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Local journalism is in decline in the United States. As one way to assess the state of local journalism, this study examines the information flows between local and national media in the online media ecosystem. Focusing on metropolitan journalism, this paper empirically investigates whether and when a city's local news coverage can influence national news portrayal of the city. This research draws from intermedia agenda setting (IAS) theory and examines a large news data set related to the most populated 21 US cities. The results suggest that local media are not more likely to transfer the salience of their urban issues to the national media agenda than reversely. In addition, a city's economic power and the scale of its local journalistic infrastructure, especially the traditional media sector, are significantly correlated with its local media's power to determine how the city is portrayed in the national media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 100 British journalists of colour are signatories to an open letter demanding the US Ambassador to the UK condemns the arrest of African-American journalist, Omar Jimenez, on May 29th 2020, whilst he was reporting for CNN on the Minneapolis protests following the police killing of George Floyd. The letter is a vital act of black transatlantic solidarity during a moment when journalism is under threat, economically and politically, and there's a pandemic of racism in the west. These factors make journalism challenging for reporters from racial minorities, who are already underrepresented in western newsrooms and, as this paper shows, encounter discrimination in the field, as well as within the institutions they work for. The letter speaks to how black British journalists are all too aware that the British journalistic field, like the American one, has a race problem, and institutional commitments to diversity often don't correspond with the experiences of those included, impacting negatively on the retention of black journalists. Drawing on original interviews with 26 journalists of colour who work for Britain's largest news organisations, this paper theoretically grounds empirical findings to illustrate why and how discriminatory patterns, as well as contradictions, occur and recur in British news production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tibet is one of the most restrictive places in the world for press freedom, with information online and offline tightly controlled and censored by the Chinese government. Foreign correspondents are restricted from travelling to and reporting in Tibetan areas, while Tibetans who act as sources are often persecuted. Despite this level of repression, Tibetans still find ways to tell the rest of the world what is happening in Tibet. This paper explores how it is possible to authoritatively report on events in one of the world's most restrictive places for press freedom. Instead of relying on a single individual or news organisation, we find that reporting is conducted through journalistic networks consisting of sources in Tibet, Tibetan exile journalists, and source intermediaries called 'communicators'. Based on fieldwork and semi-structured interviews with Tibetan journalists and communicators we explore how they develop and maintain journalistic authority, while being in exile and having to deal with severe constraints to press freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to expand peace journalism scholarship by proposing a new peace journalism model for analyzing media representations of immigration. By employing framing and content analysis, the paper takes a closer look at the ways in which four Greek newspapers portrayed immigration in crisis-stricken Greece between 2011 and 2014. Results indicate that a conflict frame prevailed in the majority of all newspaper articles analyzed. In this context, immigration was portrayed (1) as an issue that generated conflict among different political and social groups, (2) through stereotypical portrayals of immigrants as a threat to public health and security, (3) as a mass of people in extreme conditions of exception, and (4) as a problem to almost every aspect of the Greek society: for tourism, trade, the economy or even Greece's relationship with the EU. A peace frame, conversely, was identified in around one fourth of all news stories. At the same time, findings lead us to conclusions that transcend the peace and conflict journalism dualism revealing five distinct subframes that provide a more nuanced understanding of the peace journalism concept; (1) a 'direct conflict subframe' enhancing division and dispute over immigration, (2) a 'journalism of conventions subframe' following well-established journalistic conventions with important consequences on the quality of information, (3) a 'journalism of values subframe' being closer to the traditional values of journalism, (4) a 'diversity journalism subframe', including all elements referring to a pro-immigrant approach, and (5) a 'positive peace subframe', closer to Galtung's notion of positive peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares U.S. and Russian news organizations’ responses to today’s disruptive environment intensified by the development of digital online technologies and global economic crisis. Findings show U.S. journalists attempt to maintain legitimacy within ‘professional’ and ‘digital network’ orders by either decoupling their digital network efforts from traditional, core operations or by assimilating digital practices within traditional journalistic practices. For Russian journalists, the dominant conflicting orders are the ‘state’ institutional order and a weak ‘professional’ order; and accord with a ‘digital network’ order is most evident outside of traditional news organizations. Overall, in both countries, a lack of response to online audiences by media outlets is common, but differing institutional environments help explain differing reasons for these responses. