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Migrants' transnational housing investments are a relatively overlooked field to explore the workings of so-called migration industries, as we do, in this paper, through a case study of Ecuadorian migration. Based on fieldwork with two real estate agencies in Madrid and visits to their housing projects in Quito, we show how these companies support Ecuadorians' collective socio-cultural practices in Madrid, in order to capitalise on their potential to invest in the homeland. As the agencies claim, migrants who buy properties in Ecuador do not just pursue their own interest. They also display their unremitting attachment to the country, besides paving the way for a 'successful' return. As our analysis reveals, housing investments can indeed facilitate migrant's physical, emotional, and existential mobility. However, the repertoire of 'Ecuadorianness' these agencies deploy in Spain has little to do with the symbols and imaginaries of modernity and success on which their real estate developments in Ecuador rely. This reveals the inherent tensions in status and life projects between immigration and emigration contexts, and the role of transnational housing investments in mediating them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South Asian group, which includes people from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, is one of the oldest and least known immigrant groups in Spain. Because of its relatively small size (131,230 in 2014) very limited research work has been done about this community. Existing studies mainly focus on their economic participation while their socio-demographic characteristics remain unexplored. In this paper, we examine the evolution and demographic profile of their flow and stock during 2000-2014, their socioeconomic characteristics and territorial distribution. The recent huge flow of young males has made this group more masculine and younger. Their low education level and lack of professional skills result in occupational segregation in a few sectors, which is contributing to their residential concentration in the big metropolitan areas of Spain. The economic crisis in Spain has halted further growth, but the continuation of family reunification process is consolidating their settlement in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El destacado auge de la inmigración en España durante la última década ha tenido consecuencias sociales y educativas de gran alcance, poniendo de relieve la importancia de una buena gestión de los flujos, a fin de conjurar en lo posible el peligro de segregación para familias y alumnos de origen foráneo. En este artículo tratamos de analizar cómo se distribuye el alumnado de origen inmigrante en los centros educativos gallegos. Después de la aplicación de los correspondientes índices, comprobamos que los niveles de segregación en la citada Comunidad Autónoma son objetivamente bajos. Terminamos dando cuenta de varias razones que podrían explicar este hecho diferencial respecto del conjunto estatal. Y concluimos que todos los esfuerzos en contra de la segregación escolar precisan anteponer primero la efectividad en los resultados a la calidad en los procesos.The significant immigration boom in Spain over the last decade has had far-reaching social and educational consequences, highlighting the importance of good management of migratory flows in order to avert as much as possible the danger of segregation for families and students of foreign origin. This article is aimed at analysing the way pupils of immigrant origin are distributed in Galician educational institutions. After applying the relevant indices, we found that the levels of segregation in the above-mentioned autonomous community are objectively low. The paper ends by providing possible explanations that could account for this difference with respect to other parts of Spain. In addition, we conclude that all efforts against school segregation require putting the effectiveness of the results before the quality of the processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of regularization of immigrants has occupied a position high on the agenda in Spain and elsewhere. In this paper, we contribute to this particular issue by providing an evaluative case study in Spain using administrative data from the Province of Barcelona from 2005 to 2009, which allows survival analysis, the follow-up of migrants' trajectories after regularization and the examination of the hazard of lapsing back into irregularity. Our analysis reveals critical differences on the effectiveness of two pathways to earned legalization in Spain as a policy: the 2005 Normalisation and the Settlement Program in full operation since 2006. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using representative national surveys, this paper compares economic outcomes among Latin American migrants to Spain and the United States in the first cross-national comparison using quantitative data. Considering the geographic location and social proximity of each country with respect to Latin America, we detect a critical selection effect whereby the majority of Latin American migrants to Spain originate in South America from middle class backgrounds, whereas most migrants to the United States are Central Americans of lower class origins. This selection effect accounts for cross-national differences in the probability of employment, occupational attainment, and wages earned. Despite differences in the origins and characteristics of Latino immigrants to each country, demographic and human and social capital factors appear to operate similarly in both places; and when models are estimated separately by legal status, we find that effects are more accentuated for undocumented compared with documented migrants, especially in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines determinants of aspirations and expectations among children of immigrants based