method. Constructivist grounded theory (CGT) uses the methodological strategies of the original version but builds on its pragmatist heritage, shifts its epistemological foundations, and resolves contradictions in earlier versions of the method. The result means placing grounded theory in the social constructionist tradition, viewing data as co-constructed with research participants, puncturing deeply held methodological preconceptions, and subsequently fostering a heightened methodological self-consciousness. The practice of CGT assists researchers in interrogating their data, nascent analyses, research actions, and themselves each step along the way. Subsequently, researchers can gain awareness of the pervasiveness of Anglo-North American worldviews throughout inquiry. CGT not only aids theorizing and defining and developing emergent critical questions during the research process but also brings power into purview. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation is a significant method of ensuring excellence and competitiveness for contemporary organizations. Therefore, employees are highly motivated to involve in innovative behavior which comprises developing novel and beneficial ideas, sharing ideas of your own or other people to colleagues, and putting those ideas into practice. This bibliometric analysis aims to have a deeper understanding and an advanced knowledge about "innovative behavior" both theoretical and recent research developments using the Scopus database. The study was carried out to see the patterns in publication between 1961 and 2019; authors, journals, countries, academic discipline, research institutes/universities, and various keywords relevant to "innovative behavior" were used as search words. After thorough consideration and the use of multiple checkpoints to remove irrelevant studies, 931 research papers were reviewed. In the analysis of authors' keywords "innovation" was the most frequently occurred among other keywords. The data has shown a stronger link between "innovative behavior" and "innovation" with 34 occurrences. We noticed that "innovative behavior" has the highest occurrence with 264 times with 37 links and 235 total link strength in which the innovative behavior links with some variables such as leadership, organizational commitment, knowledge sharing, entrepreneurship, psychological empowerment, organizational culture, work engagement, innovative climate, and employee behavior. These are the major concepts that occurred within "innovative behavior" research. Along with future guidelines and study limitations, certain variables with infrequent occurrences are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the benefits and possibilities of using recorded sound as a tool for expressing the stories behind photographs for archival purposes through an ethnographic study of Lest We Forget (LWF), a grassroots initiative that documents and explores cultural memory pertaining to the United Arab Emirates. The goals of this paper are to further the dialogue about the value of transdisciplinary research toward the end of greater preservation and sustainability of cultural heritage; and to make an argument about the value of community members creatively responding to photographs, and archival materials from their own culture, using sound. What I have found is that creative response is a theory of knowledge that allows a community to retain ownership of their heritage and their imagination of the past, present, and future, and an emerging methodological process that, when used, ensures a living archive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prompted by the recent prominence of the notion of atmosphere in the study of organization, in this paper we take a step back to discuss and reflect the underpinnings of atmospheric theory and their implications for knowing, theorizing and studying organizational atmospheres. To do so, we sketch a genealogy of the atmospheric. Drawing upon the wider remit of atmospheric thought in social and cultural theory, we then discuss the onto-epistemological, methodological and political implications of organizational atmospherics, suggesting a vocabulary and sensibility for future atmospheric inquiries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the scientific status of psychodynamic theory. There is an assumption which is deepseated and widespread in medical and psychiatric circles. The concept of the unconscious has been part of the ordinary common sense psychology in the West for a very long time. It carries with it a further consequence, which is equally or even more serious.