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper develops a chronology of milestones in mass media ethics from inception to contemporary times, demonstrating that media ethics has been on the decline throughout mass media's history. As a response to the continual decline of ethics in the mass media, this paper proposes a model for restoring ethics to the mass media. The model has four corner stones: (i) journalism and mass communication curricular revision, (ii) student entry placement, (iii) revised training for future journalists, and (iv) journalistic de-collectivization, a term used by this author to describe the act of shielding a journalist from the impact of corporate culture in the newsroom. Essential theoretical frameworks guiding the model include Kohlberg's moral development theory and Patterson and Wilkins's ethical news values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critics of news coverage should probably know that these days one would hardly hear an editor shout "Stop the presses!" to some dungeon deep in the bowels of the Daily Bugle just to grab a sensational headline. The anachronistic image dates from at least mid-century when many large cities had several newspapers with multiple editions, each competing for streetcorner attention and vying to scoop the opposition. For various social and economic reasons -suburban sprawl, increased commuter travel, production and distribution costs, vast improvements in electronic communications, corporate mergers and buyouts-the major cities now have one or two newspapers and different kinds of competitors in television news and suburban papers. Yet this is precisely one of the explanations offered for media bias (sensationalism driven by profit motive) in the paper by Richardson and Van Driel (this issue). The authors' claim invites a closer inspection of how news is produced and disseminated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interesting but under-researched area of journalism studies is the relationship between journalists, particularly foreign correspondents, and the intelligence services during the cold war. The aim of this paper is to consider whether there is any evidence to back up specific allegations made in the Soviet era press in December 1968 that in the post–Second World War period named leading British journalists working for the national newspapers had a covert relationship with the British Secret Intelligence Service that involved their recruitment as agents and the use of intelligence-derived material in their articles in the press. The paper raises questions about the methods of researching such alleged activities. Is it possible in the absence of files from the secret intelligence services to undertake a serious study of such activities? Does the development of digital sources and archives open new fields of detailed study? It also reveals the potential historical significance of the role journalists played in the reporting of key events and policy issues during the cold war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the social and cultural roles of ethnic print media in the country within the prism of Canada's multicultural policy. Specifically, the article examines how the ethnic groups are framed in the mainstream national media in Canada and then examines how these ethnic media are [re]constructing their own identities in contrast to their framed identities in the mainstream national print media such as the Globe and Mail, National Post and Toronto Sun. In exploring the overall socio-political impacts of these ethnic print media on the social fabrics and cultural identity in Canadian society, Montreal Community Contact, an ethnic newspaper of the black community in Montreal, is used as a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Vietnam News is an English language daily newspaper produced on behalf of the Vietnamese Government, as part of its market reform policies. Drawing on an analysis of 100 translations from the Vietnamese press and their rewrites by the paper's foreign sub-editors, as well as on interviews with sub-editors and journalist-translators working at the Vietnam News, the article documents the translation and adaptation decisions that constitute the process of globalizing the discourse of the Vietnamese press in this particular instance. Three kinds of decisions are discussed in turn: translation decisions affecting the English used, translation/adaptation decisions affecting journalistic style, and translation/adaptation decisions affecting cultural and ideological references in the source texts. The article ends by asking whether the Vietnamese press is best sewed by closely following the Anglo-Australian model, as it does at present, or by developing its own distinct local style. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With disturbing frequency, media coverage of new or nontraditional religions has been challenged by scholars as inflammatory, distorted and infused with disparaging stereotypes. Though occasional abuses and excesses do occur in such groups, it appears that the assumption of misdeed is the norm among news reporters. The tendency to cast unconventional religions in an unfavorable light raises the unsettling question of bias. This paper examines the substance of these claims and suggests possible sources of news bias, both cultural and organizational. An overview of major issues and concerns is provided and directions for future dialogue between scholars and journalists are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought forward questions of what citizens need and want from journalism in a global crisis. In this article, we analyse one particular aspect of pandemic news experiences: Preoccupation with monitoring metrics for COVID-19 infection cases, hospitalisations, and deaths, widely disseminated through journalistic news outlets. We ask why close monitoring of such metrics appeared meaningful to news users, and what these experiences can tell us about the role of journalism in the pandemic information environment. Our analysis draws on qualitative research conducted in Norway in 2020, finding users particularly devoted to monitoring metrics, both in early lockdown and during the second wave of COVID-19. To contextualize our findings, we draw on scholarship on emotional responses to data in the everyday, and on the social role of journalism. We argue that monitoring of infection rates is an expression of trust in the media as a provider of factual information, also expressed by those who are cynical towards other aspects of journalism, and we conceptualise this monitoring practice as a coping strategy to deal with the pandemic as an unknown and uncontrollable threat, involving difficult emotions of uncertainty and fear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media research