on a statistically representative sample of 3,375 second generation youths interviewed in 101 public and private secondary schools in metropolitan Madrid. We review the past literature on status attainment in general and aspirations and expectations, in particular, and draw from it a set of six hypotheses to guide the analysis. Most theoretical statements in this field have been developed on the basis of U.S. data; studies in other immigrant-receiving countries, especially outside the Anglophone world, have been scarce. The study thus provides an opportunity to test and refine existing hypotheses in a different national context. We present breakdowns of educational and occupational aspirations and expectations by gender, parental education and type of school attended. This is followed by multivariate regressions of all four dependent variables on these three plus other predictors suggested by the research literature. This analysis ends with structural equation models - recursive and non-recursive - that provide an integrated theoretical statement of the causal structure of ambition in the Spanish context. Implications of our findings for theory and policy are examined. Suggestions for future research in this field are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper extends the literature on the internal migration patterns of the foreign-born by analyzing the situation in Spain, a country affected by recent but very significant migratory flows. We utilize a standard theoretical framework in order to assess the relative importance of human capital, economic, and social capital indicators. To this end, we take advantage of a new micro database, the National Immigrant Survey ( Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes– ENI-2007). Our findings suggest that the main theories explaining internal migration patterns of the foreign-born are at least partly true. Evidence is presented in support of the importance of education and knowledge of the native language, income, and networks based on the sharing of social capital among family members, though less so for those based on friends and acquaintances. Spanish citizenship and employment status seem to be less important in explaining the propensity to move within the country. We argue that the lack of significance of some indicators is due mainly to the fact that Spain has become a major destination only very recently as well as to the way different immigrant groups tend to implement strategies for promotion and integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to analyze inequality and inequality of opportunity (IOp) for the Spanish regions Autnomous Communities (CCAA), paying main attention to the situation of foreign immigrants. For this purpose, we use the European Social Survey of Income and Living Conditions database and some variables regarding individuals' perceptions about immigration from the European Social Survey. We find that both income inequality and IOp increase between 2004 and 2010 for the great majority of the Spanish regions. Moreover, we observe convergence between regions in terms of IOp, while there is not convergence in terms of income inequality. In addition, the contribution of the different variables used as circumstances to estimate IOp varies greatly. The contribution to IOp of being an immigrant experienced a considerable and worrying increase, whereas the importance of family background characteristics is reduced to a great extent. Likewise, the analysis in deep of the situation of immigrants provides some interesting evidence. Firstly, we show that immigrant population experienced a downturn in their situation in terms of income; secondly, we find that, according to individuals' perceptions about immigration, as the share of immigrants rises, there is an improvement in their impact in cultural life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Austerity policies implemented in Spain in response to the ongoing economic crisis may have detrimental consequences for the health of immigrant populations and for public health in general. A mixed-methods study by the Public Health Agency of Barcelona and the University of Michigan indicates that the Real Decreto-ley 16/2012 (RDL) threatens the health of individuals and the population, especially in the case of infectious diseases. The study sought to determine the percentage of foreign-born persons with an infectious disease who had an Individual Health Card (IHC) prior to the RDL and to determine whether foreign-born persons with an infectious disease in Barcelona encountered problems accessing health care after the RDL. Results indicate that immigrants used the IHC to seek medical attention for infectious diseases and chronic conditions. Results also show that 66% of respondents, including 54% of unemployed respondents, 3% of respondents working without contracts, and those in informal employment (9%), may be at risk of losing at least part of their health coverage. Universal health care access in Spain has been crucial for the control of communicable diseases among immigrant populations. Reducing access to a significant percentage of the total population may have deleterious effects on public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, many European education systems have embarked on a process of education policy and curriculum reform related to citizenship education. This article explores citizenship education reform in the context of Spain. It considers how and to what extent Spain’s 2006 citizenship education addressed issues of national and global citizenship, as well as cultural diversity and immigration. Against a typology of four distinct approaches to national and global citizenship education, including traditional, skills-based, values-based, and reflexive approaches, the article draws on qualitative content analysis of Spain’s recent Education for Citizenship and Human Rights curriculum and associated textbooks. Findings