This is the third editorial commentary in a three-part series that addresses introductions, implications, and interestingness. The first, focusing on the introduction design, is about what the beginning of a paper should look like. The second, focusing on practice implications, is about what the end of a paper should look like. The third discusses how to develop and fit attention-grabbing ideas into the academic conversation in the literature. We hope this editorial series provides inspiration and ideas about publishing papers that people want to engage with. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproductive and sexual health of women are sensitive areas of enquiry characterized by strong cultural oppression of women. Body mapping, an arts-based participatory research method, has proven useful in research with such sensitive topics. In this paper, I describe my experience of researching women's experience of childbirth through birth maps, an adaptation of body mapping. Live size maps were co-created along with birthing story and body key with women in Bihar, India. Body mapping is a very cost-effective method that ensures better recall, richer narratives, reduced power-based inequalities that enables to explore reproductive, maternal & sexual health topics respectfully. The birth map and birthing story can generate awareness about how women give birth, as an attempt to improve the quality and respectfulness in care provision during labour and childbirth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of publication bias has long been discussed in research fields such as medicine. There is a consensus that publication bias is a reality and that solutions should be found to reduce it. In methodological computational research, including cancer informatics, publication bias may also be at work. The publication of negative research findings is certainly also a relevant issue, but has attracted very little attention to date. The present paper aims at providing a new formal framework to describe the notion of publication bias in the context of methodological computational research, facilitate and stimulate discussions on this topic, and increase awareness in the scientific community. We report an exemplary pilot study that aims at gaining experiences with the collection and analysis of information on unpublished research efforts with respect to publication bias, and we outline the encountered problems. Based on these experiences, we try to formalize the notion of publication bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study distinguishes two features of a firm's knowledge base - breadth and depth - and elucidates their interplay in determining new product performance. Papers drawing from the knowledge-based view of the firm often argue a positive role for knowledge base in new product development, however empirical evidence shows an equivocal relationship between knowledge base and new product performance. The empirical results from a sample of 192 high-tech firms indicate that a deep knowledge in a specific industry is imperative to a firm's new product success. However, the effect of knowledge breadth is contingent on knowledge depth: a firm's deep knowledge in a specific field causes a systematic shift in the effect of knowledge breadth, from a negative to a positive effect. In other words, knowledge breadth has a negative effect on new product performance for lower levels of knowledge depth, but a positive effect for higher levels of knowledge depth. These findings offer valuable managerial implications for knowledge management, i.e. if firms expand their knowledge base across various fields or submarkets, they need to correspondingly accumulate deep knowledge in each specific field to take advantage of a broad knowledge base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports published within the issue which include the importance of theory on research and practice, the different approaches to theory, and the implications of the lack-of-theory concern on research.

In the article, the author comments on the article "The Literary Rhetoric of Science: Comedy and Pathos in Drinking Driver Research," by Joseph Gusfield, published in the February 1976 issue of the journal "American Sociological Review." According to the author, Gusfield wants to challenge the accepted view that scientific language is a neutral transmitter of knowledge. As a result of his analysis of one paper central to policy formation with respect to drinking drivers, he suggests that there is a fundamental "tenuousness or ambiguity of conclusions" in some scientific writing. The conclusion of a logical argument, if one accepts its premises, is self-evidently true irrespective of any audience's response to it. The conclusion of a rhetorical argument, on the other hand, cannot be treated as knowledge as it stands: its cognitive status has to be assessed in relation to the response of the intended audience. To maintain that scientific discourse is rhetorical, or more warily to treat it as if rhetorical is to formulate scientific knowledge as the changing judgments of scientific audiences on the meaning of statements directed to them, where these judgments are understood to emerge through a process of persuasive argumentation. Although immanent in Gusfield's essay, this formulation is never presented in the explicit terms that clarity demands.

The article presents the author's comments on the paper on postmodernism and critical approaches to organization by Martin Parker. The author says that Parker considers the paper as a polemic. To start with, the argument seems to require a characterization of postmodernism that is so broadly drawn as to make it seem rather ridiculous that anyone could have taken it seriously in the first place, whilst, at the same time, rejecting as parody such broad characterizations of that which it is sought to defend. Then, this characterization of postmodernism casts it as arguing that knowledge is not a worthwhile pursuit. The author says that if he assumes that the quotation marks indicate objective knowledge, then he agrees that some postmodernism has emphasized that the status of knowledge is an issue and that the attack on epistemological absolutism was one of postmodernism's better features, although it has not been alone in doing this. However, Parker does seem to argue sometimes against objective knowledge, but elsewhere he talks about real conditions and real constraints. The question is then the target of Parker's paper is relativism in general or just postmodern relativism.