has shown that media attention to pandemics is largely driven by rising case numbers, policy responses and scientific breakthroughs. However, less is known about the issue attention dynamics that feed a decline in the media attention to pandemics. By building on the literature on issue attention and on 18 semi-structured interviews with Finnish journalists, this article explores the issue attention dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic. The article identifies three factors that lead to a decrease in the attention that a pandemic receives. First, issue fatigue diminishes the amount of attention while issue competition replaces the pandemic with other issues on the news agenda. Second, changes in the course of the pandemic—such as the introduction of vaccines— affect media attention. Third, this article illustrates how news media organisations try to balance informing the public of the risks related to the pandemic and not overreacting to the threat it poses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the alleged conspiracy by the U.S. and U.K. governments to invade Iraq in 2003, the national security state in both countries has been subjected to intense scrutiny by news organizations around the world. This scrutiny has been fueled in part by what some describe as the development of a “networked fourth estate” (Benkler 2011) involving ad hoc alliances between professional journalists, citizen journalists, hackers, and leakers. On the surface, this attention challenges radical conceptions of a “power elite” remaining in the shadows and impervious to accountability exercised through the media. Amid cultural chaos (McNair 2005) and seemingly ubiquitous displays of adversarial journalism without fear or favor, how far are powerful interests still able to control the agenda and manipulate outcomes? The article presents findings in relation to a single case study involving critical coverage of the national security state and a particular aspect of containment that emerged. It concerns how the controversies were resolved through an apparent spectacle of accountability that suggested a resolution eschewing the need for further scrutiny or sanction. The paper further contends that this element of story “closure” warrants renewed attention in the study of news framing and ideological power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing research on the relationship between Israeli intelligence services and the media is limited and fragmented. This work attempts to fill in the gaps by shedding light on four main strategies that have been commonly implemented by the Israeli intelligence community: ambiguity and concealment of media relations, the “if you would only know” strategy, exploiting patriotism and cooptation, and information manipulations and psychological warfare. These strategies were utilized frequently by Israel’s intelligence services, and thus have had an impact on the intelligence services’ accountability. However, significant changes in Israel’s society and media have created new challenges to the intelligence services in the public sphere. This study examines these changes and differentiates between the organizations within the intelligence community, domestic and foreign, which, facing differing challenges, tailor different methods for addressing the media as a result. This paper is based on several years of research and a large database of literature, media coverage, and in-depth interviews with key figures in Israel’s intelligence community (former Mossad and Israeli Security Authority directors), senior journalists, and politicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local news media organizations should not only focus on restructuring, but also on revitalization to maintain their vital function in local communities. Although organizational leaders do understand the need for a transformation, they do not always succeed in making the organizational transformation. Drawing on the literature of boundary spanning in combination with the organizational literature on leadership, this study aims to understand how organizational leaders can foster the organizational transformation. This study examines to what extent organizational leaders can empower and facilitate boundary spanners to overcome the institutional boundaries in the transformation process of a local news media organization. Evidence comes from in-dept interviews with journalists, non-journalists and managers from a regional news media organization in transformation in the Netherlands. Our findings show that the effectiveness of boundary spanners depends on how organizational leaders set organizational goals and organize the reward system. Furthermore, nominated boundary spanners with a coaching logic are more effective than spanners with an authoritarian logic to transform a hierarchical organization into an agile network organization. Another finding is that the introduced scrum methodology to improve organizational agility and innovativeness only works effectively with diverse teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the experiences of Finnish media professionals with online harassment. Participants (N = 695) answered a survey including questions concerning their experiences with online harassment and a survey experiment involving a death threat received by someone else. Results showed that closeness to the victim was associated with increased anxiety levels, but it did not affect countermeasures recommendations for the victim. Victims' reactions depended on their visibility in the public sphere and on the frequency and severity of the harassment. The results demonstrate that online harassment is prevalent among media professionals and that prevention and intervention are crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the editor's views on educators in the fields of journalism and mass communication. Professors of journalism and mass communication face issues with changing technology and the study of media history related to topics like newspapers, telephones, television and radio broadcasting, and the internet. These teachers must address changes in mass media without succumbing to feelings of fatalism and hysteria. The article discusses how they can teach history while accepting new media such as the microblogging website Twitter and online newspapers. Information is also provided on changing definitions of journalists and journalism.