focus on themes of human rights, national and global citizenship, and cultural diversity and co-existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify, from an ethnographic perspective, how panethnic boundaries are being created between Gitano people and Roma newcomers who have emigrated from eastern to western Europe. This migration has been driven mainly by discrimination and lack of opportunities in eastern Europe after the transition to a new economy. Although Roma immigrants try to keep connected to their regions of origin, changes in their ethnic identities can also be observed when they settle in their new environment. The fieldwork was conducted in a Spanish neighbourhood with a high percentage of Gitanos and Roma immigrants from eastern Europe. Evidence from this research shows how interactions between people from both groups can promote or diminish panethnic identities and the emergence of panethnic institutions. There is mutual identification between the subgroups even though some elements of dissent and rejection may appear. One of the key components to be taken into account in the shaping and institutionalization of a panethnic identity is the presence of dialogic interactions among the Roma people of different subgroups. These interactions give rise, in a hostile context, to a common identity and solidarity among subjects. Indeed, this has been the social and symbolic base that has promoted the incorporation of newcomers in Roma religious institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article explores the phenomenon of lifestyle migration from Britain to Spain to interrogate, empirically, the continued relevance of class in the era of individualizing modernity (Beck, 1994). Lifestyle migrants articulate an anti-materialist rhetoric and their experiences of retirement or self-employment diminish the significance of class divisions. However, as researchers who independently studied similar populations in the Eastern and Western Costa del Sol, we found these societies less 'classless' than espoused. Despite attempts to rewrite their own history and to mould a different life trajectory through geographical mobility, migrants were bound by the significance of class through both cultural process and the reproduction of (economic) position. Bourdieu's methodological approach and sociological concepts proved useful for understanding these processes. Employing his concepts throughout, we consider the (limited) possibilities for reinventing habitus, despite claims of an apparently egalitarian social field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Findings from an international research programme on police stops in Bulgaria, Hungary and Spain are reviewed in the context of British and US debates on racism in police stops, and in particular the concepts of ethnic/racial profiling, disproportionality and institutional racism. The research uses surveys and qualitative interviews to examine the experiences of Roma in all three countries and of immigrants in Spain. The article finds evidence of ethnic/racial profiling in police decisions to stop. However, this does not translate into aggregate ethnic disparities in stops (disproportionality) in Bulgaria and Hungary where it can be measured. This is because ethnic disparities are driven also by structural factors that are independent of ethnic profiling. Different kinds of institutional racism are also suggested by the poorer treatment of ethnic minority populations during stops and by evidence of under-policing of Roma-only communities in Bulgaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses European migrants to Spain's coastal areas. These 'residential tourists' make creative use of modern communication technologies and accessible air travel to construct fluid migration trajectories and employ transnational affective and instrumental networks. Research on British migrants to Spain has shown a high incidence of social, cultural, economic, and political exclusion. While these migrants dream of integration, an ambiguous status in Spanish society constrains assimilation and leads to marginalisation.

The article ponders on the transition of Spain from dictatorship to democracy in 2005. It describes the political processes that Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero has established. It mentions the practice of bipartisanship on foreign policy. It also provides information on the nation's conservative policy on immigration.

abstract As flexible forms of migration undermine the distinction between tourism and migration, analyses of human mobility demand new conceptualizations and characterizations. However, before we rush to ever more metaphors of flux and flow it is important to explore the articulation of tourism and migration as they are experienced in individuals' daily lives. This article draws on ethnographic data to investigate in depth the migration experiences of three forms of tourism-related migration of British migrants in Spain: retirement migrants, entrepreneurial migrants, and consumption-led economically-active migrants. We note that these migration patterns are inextricably linked to tourism history and tourist systems, and via individual actions, attitudes and expectations. We also note that theories of tourism as escape can illuminate the behaviour of some of the migrants. However, we acknowledge that these migrants cannot, therefore, be considered to be tourists. In crucial definitional ways they are migrants. Furthermore, they claim not to be tourists. The article then goes on to explore how the articulation of migration and tourism can be a tension for some groups of migrants who are uncomfortable with constant flux. Articulation enables us to explore the two things that articulate as separate entities and the joint, or nexus, and how this joining together, this articulation, is experienced by diverse groups of mobile humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]