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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between digital urine color and paper urine color with other urine indices to assess hydration status. Methods: Twelve male subjects (mean ± standard deviation; age, 26 ± 8 years; body mass, 57.8 ± 5.3 kg; height, 177.5 ± 8.9 cm; VO2max, 57.8 ± 5.8 ml·kg−1·min−1) performed four exercise trials in the heat. Before and following exercise trials, subjects provide urine samples. Urine samples were measured using a digital urine color chart on a portable device screen. Urine samples were also assessed with urine specific gravity (USG), urine osmolality (UOsmo), and a validated paper urine color chart. Results: There were extremely large associations found between digital urine color and paper urine color (r = 0.926, p < 0.001). Correlation coefficients showing associations with USG and UOsmo were similar between digital urine color (USG, r = 0.695, p < 0.001; UOsmo, r = 0.555, p < 0.001) and paper urine color (USG, r = 0.713, p < 0.001; UOsmo, r = 0.570, p < 0.001). Bland–Altman analysis indicated that no proportional bias was observed between digital and paper urine colors (bias, − 0.148; SD of bias, 0.492; 95% LOA, − 1.11, 0.817; p = 0.094). Conclusions: Strong associations were found between digital and paper urine colors with no proportional bias. Furthermore, the degree of associations with USG and UOsmo was similar between digital and paper urine color. These results indicate that digital urine color is a useful tool to assess hydration status and this method could be used as an alternative method to using paper urine color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Most researchers who study the effects of hormonal contraception on menstrual bleeding rely on self-reported data via paper diaries, for which completeness and timeliness have been shown to be poor. The purpose of this exploratory study was to compare the completeness and timeliness of bleeding data collected via paper diaries, text messages or smartphone application (a.k.a "app"). Methods: This was a sub-study of a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial comparing the effects of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, naproxen, with placebo when using a copper IUD. Participants tracked bleeding and symptoms over 112 days. Participants tracked bleeding daily using a paper diary as well as with either text messages or a smartphone app. Participants who used paper and the app were also able to record non-bleeding symptoms. Results: Twenty-five participants submitted diaries. Of these participants, 10 completed both paper and app diaries, 7 completed both paper and text messages, 4 completed the paper diary only, 4 completed the app only. Text messages had the most complete data (108 days), followed by the app (96 days) and paper diaries (84 days). The lag time between a bleeding event and the date recording that event was 0.10 days for text, 1.0 days for app, and 4.73 days for paper diaries. Participants using the app reported a median of 33 other symptoms over the study period compared to 7 for the paper diaries. Discussion: Our findings suggest texts demonstrated more complete and timely bleeding data than either paper diaries, or the app. Compared to paper diaries, the app delivered more complete, timely data, and also collected a large set of symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is it really better to print everything, including software models, or is it better to view them on screen? With the ever increasing complexity of software systems, software modeling is integral to software development. Software models facilitate and automate many activities during development, such as code and test case generation. However, a core goal of software modeling is to communicate and collaborate. Software models are presented to team members on many mediums and two of the most common mediums are paper and computer screens. Reading from paper or screen is ostensibly considered to have the same effect on model comprehension. However, the literature on text reading has indicated that the reading experiences can be very different which in turn effects various metrics related to reader performance. This paper reports on an experiment that was conducted to investigate the effect of reading software models on paper in comparison with reading them on a computer screen with respect to cognitive effectiveness. Cognitive effectiveness here refers to the ease by which a model reader can read a model. The experiment used a total of 74 software engineering students as subjects. The experiment results provide strong evidence that displaying diagrams on a screen allows subjects to read them quicker. There is also evidence that indicates that on screen viewing induces fewer reading errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial communities play a vital role in maintaining soil health. A multiphasic approach to assess the effect of pulp and paper mill effluent on both the structure and function of microbial soil communities is taken. Bacterial communities from agricultural soils irrigated with pulp and paper mill effluent were compared to communities form soils irrigated with well water. Samples were taken from fields in the state of Uttarakhand, India, where pulp and paper mill effluent has been used for irrigation for over 25 years. Comparisons of bacterial community structure were conducted using sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene from both isolates and clone libraries attained from the soil. Community-level physiological profiling was used to characterize the functional diversity and catabolic profile of the bacterial communities. The multiphasic approach using both physiological and molecular techniques proved to be a powerful tool in evaluating the soil bacterial community population and population differences therein. A significant and consistent difference in the population structure and function was found for the bacterial communities from soil irrigated with effluent in comparison to fields irrigated with well water. The diversity index parameters indicated that the microbial community in pulp and paper mill effluent irrigated fields were more diverse in both structure and function. This suggests that the pulp and paper mill effluent is not having a negative effect on the soil microbial community, but in fact may have a positive influence. In terms of soil health, this finding supports the continued use of pulp and paper mill effluent for irrigation. This is however only one aspect of soil health which was evaluated. Further studies on soil resistance and robustness could be undertaken to holistically evaluate soil health in this situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge about the carbohydrate composition of pulp and paper samples is essential for their characterization, further processing, and understanding the properties. In this study, we compare sulfuric acid hydrolysis and acidic methanolysis, followed by GC–MS analysis of the corresponding products, by means of 42 cellulose and polysaccharide samples. Results are discussed and compared to solid-state NMR (crystallinity) and gel permeation chromatography (weight-averaged molecular mass) data. The use of the hydrolysis methods in the context of cellulose conservation science is evaluated, using e-beam treated and artificially aged cellulose samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As mobile devices, such as e-book readers and tablet computers, have emerged as alternatives to traditional printed media, they are also being increasingly employed as survey administration equipment. However, the question arises as to whether mobile devices are actually more effective than paper for survey administration. To address this question, the current study conducted a between-subjects experiment ( N = 60) in which participants were asked to complete a survey questionnaire either on paper or an iPad. The results showed that the mobile device-based survey was more effective than the paper-based survey in encouraging participants to disclose information. In addition, self-disclosure was found to mediate the effects of the survey medium type on perceived security of information, usefulness of the medium, and intention to use the medium in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The study tests the effects of data collection modes on patient responses associated with the multi-item measures such as Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement System (PROMIS®), and single-item measures such as Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE), and Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) measures. Methods: Adult cancer patients were recruited from five cancer centers and administered measures of anxiety, depression, fatigue, sleep disturbance, pain intensity, pain interference, ability to participate in social roles and activities, global mental and physical health, and physical function. Patients were randomized to complete the measures on paper (595), interactive voice response (IVR, 596) system, or tablet computer (589). We evaluated differential item functioning (DIF) by method of data collection using the R software package, lordif. For constructs that showed no DIF, we concluded equivalence across modes if the equivalence margin, defined as ± 0.20 × pooled SD, completely surrounds 95% confidence intervals (CI's) for difference in mean score. If the 95% CI fell totally outside the equivalence margin, we concluded systematic score difference by modes. If the 95% CI partly overlaps the equivalence margin, we concluded neither equivalence nor difference. Results: For all constructs, no DIF of any kind was found for the three modes. The scores on paper and tablet were more comparable than between IVR and other modes but none of the 95% CI's were completely outside the equivalence margins, in which we established neither equivalence nor difference. Percentages of missing values were comparable for paper and tablet modes. Percentages of missing values were higher for IVR (2.3% to 6.5% depending on measures) compared to paper and tablet modes (0.7% to 3.3% depending on measures and modes), which was attributed to random technical difficulties experienced in some centers. Conclusion: Across all mode comparisons, there were some measures with CI's not completely contained within the margin of small effect. Two visual modes agreed more than visual-auditory pairs. IVR may induce differences in scores unrelated to constructs being measured in comparison with paper and tablet. The users of the surveys should consider using IVR only when paper and computer administration is not feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study compared a tablet PC questionnaire with a paper method for reliability and patient preferences in the acquisition of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) for patients treated with radiotherapy. By comparing the two modes of PRO administration, we aimed to evaluate the adequacy of using tablet PC questionnaires in future clinical use.Methods: Patients were randomized in a crossover study design using two different methods for PRO entry. A group of 89 patients answered a paper questionnaire followed by the tablet PC version, whereas 89 patients in another group completed the tablet PC questionnaire followed by the paper version. Surveys were performed four times per patient throughout the course of the radiotherapy. The Korean versions of the M.D. Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI-K) and the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI-K) were used. The primary endpoint of our current study was an assessment of patient preference for the survey method. The proportions of patients preferring each mode of questionnaire were evaluated.Results: The proportion of patients who preferred the tablet PC version, paper form, or who had no preference was 52.2, 22.1, and 25.7 %, respectively. More than half of the patients preferred the tablet PC to the paper version in all four surveys. Age, gender, educational status, prior experience of using a tablet PC, and the order of paper to tablet PC administration did not impact patient preferences. Inter-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) between the modes were 0.92 for MDASI-K and 0.94 for BFI-K and ranged from 0.91 to 0.96 on both instruments during the four surveys.Conclusions: A tablet PC-based PRO is an acceptable and reliable method compared with paper-based data collection for Korean patients receiving radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) offer the motivational prospective for a native fibrous constituent that can exceed the mechanical performance of plant fibers in current use for commercial products. In this research work, CNFs were prepared with an increased extent of mechanical refining from bleached bagasse, hardwood and softwood pulp fibers. These prepared CNFs were investigated by using the FE-SEM technique. During the increased refining process, partial fibrillation on the fiber surfaces was created, and these fibers were converted from the micro- to nano-scale through nanofibrillation. This shows the significant effect on the tensile, burst and tear strengths of paper made from unrefined and refined fibers. However, the optical properties remained almost constant with increases of the percentage of CNF and decreased significantly with increases of the refining intensity due to fiber damage. The strength