The concept of a European public sphere, and the emergence of a transnational media within this space, has been the subject of debate in recent years, yet little attention has been given to investigating the functioning of the media that currently occupy this space. This article provides an empirically based insight into the organizational context within which transnational newspapers produce coverage of the European Union (EU). Material collected in interviews with journalists from four transnational newspapers (Wall Street Journal Europe, International Herald Tribune, Financial Times Europe and European Voice) is presented, and the way in which a range of internal and external factors shape transnational coverage of the EU is discussed. The findings suggest that as a consequence of the diverse range of approaches adopted by transnational newspapers, the EU remains unreported as a polity in its own right, and is predominantly covered from an external point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on the importance for journalists to reassert verbal clarity and improve their stories in response to the changing culture of journalism. He compares the difference of the media and national press in 1950s and 1960s and the current condition in which their common culture is delivered through moving images and sounds. The author encourages journalists to continue championing good writing in response to the speed of technological changes.

The article states that according to three-quarters of editors in small newspapers in the U.S., with circulations of fewer than 25,000, accuracy of news was a serious problem. An unintended or a careless error in a published news story can cause severe repercussions, whether inside a community served by a small paper or throughout a country that reads a national edition. The American Society of Newspaper Editors conducted a major survey examining credibility in newspapers and found that accuracy was at the top of both journalists' and readers' concerns. Research have found that, over time, high quality news content positively affects circulation and small papers that put money back into their newsrooms to improve the quality of their news product end up realizing higher revenues. The study found that less than half of the editors thought accuracy had gotten worse over time at their own newspaper, but nearly two-thirds thought that accuracy had indeed declined over time in the print news media overall.