This paper explores the dialogical dimensions of discursive legitimation in social media sites to understand how organisations produce knowledge of legitimacy in concert with their stakeholders. Drawing on the dialogical theories of Bakhtin and Nikulin, we consider the potential for conceptualising discursive legitimation as a product of dissent: an ongoing 'allosensual' dialogue comprising different voices and competing knowledge claims. We explore this through a micro-level analysis of organisation-led social media sites, wherein organisational practices are increasingly subjected to public scrutiny and where knowledge of legitimacy can be significantly shaped. Our dialogical lens highlights three interrelated functions of discursive legitimation. Discursive authorisation represents attempts to assume a credible 'voice' in-relation-to 'other' voices, within the dialogue. Discursive validation represents attempts to subject truth claims about legitimacy to rational, normative and moral verification. Finally, discursive finalisation represents attempts to harmonise dissent, by either co-opting or antagonising stakeholders towards consensus. Primarily, this paper unpacks the role of social media in legitimation processes, while also elaborating on organisational attempts to control stakeholder dialogue in online contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of 'inclusion' has been gaining ground in a field known as equality and diversity work. Scholars have begun to both theorise what this concept means as a normative goal and to critically examine how it is mobilised in organisational practice. This paper contributes to the latter conversation by asking what comes to count as 'doing inclusion' at the level of the individual. I examine the practices of diversity training in United Kingdom organisations, in which diversity practitioners seek to transform their trainees into people who will act inclusively toward others, asking: Who is the 'inclusive subject' that is being constructed – imagined, sought and legitimised – through diversity training? What are the conditions of possibility that shape the emergence of this subject? And what are the possibilities that this subject affords to marginalised groups struggling for recognition within organisations? The analysis mobilises Foucault's notions of power/knowledge, discipline, and practices of the self to describe and discuss the performance of inclusive subjectivity in the context of diversity training in the UK. The practices described are found to be facilitated by two key forms of knowledge about how the subject is characterised: duality and fallibility. The discussion of these two forms of knowledge leads us to consider the relations of both discipline and freedom that take place in diversity training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper builds upon current research into the organizational implications of 'modularity'. Advocates of modularity argue that the 'invisible hand' of markets is reaching activities previously controlled through the visible hand of hierarchies. This paper argues that there are cognitive limits to the extent of division of labour: what kinds of problems firms solve, and how they solve them, set limits to the extent of division of labour, irrespective of the extent of the market. This paper analyses the cognitive limits to the division of labour, relying on an in-depth case study of engineering design activities. On this basis, it explains why coordinating increasingly specialized bodies of knowledge, and increasingly distributed learning processes, requires the presence of knowledge-integrating firms even in the presence of modular products. Such firms, relying on their wide in-house scientific and technological capabilities, have the 'authority' to identify, propose and implement solutions to complex problems. In so doing, they coordinate networks of suppliers of both components and specialized competencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Game studies offer a cross-disciplinary image that includes a range of professions. Game science is responsive to the needs of government institutions, to industry, and to individuals vis-à-vis institutions. That pragmatism makes the field issue-oriented, representing a post-normal science approach in a context of political pressure, values in dispute, high decision stakes and high epistemological and ethical systems uncertainties. The body of knowledge is not yet in the form of a cohesive structure: a game science paradigm. Thematic diversity, theoretical and methodological pluralism, and a strong focus on the instrumentality of games are weak credentials within academia, arranged according to analytical science (normal science) principles. Moreover, within the conventional academic settings, game science faces serious limitations, due to the fragmented positioning in different departments and faculties.Aim. A comprehensive and coherent view on game science is needed that connects three levels of inquiry: the philosophy of science level, the science level, and the application level. Based on radical developments during the early 20th century, physicists are introducing doubt, uncertainty, undecidability and imprecision into the world of physics. These advances have impacted on the philosophy of science, on modernism and postmodernism, and as a consequence, on game science. Being able to understand the current position of game science requires that we are aware of its scientific roots, and future options for research and professional practice.Method. Raising a debate among peers, addressing the questions and frame-of-reference presented in the introductory paper “On the architecture of game science”.Results. Referring to the frame of reference, offered by the introductory paper (Klabbers, 2018), the authors have presented five very interesting articles addressing their varying views on, and approaches to game science. Their contributions range from the linkages between game science and complex social systems, to gamification science, and game studies, focusing on the ludosphere, the realm of digital games. Combined, all papers present a comprehensive overview of the field, covering game science and its application levels, with special attention to the varying design and research methodologies and practices. They mention linkages with the philosophy of science level, however refrain to work out their implications for designing, facilitating, and debriefing games. This shortcoming leaves little room for reflecting on the unique role of the players, their explicit knowledge and tacit knowing included, and omits important epistemological questions, raised in Table 1 (Klabbers, 2018), which relate to the triple hermeneutic: the players’ reality created during game play.Conclusion. The