properties of reinforced paper sheets were greater than those of paper sheets without reinforcement. The main drawback of this process is that the drainage time is longer with an increasing percentage of CNF in refined and unrefined pulp fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The essence of humanism in medicine and health care is relationships-caring relationships between clinicians and patients. While raising concerns regarding professional-patient boundaries has positively contributed to our understanding and prevention of potentially harmful boundary violations, there is controversy about which types of relationships, caring acts, and practices are acceptable versus cross boundary lines.Objective: To examine primary care physicians' practices and attitudes regarding acts that have been questioned as potentially "inappropriate" or "unethical" crossing of professional-patient boundaries.Design: Surveys conducted via in-person polling or electronic and mailed paper submissions from April 2016 to July 2017. We calculated descriptive statistics and examined associations with practices and attitudes using logistic regression.Participants: Random sample of all US primary care physicians who treat adult patients; convenience sample of attendees at medicine grand rounds presentations.Main Measures: Outcomes were self-reported practices and attitudes related to giving patients rides home, paying for patients' medication, helping patients find jobs, employing patients, going to dinner with patients, and providing care to personal friends.Key Results: Among 1563 total respondents, 34% had given a ride home, 34% had paid for medications, 15% helped patients find a job, 7% had employed a patient, 10% had dinner with patients, and 59% provided care to personal friends. A majority disapproved of dinner with a patient (75%) but approved of or were neutral on all other scenarios (61-90%).Conclusions: The medical profession is quite divided on questions related to drawing lines about appropriate boundaries. Contrary to official and widespread proscriptions against such practices (with exception of dinner dates), many have actually engaged in such practices and the majority found them acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was to assess the validity and reliability of the touch-screen standard Portuguese version of the following patient-reported outcomes (PROs), compared with paper format, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life scale (ASQoL), Short-Form 36 (SF-36), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and visual analogue scales (VAS) measuring pain and burden of disease. Adult patients with RA and spondyloarthritis attending the Portuguese Institute of Rheumatology were recruited from March 2013 to January 2014. Patients filled the paper and touch-screen formats of the standard Portuguese versions of the PROs. Two groups of VAS were used, RA and psoriatic arthritis (Global VAS) and another specific for spondyloarthrites (Spa-VAS). Paper questionnaires were filled 15 min before touch-screen formats. Agreement between formats (validity) was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), while internal consistency of scales (reliability) was assessed by Cronbach's alpha. Overall, 134 patients were included with a mean age of 51 years, 74.6 % female and 57.5 % presenting RA. BASDAI, BASFI, HAQ and ASQoL showed high ICC between paper and touch-screen formats (0.977, 0.958, 0.974 and 0.940, respectively). ICC for Global VAS ranged from 0.906 to 0.921, while Spa-VAS ranged from 0.867 to 0.943. The mean ICC for all SF-36 domains was 0.889 (ICC for each domain ranged from 0.781 to 0.944). Touch-screen standard Portuguese formats of these PROs may be valid and reliable tools for PRO measurement in rheumatology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/objectives: The growing interest of medical community about sarcopenia resulted in the production of several clinical practice guidelines (CPGs), with an unavoidable variability in terms of the overall quality of those publications. Our aim is to evaluate the quality of CPGs on sarcopenia using the AGREE II instrument.Subjects/methods: We performed an online literature search for sarcopenia CPGs using different databases. Four independent reviewers evaluated the quality of CPGs using the AGREE II instrument. To classify the quality of each guideline, we defined specific thresholds of final score: high-quality if five or more domains scored >60%; average-quality if three or four domains scored >60%; low-quality if ≤2 domains scored >60%.Results: Our literature search yielded 315 articles, and after applying exclusion criteria our final analysis included 19 CPGs. The overall quality of CPGs was remarkable, as 13/19 (68.4%) were considered of "high-quality" CPGs, with more than four domains reached a score higher than 60%. "Scope and Purpose" and "Clarity of Presentations" had the best domain results (78.4% and 73.8%, respectively), while the two domains with the lowest scores were "Rigor of Development" and "Applicability" (61.5% and 58.7%, respectively). Interobserver variability ranged between moderate (0.624) and fair (0.275).Conclusions: Our study showed that the overall quality of CPGs about sarcopenia was noteworthy, as more than two-third of paper obtained a "high-quality" score. The domain "applicability" had the lowest score, suggesting that emphasis should be put on possible strategies for helping other doctors to implement guideline recommendations in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Patient-reported outcome (PRO) assessment is becoming increasingly important after joint replacement surgery. However, PRO data collection, questionnaire handling, and data processing are time consuming and costly process. The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficiency of PRO assessment using tablet computers compared with traditional paper questionnaires in a total hip or knee arthroplasty (THR or TKR) population. Materials and methods: We recruited 100 patients from outpatient clinics attending for routine follow-up 2 months, 1 year, or 5 years after THR or TKR. Fifty patients completed the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) osteoarthritis score and Forgotten Joint Score-12 (FJS-12) questionnaires on paper, and 50 patients completed these on a tablet computer. Questionnaire completion was timed for each PRO assessment and for manual data entry of the paper questionnaires into the database. The t test, Mann-Whitney U test, Fisher's exact test, and Wilcoxon test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean age of the patients was 67.0 years (standard deviation 10.3 years), with no significant difference between the two groups. Median time for WOMAC questionnaire