Despite the central role of the media in contemporary society, studies examining the rhetorical practices of journalists are rare in organization and management research. We know little of the textual micro strategies and techniques through which journalists convey specific messages to their readers. Partially to fill the gap, this paper outlines a methodological framework that combines three perspectives of text analysis and interpretation: critical discourse analysis, systemic functional grammar and rhetorical structure theory. Using this framework, we engage in a close reading of a single media text (a press article) on a recent case of industrial restructuring in the financial services. In our empirical analysis, we focus on key arguments put forward by the journalists' rhetorical constructions. We maintain that these arguments-which are not frame-breaking but rather tend to confirm existing presuppositions held by the audience-are an essential part of the legitimization and naturalization of specific management ideas and ideologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper presented at the World Library and Information Congress: 69th IFLA General Conference and Council, 1-8 August 2003, Berlin. Reflecting on Uganda's past, the paper explores the forces that shaped the professional and ethical path traversed by librarians and efforts to articulate a code of ethics in light of the current professional `re-awakening'. The paper addresses issues like: legal, political, and institutional frameworks, librarian training, networking and resource sharing, and technological changes in the workplace. Reference is made to the wider theme of freedom of expression and access to information in Uganda and the activities of professional groups in the media industry. Briefly discusses the situation with regard to codes of ethics elsewhere in Sub-Saharan Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines shifting journalistic paradigms in a transitional society. Analyzing data from surveys of journalists and journalism students in the People's Republic of China, the authors find that professional journalism has emerged as a direct competitor to the party-journalism paradigm. Although the former is manifested in journalists' positive appraisal of professional news media, the latter is embodied in praising the official party organs. The professional perspective is associated with emphasis on the disseminator role of the media and the desire for more liberal arts training in journalism, whereas the party-journalism paradigm is related to the emphasis on the interpretive and popular advocacy roles and the desire for more training in communist propaganda. The two journalistic paradigms are also reflected in differences in evaluating various innovative media outlets in the reforms. The implications of the findings for studies on the articulation of professionalism and other journalism paradigms are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study describes how hostility reaches journalists and their reactions to the experiences. Semi-structured interviews with 18 Estonian journalists were conducted in 2021 from June to December. We divided journalists' experiences into personal, professional, and organizational domains. One key observation is that journalists cannot avoid work-related hostility, even when off-duty. In addition, as one journalist receives hostility in a myriad of ways, there is a necessity for a multilevel approach when teaching about coping with or preventing unnecessary hostility from reaching journalists. Our mapping can be used when preparing students for occupational hazards or developing journalism curricula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through two separate surveys targeting visual professionals (VP) and citizen visual contributors (CVC), we assess their views on citizen journalists' roles along with their views on the likelihood to act on those views (i.e., role performance intention) in order to identify associations between perception and performance. The role that perceived media credibility plays in the assessment of role conceptions and potential role performance was also examined. Findings indicate that CVC rate their roles as significantly more important than the ratings of VP on citizens' roles. Correlation analysis points to associations between the roles but misalignment in the relationship between conceptions and performance among CVC but alignment among VP. When looking at the impact of media credibility on role conceptions and performance, it is clear that perceived media credibility plays a significant role among the views of professionals. However, media credibility is not much of a factor in the assessments by CVC. Implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to examine whether, in an age where anyone ostensibly can become a journalist without the backing of any professional and responsible system, a single journalist can bring an important topic, related to a central security issue in a given society, to the attention of the media and of decision-makers. To this end, this study compared the salience and framing of coverage of the Arrow missile project in the Israeli press and among Israeli journalists to the coverage of two other complex topics – the Dolphin submarine project and the Merkava tank project. Two Israeli newspapers were examined: Ha'aretz, which appeals mainly to intellectual readers, and the mass- circulation Yedioth Aharonoth. The findings show that the Arrow project received much more salient coverage than the other projects examined, thanks to the salience Reuven Pedatzur, Ha'aretz journalist, afforded the project. Moreover, Pedatzur's negative framings of the Arrow project were the most salient, such that the project was framed more negatively than positively, as was also the case for the Merkava tank project, which was framed negatively by Ha'aretz journalist Amnon Barzilai, though its salience was much lower. Hence, the findings of this study contribute to constructing a normative and effective model for journalistic work. The model centers on personal affinity for the topic covered, a sense of mission regarding the need to change the policy of a political institution, specialization in and study of the topic under consideration, a solid standing in the world of journalism, journalistic