collected papers offer a challenging overview of the current state of the art, craft, and science, and a good understanding of important questions that are on the minds of the authors. Together, they present a stimulating platform for a lively debate, and a good basis for advancing game science, more particularly, the connected philosophy of science, science, and practical levels. For the following reason, further research is needed and highly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine neglected dimensions of decoupling - i.e., its power and political aspects. We draw on an empirical study of the reaction of two hospital subunits and an external agency (the Regional Health Agency) to a policy implementation, to contribute to the recent renewed interest in decoupling. We first reconsider the distinction between internal and external actors by investigating how they interact in their responses to the new policy implementation. While observing different forms of decoupling, we show how power and politics allow us to understand how these forms are articulated and related. Furthermore, we highlight that contexts characterized by institutional complexity are particularly propitious for decoupling. Finally, we outline that how actors use logics to justify their claims might differ significantly from how they enact those logics. More broadly, this paper contributes by bringing back power and politics into the analysis of institutional processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It's a good thing, every now and then, to take a critical look at our journals. For it is one way of reviewing the field to discover what needs be done to correct our errors of omission and commission. It's also useful to check on the management; for editors are trustees of the clan's formal conversation, a stewardship so formidable, technically and morally, that it is always improvable. Such acerbic views of the state of theory will be affirmed by many a rogue sociologist who will continue to enjoy the power and precision of refined methods of data manipulation-sometimes in ignorance of the quality of the data. This leads to a condemnation of positivism in sociology which seems to mean the manipulation of numbers. And this is taken to deny or disregard freedom, morality, and the "cognitive creativity of the individual." Thus the field is portrayed by the journals. Not only are the journals edited by amateurs, they are edited by committed amateurs who in their ingenuous enthusiasm bear the costs of deflected energies and overtime. Perhaps the slower rate of growth in sociology, together with a larger part of the whole going into nonacademic work-perhaps this will reduce the load in coming years.

The article presents the author's comments on the paper on postmodernism and critical approaches to organization by Martin Parker. The author says that once upon a time, scientists had the comfort of knowing that they were merely disinterested decoders of nature's secrets, able to so do because of their specialist training and expertise. Once one abandons this certainty of science and then what is one left with to explain the scientist's role as knowledge producer. Two possibilities suggest themselves. Either one, as individuals, have some special ability to see what other mortals do not, and so achieve one's status as knowledge producers through recognition of this skill that is status follows talent or one acquires the right to make knowledge claims as part of job that is status legitimates the right to speak. If the former obtains then Parker should not be troubled. However, he is worried about writing. Parker seeks some legitimation, which is what he hopes to establish in his paper. He wants there to be some purpose in his writing. He argues that if one is a relativist there is no point in writing. Minimally, the urge to write must be the urge to tell the truth. The author asserts that one writes because one desires to write. It is pure self-indulgence whether realist or relativist and it makes no difference.

This paper proposes an epistemological approach to analyse social-ecological systems from a process perspective in order to better tackle the co-constitution of the social and the ecological and the dynamism of these systems. It highlights the usefulness of rethinking our conceptual tools taking processes and relations as the main constituents of reality instead of fundamental substances or essences. We introduce the concept of experience as understood in radical empiricism to critically revise our available concepts through focusing on the concept of difference, exploring apparent contradictions and engaging in assemblage thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Has sociology become more socially integrated over the last 30 years? Recent work in the sociology of knowledge demonstrates a direct linkage between social interaction patterns and the structure of ideas, suggesting that scientific collaboration networks affect scientific practice. I test three competing models for sociological collaboration networks and find that a structurally cohesive core that has been growing steadily since the early I960s characterizes the discipline's coauthorship network. The results show that participation in the sociology collaboration network depends on research specialty and that quantitative work is more likely to be coauthored than non-quantitative work However structural embeddedness within the network core given collaboration is largely unrelated to specialty area. This pattern is consistent with a loosely overlapping specialty structure that has potentially integrative implications for theoretical development in sociology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the author presents a response to Michael A. Overington's article commenting on his article "The Literary Rhetoric of Science: Comedy and Pathos in Drinking Driver Research," published in the February 1976 issue of the journal "American Sociological Review." According to the author, Overington's comments raise a number of questions. The author believes that the most difficult is the problem of the meaning of knowledge in his article. This has been divided in two different problems. One of them explores how scientific findings take on significance of meaning, while the other focuses on the validity of those findings themselves. The author believes that his paper as oriented chiefly to the first of these questions because it is here that science moves toward action. This involves understanding bow it is that data become translated or transferred into conclusions and generalizations. His intention was to raise the possibility that the use of literary techniques of analysis might help in understanding how it is that data are developed and conclusions are derived. .