completion (including data entry for the paper questionnaires) was 197 s for the paper version and 117 s for the tablet version ( p < 0.001). Median times for completion of FJS-12 were comparable for paper and tablet versions (32 vs. 37 s). We did not find a significant correlation between age and time for questionnaire completion. Conclusion: Electronic PRO data collection can substantially decrease time, logistics, and effort associated with questionnaire completion in daily clinical practice. It is also acceptable for use in an older arthroplasty population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of laser ablation in conservation of paper artifacts of cultural interest is under investigation since the second half of nineties. However, the works carried out on the topic are relatively a few as compared with those dedicated to stone, metal and painted artworks. Furthermore, in the latter cases, widespread applications have been successfully carried out, whereas laser cleaning of aged paper is still far from the conservation practice. There are serious risks to produce short- and/or long-term chemical alterations and/or mechanical damages at relatively low fluences. Here, we report a systematic investigation on laser removal of mold growths from prepared and naturally aged paper samples. Fundamental wavelength and second harmonic of QS Nd:YAG laser are tested and compared through optical and spectroscopic characterizations. This allowed defining optimized irradiation conditions and foreseeing further improvements from pulse duration optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients with disabilities often require healthcare accommodations in order to access high-quality, equitable healthcare services. While attention has been paid to accommodation needs in specific disability populations, limited research to date has explored healthcare accommodations that cross-cut diverse disability populations.Objective: To identify a deeper understanding regarding accommodations in healthcare settings that could apply across disability populations and promote equitable healthcare.Design: We conducted qualitative focus groups with patients with disabilities and caregivers to understand their experiences and preferences for healthcare accommodations.Participants: We recruited patients and caregivers across all major disability categories to participate in focus groups. Participants were recruited through advocacy organizations and healthcare settings in Southeastern Minnesota.Approach: A total of eight focus groups were conducted with 56 participants. Participants described their healthcare experiences and desires for healthcare accommodations. The multidisciplinary research team recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded all focus groups. The team thematically coded transcripts using content analysis within and across focus groups to identify major themes.Key Results: Patients identified four challenges and corresponding steps healthcare team could take to promote equitable care: (1) consistent documentation of disabilities and needed accommodations in the medical record; (2) allowance for accommodations to the environment, including adapting physical space, physical structures, and scheduling and rooming processes; (3) provide accommodations for administrative tasks, such as completing paper or electronic forms; and (4) adapt communication during interactions, such as speaking slower or using terms that patients can easily understand.Conclusion: These identified themes represent specific opportunities for healthcare teams to effectively provide accessible care to patients with disabilities. Many of the accommodations require minimal financial investment, but did require behavioral changes by the healthcare team to ensure equitable healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cross-sectional study was performed to assess the correlation between telephone and self-administration of patient-related outcomes (PROs) used in the assessment of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients. Participants underwent a telephone interview in which the following measures were evaluated: numerical rating scales (NRSs) for global health, pain intensity, global pain, back pain, and back pain at night; BASDI, BASFI, Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), ASQoL, EuroQol, SF-12, and Work Productivity and Activity Impairment (WPAI) questionnaire. Within 48 h after the telephone interview, patients were appointed for a clinical visit in which the same questionnaires and in the same order were self-administered. The degree of correlation of outcomes measures between telephone interview and self-administration was assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The two modes of assessing PROs were highly reliable, with ICC of 0.81 for BASDAI, 0.82 for BASFI, and 0.75 for HAQ. NRSs for global health, global pain intensity, back pain, and back pain at night also showed ICCs between 0.51 and 0.70, and only NRS for global disease activity showed an ICC of 0.45. This results were similar in patients with AS and patients with psoriatic arthritis. Social functioning and mental health domains of the SF-12 as well as EuroQol had poor correlations. The ICCs for WPAI outcomes were very good or good. We conclude that PROs in AS patients are comparable in both self-administered paper questionnaires and via a telephone interview. Different modes of assessing PRO measures facilitate the assessment of patients with AS in routine practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers how 'knowledge' of China was presented for Victorian and Edwardian children in The Boy's Own Paper ( BOP) between 1879 and 1914. It considers how genre affects the representation of China in the BOP by comparing travel narratives and adventure stories. First, it focuses on non-fiction about China, examining the rhetorical strategies employed by the authors of travel narratives. The travellers express confidence in their ability to survey the land and present readers with the idea that China is abundant in resources awaiting British discovery. Second, the article discusses adventure stories about opium and piracy written during a period when the tension between the British and the Chinese was particularly fraught over these issues. While the authors of the adventure stories created a strong contrast between the Chinese as villains and the British as heroes, the BOP travel writers provide contradictory statements within their narratives, reflecting an ambivalence about China and the Chinese. However, because the BOP contributors sought to instil a sense of patriotism, to inspire their readers to serve the British Empire, both the non-fiction travel narratives and the fictional adventure