experience, backing from high quality and anti-establishment journalistic institution and support from the military (the air force in this case) and the political elite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discussions about Iranian journalism have disproportionately focused upon the restrictive political context of the country. Accordingly, journalism culture and the way journalists construct their roles and identities in the face of constraints in Iran have received scant attention. This study redresses this gap by focusing on Iranian journalists' role conceptions and perceptions of role enactment. Based on interviews with 26 journalists working in media outlets in Iran, this study found that the role conceptions of Iranian journalists correspond to adversarial advocate, detective watchdog, change agent, educator and informer roles. Although the journalists perceive a large gap between their role ideals and their role performance, they believe they have occasionally been successful in acting out their roles. Journalists' role conceptions and perceived role enactment serve as journalistic illusio, which not only motivate journalists to continue operating under pressure but also allow the journalistic field to exist and function over time in the restrictive media environment of Iran. These results are discussed in relation to whether and how journalism outside a democratic context is possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of the public’s “right to know” is fading fast as politicians and officials try to limit freedom of information [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the number of infographics in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) newspapers has generally increased. The newspapers publish different types of infographics, but not on a regular basis. This study examined 180 issues of six UAE newspapers, conducted a survey with 19 graphic journalists and interviewed their chief editors to explore the current uses of infographics, the factors affecting its use and graphic journalists' perceptions of infographics. The study shows that the UAE newspapers still lag behind in the use of infographics and do not utilize all types of infographics. They mainly outsource services for infographics packages or illustration-based graphics. They do not have separate or specialized departments for infographics. They rarely combine infographics with news stories, especially on the front pages. Type-based graphics are more frequently used than charts and illustration-based graphics. The study shows a significant difference between the UAE English and Arabic newspapers in the type of infographics used and in its use on the front page. The graphic journalists see infographics as supplementary to the text and not an essential part of the newspaper's content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the new working arrangements of journalists in the industry which individualize rights or claims of workers on any of the services offered by employers in the traditional ways such as offering workers with permanent contracts, retirement plans, and other benefits. It also focuses on the wearing of power on those relied for entertainment, news, and advertising in which media critics and activists are charged of concealing diversity to desolate the media professions. Further, some of the traditional and undisputed social power of journalists flow towards the public, and probably makes a flatter hierarchy in the accumulation, and dissemination of information of public interest.

This article presents the author's views on the changing role of journalism in society and student journalists. The author reflects on changes in mass media in the 21st century related to print media, internet news and newspapers, and citizen journalism. The author also discusses news coverage of the 2008 U.S. presidential election and liberal bias.

The use of sources in news narratives is an extremely important part of not only the story's construction but also of its orientation and, ultimately, the point of view being supported in a given story. The sly deceit concealed within journalists' use of sources as apparently independent and authoritative commentators enables the journalist to masquerade as a mere conveyance of others' perspectives while actually peddling a particular viewpoint by the choice of speaker and the choice of quote. This study interrogates the content of three English regional newspapers over a 10-week period, up to, during and after the British general election in 2005, in order to identify gender differences in the sources used. It argues that, as with the national press, men are more than twice as likely as women to be quoted as sources and that women journalists are no more likely to source women than male colleagues. It concludes that a newsroom culture which privileges elite and other (white) male voices appears to exert a greater influence and conformity over who ‘counts’ as an authoritative voice than any individual newsworker's proclivities to more accurately reflect their views of the diverse local community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparative research is uniquely able to address theoretical questions about the relationship between journalism and political and cultural contexts. This study takes the reporting of political scandal as the entry-point to an analysis of the practice of investigative reporting in Britain and Spain in the 1990s and its status as a litmus test for a Fourth Estate understanding of the press' role. Using interview and documentary data, the research explores journalists' backgrounds, their assumptions about methods, relationships to sources and their perception of the public, political and peer response to their work. Journalists' views of the rationale for reporting political scandal are also explored. The analysis shows that there are a number of differences between the two groups of journalists but also that they are bound far more by common assumptions about the practices and purposes of reporting political scandal, which, taken together, provide a challenge to certain aspects of the production study research tradition and also evidence for the enduring influence of Fourth Estate understandings of the role of journalism across national contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching business and economics in journalism and mass communication schools has long been ignored despite the fact that students in all areas of media will have to work with budgets, financial statements, and annual reports at one time or another in their careers and despite requests from the industry. A number of schools are looking to change mass communication curricula to include courses that discuss these and other business-related topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After nearly a century of publishing explicitly named women's pages, US newspapers starting in 1969 and into the 1970s began renaming them 'style' or 'lifestyle' sections, theoretically meaning they were for a general audience. This research investigates industry discourse during this time to determine what those in newsrooms were thinking about this transition. Seventy-two articles from three newspaper trade publications from 1969 through 1975 reveal that editors and reporters were most concerned with including serious content in these sections and unconcerned with the names of the sections. In fact the women editors of these style pages, who dominated the discourse, indicated that even after renaming the sections industry insiders thought of them as for and about women. The analysis also revealed that newsroom constraints, particularly those placed on lower level staff by male editors, prevented women editors of these women's/style sections from constructing the pages they desired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is an attempt to understand the mechanism driving programs of journalism and mass communication to converge media sequences. The study also describes the extent and variation of these changes. Findings from a national survey show that a majority of programs are at least experimenting with convergence, though most are also maintaining specialized tracks in some form. Findings also suggest that faculty perceptions of industry changes explain movement away from a sole reliance on separate tracks, but small program size and lack of accreditation are more important in explaining the decision to merge sequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the way journalists talk about themselves and negotiate authority with sources, audiences, and media policy in a postconflict, developmental authoritarian state. Grounded in concepts of metajournalistic discourse and authority, the study shows how members of the journalism field in some contexts embrace a narrative that limits autonomy and situates them as untrustworthy social actors. Interviews collected over a 7-month period in Rwanda show that a shared sense of untrustworthiness defines the contemporary boundaries of the Rwandan journalism field. The findings also suggest that consensus-oriented or postconflict social contexts might encourage journalists to adopt less autonomous social roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes the constructions of Latino producers and audiences and analyzes the development of Latino media and their political economy in San Antonio, Texas. Meaning of Latino media; Constructions of Latino media in San Antonio; Economic trends and cultural implications.

Recent journalism research often argues that it is high time that we moved beyond the newsroom and begin asking who it is that is stimulating transformation and not what it is, as individual journalists, entrepreneurs, technology firms, and startups assume an increasingly critical role in the development of the field. This article introduces the concept of 'pioneer journalism' to provide just such an analysis across different organizational contexts. Pioneer journalism is understood as a particular group of journalists that incorporates new organizational forms and experimental practice in pursuit of redefining the field and its structural foundations. To introduce this concept, the article argues along three stages. First, it develops a theoretical basis on which to pin our understanding of pioneering practice by reviewing previous research into journalism's transformation beyond the newsroom. Second, it extends the theoretical discussion into the empirical realm by looking at five extreme cases of pioneer journalists through an explorative interview analysis. Third, and to conclude, an integrated concept of pioneer journalism is outlined as a point of departure from which to further consider journalism's re-figuration more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the process through which an elite of professional communicators regularly produce knowledge cast in the form of news. It focuses on the ideological and relational constraints which shape the knowledge product in systematic ways, and it is hoped that the type of analysis offered here can enrich our understanding of how economic, political, and social interests come to be reflected in media representations and accounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the organizational processes which support the press. Journalists are the key figures in understanding how the mass media influence processes in society. But to take the case of newspapers, one must also study the organizational features of the rest of the plant to see how they interact with journalists. Both the commercial and production sectors of publishing have powerful influences over what journalists produce. This article takes a look at some of the processes which go on in newspaper publishing houses and is based on the detailed study of two plants in Scotland. Both houses produced provincial morning and evening newspapers and each employed about 1,200 staff. The editor has the power of holding a strategic co-coordinating role in the organization, his role tends to be an interdependent relationship with other departments. At the daily meetings the advertising managers will report their projections of the amount of space sold, which then goes to determine proportionally the size of the paper, not only in terms of more advertising pages but also in terms of space available for editorial. In the final analysis though, resistance to bureaucracy in newsrooms will lie in the cohesiveness of journalistic ideology and its reaction to an organizational style which contradicts many deeply ingrained attitudes towards the role of the Press in society.