Transitioning from a linear economy to a circular economy (CE) supports the realisation of societal values towards more sustainable development. This article identifies mechanisms by which circularity can be embedded in entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) through the flow of relevant knowledge and values. It presents a dynamic model that illustrates how reverse knowledge spillovers from entrepreneurs can complement traditional technological knowledge spillovers from incumbents, ultimately advocating for CE values and validating circular knowledge. The validated circular knowledge, in turn, alters the knowledge filter of incumbents, leading to shifts in their research and development (R&D) focus and their willingness to embrace new knowledge. This symbiotic relationship of knowledge spillovers between circular start-ups and incumbents can significantly enhance the motivation of participants in EEs to adopt CE values and leverage circular knowledge. Overall, the article shows how knowledge spillovers can facilitate a wider adoption of circular knowledge and CE values within EEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a reply to the comment made by sociologist J.S. House on a paper related to status inconsistency written by the author. The author's claim was that a status inconsistency effect is, at its simplest, a status difference effect; that is, a situation such that the net regression coefficient for one variable is greater than the net regression coefficient for the other. Speaking more precisely, what the author demanded was that the empirically observed regression coefficients should deviate significantly from a set of a priori weights, which have been applied to the independent variables in order to define a measure of overall status. House interprets this stipulation as a claim that all status difference effects are status inconsistency effects. But this is to turn a theoretical derivation into an induction; status inconsistency cannot plausibly be presented as the only possible reason why status difference effects occur. It is incumbent on the theorist of status inconsistency to prescribe the circumstances in which a discrepancy between status dimensions is perceived or experienced as a state of normative disarray, that is, as inconsistency.

"Common sense" has received widespread negative treatment in introductory sociology textbooks. This paper argues three points: 1) negative treatments of common sense lead to greater problems than those which they seek to solve by their challenging of common sense; 2) a variety of bases exists both in sociology and in philosophy in support of common sense; 3) introductory texts could serve students more adequately by a balanced explanation and interpretation of the relationship between common sense and sociology as a science. The paper concludes with an example of what such an explanation should include. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, scholars have focused on a growing number of social movement consequences. However, one important type of intended outcome has been neglected: the development of new technologies. Connecting to key insights from Science and Technology Studies, the aim of this article is to contribute to the literature on the effects of activism in two specific ways. First, I present and discuss four causal mechanisms that show how activists trigger the development of new technologies. Second, I demonstrate how the development of new technologies is a highly contested goal among activists, leading to divisions within social movements. Based on novel empirical research, this paper analyzes a crucial and understudied case of a movement pushing for new technologies: the animal rights movement and its efforts to push for alternatives to animal experimentation. Methodologically, I rely on semistructured interviews with activists from different social movement organizations, publications of social movement organizations, and secondary literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizational control and environmental influences on organizational behavior are central themes in organization studies, yet little effort has been made to bring them together. In this paper we seek to contribute to filling this gap by investigating and conceptualizing environmental influences on organizational control. The paper examines patterns of organizational control and their environmental couplings through three parallel case studies of public universities in three European countries. We provide a systematic characterization of the space of configurations of control in professional knowledge-intensive organizations along the two axes of centralization of power and formalization of social relationships. We show that environmental characteristics do matter for the contestation and selection of control models. Finally, we unpack and conceptualize the synergetic influence of three environmental characteristics (institutional pressures, resource environment, and external social relationships) as providing sources of legitimacy and power for specific control regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amount of research conducted on the topic of international entrepreneurial orientation ( IEO) has grown exponentially in recent years, thus inviting an analysis of the scholarly conversations taking place. This paper is a review and commentary on how the construct of entrepreneurial orientation ( EO) has been leveraged within the international entrepreneurship literature. The possible distinctiveness of the EO and IEO constructs are considered, and the major themes of IEO research are summarized. Several measurement-related issues particularly pertinent to the assessment of EO as a generalizable/universalistic phenomenon are considered. The paper concludes with the identification of research foci whose pursuit promises to advance IEO knowledge along productive paths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article critically reflects on the research portfolio by the ecological economist Clive Spash who has helped pinpoint specific and systemic blindspots in a political-economic system that prioritises myopic development trajectories divorced from ecological reality. Drawing on his published work and collaborations it seeks to make sense of the slow, or absent, progress in averting global warming and ecological destruction. Three strands of key concern and influence are identified and discussed with reference to their orientation and explicit expression regarding Ontology, Epistemology and Axiology. Some complementary points about indeterminacy and holism are presented to further strengthen the arguments for a transition towards a social-ecological economic system that puts values and principles back into focus. While