stories related to China were published not only to entertain readers with exotic facts and thrilling stories, but more importantly, to persuade them of the necessity of British intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we offer a comparative review of research on understanding and promoting students' mathematical thinking. The sources for the review are papers that were published in Educational Studies in Mathematics (ESM) during two windows of time: 1994–1998 and 2014–2018. Selection of these two time periods enables us to comment on the "state of the art" in research as well as identify changes over the past 25 years. The review is guided by an analysis of conceptualizations of "mathematical thinking" proposed in the research literature, selected curriculum documents, and international assessment programs such as the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). The review not only documents salient features of research studies, such as the country of origin of the authors, educational level of the participants, research aims, theoretical perspectives, and methodological approaches, but also identifies the contribution to knowledge made by this body of work as well as future research directions and opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catch-up of latecomer firms has been a topic of interest because it is closely related to the changes in industry leadership. The reason why some countries are more successful in catch-up is because of their increasing mastery of technology management (TM). Therefore, to ensure successful catch-up, it is imperative for latecomer firms to understand the TM practices and TM modes across national boundaries. This paper aims to reveal the differences in TM practices and TM modes between latecomer firms and forerunner firms. This paper collected data from Chinese firms and Korean firms as latecomers and forerunners, respectively, to examine the differences in TM practices and TM modes. The results show that latecomer firms place more emphasis on grasping the condition of firms' equipment, understanding technology talents required by business, and completing files on technology information. While forerunner firms stress learning from other competitors, effective training, and constructing detailed technology information management system most. Furthermore, the relationship between TM and product innovation performance is more integrated for forerunner firms compared to latecomer firms. A key contribution of this paper is to reveal the differences in TM practices and TM modes between latecomer firms and forerunner firms, which enriches the catch-up literature from an international comparative perspective. As such, this paper is of great importance in broadening the understanding of how latecomer firms transform into global leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence is an enabling technology for autonomous surface vehicles, with methods such as evolutionary algorithms, artificial potential fields, fast marching methods, and many others becoming increasingly popular for solving problems such as path planning and collision avoidance. However, there currently is no unified way to evaluate the performance of different algorithms, for example with regard to safety or risk. This paper is a step in that direction and offers a comparative study of current state-of-the art path planning and collision avoidance algorithms for autonomous surface vehicles. Across 45 selected papers, we compare important performance properties of the proposed algorithms related to the vessel and the environment it is operating in. We also analyse how safety is incorporated, and what components constitute the objective function in these algorithms. Finally, we focus on comparing advantages and limitations of the 45 analysed papers. A key finding is the need for a unified platform for evaluating and comparing the performance of algorithms under a large set of possible real-world scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the knowledge network structure of foreign research literature by applying the qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) method to the field of information science and library science (ISLS) from the perspective of the cocitation of social network actors such as authors, institutions, countries, and literature, and it further reveals the future application trends of this method. [Method/process] Based on 86 journals in the ISLS field that were downloaded from the Web of Science using the QCA method, the social network analysis (SNA) method and the visual analysis tool Gephi are used to analyse the author cooperation network, the research institution cooperation network, the national cooperation network, the cocitation network, the cutting-edge trends, etc., of journal papers. The analysis shows that the QCA method covers a wide range within the field of ISLS, but the research topics involved in this field are not concentrated, and the author cooperation network has scale-free characteristics. The application of the QCA method is still dominant in European and American countries, and China, the USA, and Italy all play key roles in the national cooperation network. Finally, the institutional cooperation network has certain small group attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess how priority setting exercises for nutrition research are considered in publication.Design: Cross-sectional design.Settings: First, a citation analysis of priority setting exercises found in nutrition research until 2019 was conducted. The reasons for citation were extracted from the text of citing papers and the reasons were defined as: (i) acting on the research questions identified as priorities, (ii) acknowledging the priority setting exercise, (iii) using the same method, or (iv) previous knowledge to support evidence. Second, a survey with authors of the priority setting exercises was done to understand priority setters' perspectives on the impact and satisfaction of their work.Participants: Twenty-one priority setting exercise papers were included. In all, 434 citing papers were found, of which 338 were considered in the citation analysis. A sample of 17 authors representing 13 priority setting exercise papers completed the impact and satisfaction survey.Results: Half of the priority setting exercise papers were published by 2013. After excluding self-citations (n = 60), the priority setting papers had on average 18 citations. Priority setting exercises had a median of 1 (IQR = 0-1) citing manuscript that acted on the recommendations produced from priority setting exercises. Authors of the priority setting exercises expressed a desire for increased uptake of the results of the priority setting exercises by funding