Media coverage of suicide can play a pivotal role in raising public awareness of an important public health issue. But research suggests that reporting on suicide can potentially trigger suicidal behavior in vulnerable individuals. To encourage the responsible reporting of suicide as a public health issue, media recommendations have been developed. Based on interviews with 50 US journalists, this study explores journalists' awareness of and attitudes toward suicide reporting risks and US media recommendations. Through the lens of suicide news reporting, this is a study examining how journalists view their professional roles and sense of social responsibility when reporting on issues, like suicide, with potential public health consequences. We find that while the journalists interviewed want to cover suicide responsibly, and as a public health issue, they often deviate from recommendations. In many cases, professional conventions and routines conflict with or hinder guideline compliance. Moreover, many journalists deliberately disregard suicide reporting guidelines because they clash with their professional values and perceived responsibility of serving the public via truth-telling and full disclosure of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lebanese media sector has played a pioneering role in the Arab world due to its free and diverse system. However, the lack of professional and ethical structures in journalistic practices can be attributed to political and economic pressures. Through both a quantitative and qualitative methodology, this study contributes to the complex boundaries of the Lebanese media landscape that make the gap between media ethics education and real-world pressures in need of sustained analysis. This research aims to explore the challenges media ethics education in Lebanon faces, along with the perceptions formed by media students about journalistic practices and the application of moral reasoning in the field. In addition, the study investigates whether media ethics courses prepare students for settling moral dilemmas in the professional arena. To address the multiple factors affecting ethics education, it is significant to understand the relationship between journalists and power, democratic norms, technological change, global community, and academic critiques. Survey and focus groups results indicated that the majority of students rated moral reasoning as important for their future media professions, and that the media ethics course prepares them for professional life. On the other hand, the majority believe that the corrupt system in Lebanon makes journalists resort to unethical practices which in turn compromise journalists' credibility and integrity. Students consider that journalists have power as the so-called fourth estate, yet that power seems minimal when journalists lack the freedom to write facts without fear from editors and/or gatekeepers' political views, economic pressure, and on-the-job demands, placing journalistic integrity again at stake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the trends of journalism and what would it become in the future. It mentions several news publications that cut jobs including Gannet, which layed off 10 percent of its manpower, Time Inc., which cut 600 jobs, and "Christian Science Monitor," which declared a stop to its weekday newspaper. It criticizes the rise of online journalism such as blogging, stating that bloggers are not trained journalists who filters what they communicate. It adds that journalism's future would depend on the power of journalists to unite and defend their domain.

The former BBC political editor defends the Corporation against accusations of overstaffing, especially in terms of team sent to cover major events. The BBC is nowhere near as profligate as the press would be if required to send technicians as well as journalists on assignments, he argues, and insists that broadcasters work harder: "Licence fee-payers can sleep easily in their beds. The BBC extracts its pound of flesh all right." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When covering societal conflicts, journalists often feel a tension between normative and commercial requirements. Consequently, media coverage has a hybrid character consisting of elements ascribed to both a normative and a commercial media logic. Therefore, analyzing the prevalence of single elements in media coverage reveals only part of the story. Taking nine wage disputes in Germany between 2003 and 2015 as prominent instances of nonviolent conflicts, we aim at revealing the structure of news coverage (n = 1,181). A cluster analysis unfolded four distinct patterns of conflict coverage. The results indicated that the ideal-type dichotomy between a commercial and a normative media logic is more differentiated: Emotionalization and human interest framing separated patterns into some, which were more aligned to a commercial logic, and others, which were more characteristic for a normative logic. However, negativity, background information, and a hard-facts-first structure played a multifold role with the highest amount of background information being accompanied by the highest levels of negativity. Furthermore, conflict phase (strike vs. bargaining phase), conflict type (low vs. high potential impact on society), and media outlets' genre (quality vs. tabloid vs. news agency) were identified as antecedents of the coverage patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the reality and variations of the European minority language media systems between 2009 and 2016, a period of serious economic crisis and accelerated digitalization process. To that aim, several parameters were measured: structure of the media systems and changes during that period along the variables of media type, ownership and reach; presence and relevance of major media in each of the communities; number and variation of full-time journalists; and the density or relative weight of the media systems with regard to the speaking population. The 10 minority languages under analysis (Basque, Catalan, Galician, Corsican, Breton, Frisian, Irish, Welsh, Scottish-Gaelic and Sámi) represent a wide range of communities. The relevance of the study lies in its direct comparative nature and in the fact that it thoroughly updates previous scholarly literature, measuring the changes which occurred within the 10 media systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]