Clive Spash's work has made a strong case within the economic community and appealing to ecology professionals, the value-myopia or value-vacuum has to be tackled across all disciplines, politics and society for a meaningful and urgently required transformation in decision making. Hence, the article finishes with some suggestions for the (higher) education system, and highlights the importance of simplicity and sufficiency, as well as strong sustainability-driven citizen and community action as necessary catalysts of change in this social-ecological transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper develops a method of research called 'cooking as inquiry.' This method seeks to add layers to the typically disembodied practices of social research that have long overlooked the body and the mundane rituals of foodmaking as sites of knowledge. Informed by autoethnography and collective biography, cooking as inquiry recognizes bodies and food as sites of knowledge and engages researchers as researcher-participants in reflexive, collaborative study that explores the ways in which the embodied self is performed relationally through foodmaking. In addition to a discussion of the epistemological and methodological frames of this method, this paper offers a case study that describes a project conducted by a colleague and the author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning of tacit knowledge in an interorganizational context is a process fraught with risks for the collaborating partners. Two conflicting perspectives on what motivates partners to cooperatively share tacit knowledge with each other emerge from extant literature: one based on calculative considerations and the other on trust-based considerations. This paper aims to show that the two perspectives can be reconciled if the unique learning-related roles of boundary spanners at the corporate and operating levels are taken into account. Operating-level boundary spanners are the primary agents of tacit knowledge learning across organizational borders, and we argue that trust is the primary determinant of knowledge sharing at that level. In contrast, the corporate-level boundary spanners shape the structures and systems of the collaboration and thus affect the extent of sharing that can take place between operating-level boundary spanners. In this role, we propose, their learning behavior is predominantly driven by calculative considerations of potential costs and benefits of knowledge sharing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasingly research involving Indigenous people is being undertaken by Indigenous researchers, who bring forward worldviews that shape the approach of the research, the theoretical and conceptual frameworks, and the epistemology, methodology, and ethics. Many times such research bridges Western practices and Indigenous knowledges; however, bringing together these two worldviews can also present challenges. In this paper the author explores the challenges and lessons learned in the practical application of an Indigenous research framework and qualitative inquiry. Two qualitative Indigenous research methods, sharing circles and Anishnaabe symbol-based reflection, will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the authors argue that there are three modes of educational action research: emancipatory, practical, and knowledge generating. Furthermore, they suggest that much of action research, although predicated on notions of emancipatory research, is often not primarily emancipatory in nature. There are considerable risks involved when action research fails to adequately justify its truth claims because of a dependence on validities that primarily assess the emancipatory features of the research. Consequently, the authors propose that the various modes of action research require emphasis on different validities that are dependent on the purposes of the research. In doing this, they offer a reconceptualization of Anderson and Herr's (1999) influential approach to validity in action research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capability-based view of the firm is based on the assumption that firms know how to do things. Assuming the existence of a thing called 'organizational knowledge', in the first part of the paper we identify its main building blocks and we provide a description of its inner structure. This results in an analysis of the relationships among key concepts like organizational routines, organizational competencies and skills. In the second part, we consider some empirical implications of the adoption of a capability-based view of the firm in dealing with issues like horizontal and vertical boundaries of the firm, innovation and corporate performance. Some implications for strategic management are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debates on theory have focused on the nature of good theories and the process of theorizing, but have failed to engage with the ontology of becoming emphasized by process philosophers such as Heraclitus, Bergson and James, and more recently by Cooper, Shotter and Chia. This paper argues that engaging with reality as becoming implies departing from any claims of 'essence' in theories. Theories are not representations, better or worse, of a particular phenomenon, real or socially constructed. Instead, mobility, movement and creativity are the primordial qualities of theory. A becoming ontology also points to the non-sequential, imaginative and paradoxical 'way' of theory-building. This paper argues that a processual approach which is reposed on introspective reality and the method of intuition is better suited to revealing a becoming reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's response to comments on his paper on postmodernism and critical approaches to organization. The author says that what he was trying to say is that postmodernism in the epistemological sense is a form of relativism and that it is a relativism that the author finds logically compelling. He is not trying to refute this epistemology in the sense of establishing truth in some places but truth or fact in others. The paper attempts to articulate the problematic relationship between the author's acceptance of a relativist epistemology and hence ontology and a different way of asking questions altogether that of ethics and politics. The reason for doing so is to establish ways for talking about power, the institutionalization of knowledge, genocide and terrorism, but with a critical intent. In other words the paper tends to break the suggestive link between epistemological relativism and ethical relativism. The author concludes that his critical modernism follows from an ethical-political translation of questions he found being raised within a postmodern epistemology.