agencies. Key barriers for uptake were identified as challenges in involving stakeholders and the general public for participation in the priority setting exercise.Conclusions: Priority settings exercises are important efforts to guide nutrition research toward effective allocation of resources. However, there seems to be a limited consideration of these priority setting exercises in research papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative study of the ability of amino-substituted benzo[b]quinolizinium derivatives to act as DNA- or protein-sensitive fluorescent probes is presented. Spectrophotometric titrations, DNA denaturation studies and viscometric titrations showed that all tested aminobenzo[b]quinolizinium derivatives intercalate into DNA with binding constants Kb= 104–105M−1. The intense fluorescence of the 9-aminobenzo[b]quinolizinium (Φfl= 0.41) as well as the intrinsically very weak emission of the 7-aminobenzo[b]quinolizinium (Φfl< 0.005) are quenched by the addition of DNA, most likely caused by a photoinduced electron transfer (PET) between the excited intercalated ligand and the DNA bases. The 6-aminobenzo[b]quinolizinium (1b) and the 6-amino-9-bromobenzo[b]quinolizinium (1c) exhibit very low fluorescence intensity in water (Φfl< 0.005). However, in water–glycerol mixtures the emission intensity increases by factors of 56 (1b) and 27 (1c) with increasing glycerol content of the solution (0–100 wt%), which indicates the radiationless deactivation of the excited state of 1band 1cdue to a torsional relaxation, i.e.rotation about the exocyclic Car–NH2bond. In the case of the bromo-substituted derivative 1c, a viscosity-independent heavy-atom-effect of the bromo substituent leads to additional quenching. The association of 1band 1cwith ds DNA leads to a restricted conformational flexibility of the intercalated ligand and results in an increase of fluorescence intensity. This effect is particularly strong in the presence of poly[dA-dT]-poly[dA-dT]. Upon association with ct DNA or poly[dG-dC]-poly[dG-dC] only very small enhancement of emission intensity (1b) or even a slight quenching (1c) of the fluorescence was observed because of the interfering PET reaction with the guanine residues. Preliminary experiments reveal that the 6-aminobenzo[b]quinolizinium derivatives 1band 1cmay also be employed as protein-sensitive probes, because their emission intensity increases upon association with selected albumins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barrier gas discharge in avalanche form has been used to study a hand-written text on paper with various ages of records. A comparison of the optical images of this text with gas-discharge patterns showed that the latter possess certain advantages. It is demonstrated that barrier discharge can be used for forensic diagnostics of hand-written paper documents with the aim of revealing additions written at various times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-value recyclable waste (LVRW) is an essential component of municipal domestic waste. Due to the lightweight and high quantity characteristics, the main disposal methods of LVRW are incineration and landfill, which are not conducive to the environmental protection requirements and the goal of carbon neutrality and emission peak. The paper focuses on the delicate separation of LVRW to realize a cost-effective solution for waste sorting. Firstly, a machine vision (MV) pneumatic sorting equipment was designed based on the MV detection system. Then, a large number of authentic waste images were captured and labeled to train a high accuracy LVRW prediction model through semi-automatic labeling and transfer learning. Subsequently, the LVRW waste sorting solution was designed and constructed, and a comparative experimental study about the MV sorting method and the whole solution was conducted. The experimental results show that the MV sorting method achieves 92% sorting accuracy, and the solution can dispose of 65 tons of LVRW per day with a waste recycling rate of 37.7%. The sorting equipment and solutions developed in the paper can effectively improve the resource utilization of LVRW at a lower cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the design of neural network models for solving math word problems (MWPs). These neural solvers have been designed with various architectures and evaluated on diverse datasets, posing challenges in fair and effective performance evaluation. This paper presents a comparative study of representative neural solvers, aiming to elucidate their technical features and performance variations in solving different types of MWPs. Firstly, an in-depth technical analysis is conducted from the initial deep neural solver DNS to the state-of-the-art GPT-4. To enhance the technical analysis, a unified framework is introduced, which comprises highly reusable modules decoupled from existing MWP solvers. Subsequently, a testbed is established to conveniently reproduce existing solvers and develop new solvers by combing these reusable modules, and finely regrouped datasets are provided to facilitate the comparative evaluation of the designed solvers. Then, comprehensive testing is conducted and detailed results for eight representative MWP solvers on five finely regrouped datasets are reported. The comparative analysis yields several key findings: (1) Pre-trained language model-based solvers demonstrate significant accuracy advantages across nearly all datasets, although they suffer from limitations in math equation calculation. (2) Models integrated with tree decoders exhibit strong performance in generating complex math equations. (3) Identifying and appropriately representing implicit knowledge hidden in problem texts is crucial for improving the accuracy of math equation generation. Finally, the paper also discusses the major technical challenges and potential research directions in this field. The insights gained from this analysis offer valuable guidance for future research, model development, and performance optimization in the field of math word problem solving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, many image encryption algorithms have been proposed. Part of them failed to pass the cryptanalysis test and were found to be unsecure. Some others were more secure and could resist the known cryptanalysis methods. Many of those recent schemes followed a well-known model that consists of encrypting the image's pixels using a variety of techniques and methods. Many algorithms were claimed to be secure and performant to be used in real applications. This paper investigates this claim by performing a comparative analysis between a chaotic algorithm recently proposed and the standard general purpose AES cryptosystem in a web application context. The