Differences in attitude structure as a function of political involvement are examined using a structural equation procedure with latent variables. In addition, criticisms of an earlier Judd and Milburn (1980) paper are examined. Findings suggest that the less involved are less likely to express political attitudes and that when they do their expressions contain more residual variance or error. At the same time, the attitudes of both the involved and uninvolved show evidence of a single underlying ideology that is remarkably stable in all groups. In arriving at these conclusions, a number of points are made concerning the procedures to be followed in comparing latent variable models between groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sociology faces a peculiar paradox: Every general sociological proposition is both true and false. On the one hand, one can easily find exceptions to most of the propositions which are advanced as genera! sociological principles. Yet, there are many instances in which genera! sociological principles are supported by empirical findings. As a consequence, it is not clear when some sociological principle is to be counted as false. This paper argues that a proper assessment of the state of sociological knowledge and the possibility of cumulative growth in sociology depends on resolving the true-false paradox. We argue that the paradox can be resolved if sociologists make the scope of their theories explicit. We offer a formulation of scope restrictions, demonstrate how the formulation resolves the true-false paradox, and illustrate the differences between the method proposed here and other strategies for making sociological theories conditional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will relate some of the recent arguments about postmodernism and organization theory to the further development of a critical theory of organizations. I will argue that postmodemism is a dangerous, and potentially disabling 'perspective' for critical theorists to adopt and that any emancipatory project is not well served by giving up on notions of 'truth' and 'progress'. Instead, I suggest that 'critical modernism' allows for the relativity of truth claims whilst also providing a reason to write about organizations at all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hugh Willmott's paper published in the journal "Organization Studies" seeks, by reference to developments in Labour-Process Theory (LPT), to dissolve the incommensurability of the subjective-objective dimension of G. Burrell and G. Morgan's paradigm model. The main concern of this brief response is with the concept of incommensurability, not with LPT. It is not uncommon to describe the debate on paradigm incommensurability as "paradigm wars," and this seems a particularly appropriate term: in war, one objective is for one side to subordinate the other. Burrell and Morgan's paradigm model has been widely welcomed and admired as an antidote to the orthodox Functionalist hegemony, but its logically necessary condition of incommensurability between the paradigms has been the object of sustained attack by those who otherwise form part of the anti-Functionalist constituency. It is argued that the incommensurability of paradigms is, essentially, a pluralistic concept which allows the potential of divergent opinions to develop without them being automatically proscribed by the orthodoxy, and that the denial of incommensurability denies this plurality, thereby leaving the way open for such subordination. The article seeks to highlight what is seen as inconsistencies in the anti-incommensurabilist arguments in his paper.

This paper reviews and evaluates the cognitive status to which metaphors and analogies have been ascribed in the process of knowledge generation in organization theory. Three perspectives are identified: metaphors as ways of thinking, metaphors as dispensable literary devices, and metaphors as potential ideological distortions. The main tenets of each one of them are reviewed and subsequently submitted to criticism. It is argued here that, despite their differing claims, the preceding perspectives converge on the assumption that there is a gap between metaphorical and scientific languages. The grounds for the existence of this gap are challenged in this paper. noting that the structure-mapping theory of analogy provides a methodology for developing metaphorical insights to yield scientific models and theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a rigorous defence of paradigm incommensurability as conceptualized by Burrell and Morgan, arguing that it is a necessary defence against scientistic authoritarianism. Two recent attacks on paradigm incommensurability are examined which, although emerging from different intellectual traditions, are both seen to imply the restoration of the authority of scientism characteristic of the postmodernism of reaction. Both critiques base their attack on the work of Kuhn but this basis is rejected on the grounds, inter alia, of a clear absence of isomorphism between the paradigmatic model of Kuhn and that of Burrell and Morgan. Finally, the paper considers the relevance of paradigm incommensurability in the context of non-reactive postmodernism.

Benton Johnson's (1963) reconceptualization of churches and sects freed theory from the immobilizing grip of traditional typologies. Having utilized his single axis of tension with the sociocultural environment in our ongoing theoretical pursuits, the question arose: is tension too vague a concept to permit empirical testing of theories based upon it? In this paper we first specify in greater detail the meaning of tension. We then draw upon existing data to show that it can be operationalized and that a variety of empirical measures of tension consistently rank American Christian denominations in accord with intuitive standards of which are more sectlike. This demonstration invites further empirical research using tension to rank religious bodies and justifies theoretical use of the concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores ways in which the boundaries between educational research, policy, and practice are being—and can further be—blurred in the postmodern age. First, it describes two paradigms of knowledge and how knowledge is used or generated by practitioners: knowledge utilization and teachers' self-generated knowledge. The distinctions between these two positions, it is argued, are much less clear cut than is commonly claimed. Indeed, I suggest, in a complex, diverse, and rapidly changing postmodern world, the boundaries between university discourse and school-level discourse about education should become more open still. The remainder of the paper exemplifies and analyzes how these different forms of knowledge and discourse in education can be transformed in productive ways. Four practical examples of such transformation drawn from my own research and development work are described. Finally, 10 principles for reinventing the nature of and relationships between knowledge creation and knowledge utilization in education are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An unresolved dilemma facing many disciplines is how theory and practice can better work together to enhance the decision-making processes on the ground. This widely-known theory-practice gap often contributes to the misdiagnosis of problems and undermines the effectiveness of responses. Despite decades of research into why this gap remains, there is still a continuing and heated debate as to why it exists and how it could be resolved. This article examines the theory-practice gap through a systematic review that draws insights across diverse disciplines such as health, science, governance, and business. It builds a conceptual framework based on the findings, allowing for the analysis of the various drivers and solutions for addressing the gap. The findings show that to resolve this gap is necessary to change our perspective of the gap and understand it as a bilateral issue, where both theory and practice play a role in creating the gap. Thus, solutions to the gap need to follow a cyclical and integrative approach. As the gap may never be fully closed, the framework provides the tools to respond to it whenever it arises. Future research will be required to empirically test and advance the framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the looming planetary emergency, the future will be anything but an extension of the past. Yet theorizing the future poses a peculiar problem. By definition, it is not present yet. The conundrum of the future is that it requires conceptualizing and theorizing what is not (yet) observable and does not (yet) exist. Scholars have called for more impactful theories; we argue that one powerful avenue to make organizational theories more impactful is to make them more future-oriented. In this article, we call for prospective theorizing, which we define as a future-oriented approach to theorizing that is concerned with imagining desirable futures. First, we argue that prospective theorizing involves a shift along two dimensions (onto-epistemological and axiological): from projection to imagination, and from values-neutral to values-led theorizing. Second, we suggest and promote prospective theorizing practices that might enable such a shift, distinguishing between inputs, throughputs and outputs of theorizing. Third, for such prospective theorizing to be scientifically evaluable and rigorous, we develop the notion of speculative rigour, and outline criteria of generative potency, process transparency, plausible desirability and speculative plausibility. Overall, we argue that prospective theorizing adds to greater plurality in our theorizing towards (re)generative scholarship for imagining desirable futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the alignment of framework analysis with a critical realist philosophy in qualitative analysis. Whilst both are used in social sciences and prioritise meaning making of complex phenomena, the two approaches have not been combined prior to the study outlined in this article. The article describes critical realist ontology and epistemology, the implications of this philosophy for data analysis and the structured processes of framework analysis. Using an example from a study of youth programmes in Aotearoa/New Zealand, the article demonstrates the value of framework analysis for critical realist studies. Emphasis is placed on the capacity of framework analysis to support varied foci on data, theory, and different modes of inferencing which are used in critical realist studies to provide an explanatory account of data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]