experimental tests conducted on both algorithms in this paper proved that the pixel-wise algorithms are not suitable for this kind of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this commentary, I focus on an international, collaborative, longitudinal study of the development of elementary school students' math motivation and performance across six countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Portugal, and Serbia. The investigators designed motivational questionnaires to assess student motivational beliefs defined quite broadly, teacher and student questionnaires to assess teacher beliefs and practices, and family questionnaires to assess parents' beliefs and practices as well as perceptions of their children and then tested to reliability and validity of these measures across all six countries so that they could investigate both development within countries and generalizability across countries. I focus my comparative comments on the following themes that cut across the various studies: the gender, national and SES differences, the impact of teacher beliefs and practices, the impact of parents, and the testing hypotheses derived from various social cognitive motivational systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While major advances have been made over the past years in comparing citizenship laws globally, most measures remain restricted to the law-on-the-books. Knowledge about the implementation of these laws remains limited. This poses the question to what extent these measures correspond with the law as experienced by targeted populations. In order to overcome the implementation gap when comparing and measuring citizenship law globally, this paper addresses the question of how to gain a coherent understanding of implementation. Developing a comprehensive typology, the paper distinguishes three crucial elements of implementation: (1) the entry into force of legal provisions (capturing the applicable state of citizenship law), (2) the interpretation of law (the specific interpretation of legal provisions used by the authorities responsible for their execution), and (3) the application of law (executing legal provisions in practice by the authorities). Subsequently, the paper illustrates how this typology can be applied to the analysis of citizenship law implementation by a case study of dual citizenship acceptance, focusing on the renunciation requirement for naturalisation and dual citizenship treaties. The paper concludes by outlining directions for a comparative research agenda that better corresponds with the lived experience of citizenship laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The wide use of the term Cognitive Reserve (CR) is in need of a clear and shared definition of its concept and of the development of new tools, quick and easy to use and updated for the people of today. This study describes the online short CRIq (s-CRIq), the new shorter version of the CRIq, following an item analysis revision, and compares the data distribution of different samples. Methods: The s-CRIq was administered online to 435 people while another 440 filled out the s-CRIq in self-administration. A further 588 participants had been administered the original paper-and-pencil long CRIq and 344 the online long CRIq. Results: The major difference in the databases of s-CRIq versus the long versions is an increased score in education and in leisure activity. However, the density distributions of the total score of CRI in the 4 databases share 64% of their areas, and at least two of them share 84%. Conclusion: The s-CRIq proved to be a simple and easy-to-administer tool. Similarly, to the original version, the s-CRIq is freely available on the web, and it is our hope that it will be of fruitful use for researchers and clinicians alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School mathematics examination papers are typically dominated by short, structured items that fail to assess sustained reasoning or problem solving. A contributory factor to this situation is the need for student work to be marked reliably by a large number of markers of varied experience and competence. We report a study that tested an alternative approach to assessment, called comparative judgement, which may represent a superior method for assessing open-ended questions that encourage a range of unpredictable responses. An innovative problem solving examination paper was specially designed by examiners, evaluated by mathematics teachers, and administered to 750 secondary school students of varied mathematical achievement. The students' work was then assessed by mathematics education experts using comparative judgement as well as a specially designed, resource-intensive marking procedure. We report two main findings from the research. First, the examination paper writers, when freed from the traditional constraint of producing a mark scheme, designed questions that were less structured and more problem-based than is typical in current school mathematics examination papers. Second, the comparative judgement approach to assessing the student work proved successful by our measures of inter-rater reliability and validity. These findings open new avenues for how school mathematics, and indeed other areas of the curriculum, might be assessed in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Knee-specific patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) are important tools in evaluating the effectiveness of sports medicine interventions. The PROMs were originally developed for paper administration, but electronic data capture technologies offer potential benefits such as increased efficiency and accuracy. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of touch screen versus paper administration using several common knee-specific and general health surveys.Methods: Agreement between scores was compared for knee-specific PROMs administered on paper versus computer; paper versus tablet; computer versus tablet in 60 patients per group undergoing ACL reconstruction. Surveys were given at pre-operative assessment and between 1 and 7 days later. Weighted kappa statistic (κ) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated to test agreement between the two modalities in: IKDC Subjective Knee Form, Marx Activity Scale, Tegner Activity Level Scale, and Lysholm Knee Scale. SF-12 Physical and Mental Component Summary scores were also assessed.Results: Response rate was over 90 %. Mean age was 29.6 ± 10.9 years, with patients in the paper-computer cohort being 4 years older than in the other groups. Agreement was substantial or better for all PROMs collected: IKDC Subjective (ICC: 0.79); Marx (ICC: 0.70); Lysholm (ICC: 0.65); and Tegner (κ = 0.67). Agreement for the SF-12 PCS (ICC: 0.77) and MCS (ICC: 0.73) was also found to have substantial agreement.Conclusion: In conclusion, touch screen-based PROMs are a valid capture method, providing reliable results relative to traditional paper survey administration. Digital methods of direct data capture may also foster multi-centre collaborations and allow for more accurate comparisons of outcomes between patient groups in clinical practice and orthopaedic research.Level Of Evidence: II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Person-centered approaches, such as latent profile analysis (LPA) and qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), have gained in popularity in organizational scholarship because of their ability to provide insight into how interrelations between a group of conditions can lead to a particular outcome. Despite the growing acceptance of person-centered approaches in social science research, traditional variable-centered approaches continue to prevail, although their dominance is increasingly questioned. This paper offers in-depth analysis of the current state of QCA and LPA from both a conceptual and a bibliometric perspective. This study thus aims to contextualize the role of person-centered methodologies in organizational scholarship. This aim is important, given the significance of exploring novel approaches to advance knowledge in organizational research. This paper provides scholars with quantifiable and readily comparable information on the use of these emerging but promising methods in organizational studies. Ultimately, this scientific contribution sheds light on the current and prospective applications of person-centered methods in research. Moreover, it offers scholars who are considering applying these methods objective analysis of the scientific production in this area thus far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are limited comparative studies on modeling fluid transport in fractured porous media. Hence, this paper systematically compares the steady-state creeping flow Stokes–Brinkman and Darcy–Darcy models for computational efficiency and accuracy. Sensitivity analyses were also conducted on the effect of fracture orientations, fracture sizes, mesh resolution, and fractures with Local Grid Refinement (LGR) under the FEniCS computational framework. Both models were validated numerically, and the accuracy of their solution is compared using the R-squared metric and L2 norm estimates. Key results showed that both models have similar pressure and velocity field solutions for a given fracture orientation. The computational time required for solving the Stokes–Brinkman models for a single fracture case was unusually lower than that of the Darcy–Darcy model when the pressure and velocity terms in the Darcy–Darcy model were solved simultaneously using two equations, contrary to where only one equation solves for the pressure and the velocity is obtained by projecting the gradient of pressure onto a vector space. The Stokes–Brinkman model is more sensitive to mesh resolution, and as a result, the Darcy–Darcy model tends to be more accurate than the Stokes–Brinkman model at low resolutions. Local Grid Refinement (LGR) can improve the Stokes–Brinkman model's accuracy at low mesh resolution. Furthermore, both models showed similar results when compared for complex fracture systems such as multiple fracture cases: interconnecting and isolated fractured porous media systems under low-velocity and steady-state creeping flow conditions. The FEniCS code in this paper is shared for future researchers to reproduce results or extend the research work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address environmental problems, efforts to green financial systems are proliferating across the globe. However, green finance policy approaches differ substantially and in ways left unexplained in current literature. Focusing on the EU and China as the most active and influential in green finance, the paper provides a comparative analysis and conceptualization of their approaches. The analysis is based on the dissection of policy documents, a review of stakeholder statements and articles, and insights from semi-structured interviews and participant observation. The paper finds that in terms of similar characteristics, both parties seek inclusive expertise input, establish thematic committees, and initiate green finance efforts through financial system-wide guidelines. In terms of different characteristics, the paper finds that through a consultation-based, transparent, and limited mandate approach, the EU is characterized by longer time horizons and organic growth. This can be contrasted with the Chinese technocratic, closed-door, and non-limited mandate approach, characterized by rapid rollout and command-and-control growth. These findings can be conceptualized as a bottom-up market-facilitating approach in the EU and a top-down market-steering approach in China. The different approaches help explain current difficulties in coordination between the EU and China and imply that cooperation is only possible through compatibility rather than harmonization. The findings show that different governance models can actively use the state to pursue sustainable development, and second that such an active state can function in very different ways towards the same goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to an error during the production process, the incorrect handling editor was displayed in the original publication. The handling editor mentioned in the original paper works at the same department as some of the authors, and he concluded that this might constitute a conflict of interest. The paper was therefore handled by one of the associate editors in chief. The correct footnote is published here and should be treated as definitive: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To validate electronic versions of the Mini Pediatric and Pediatric Asthma Caregiver's Quality of Life Questionnaires (MiniPAQLQ and PACQLQ, respectively), determine completion times and correlate QOL of children and caregivers.Methods: A total of 63 children and 64 caregivers completed the paper and electronic MiniPAQLQ or PACQLQ. Agreement between versions of each questionnaire was summarized by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). The correlation between MiniPAQLQ and PACQLQ scores from child-caregiver pairs was assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient.Results: There was no significant difference (mean difference = 0.1, 95% CI -0.1, 0.2) in MiniPAQLQ Overall Scores between paper (5.9 ± 1.0, mean ± SD) and electronic (5.8 ± 1.0) versions, or any of the domains. ICCs ranged from 0.89 (Overall) to 0.86 (Emotional Function). Overall PACQLQ scores for both versions were comparable (5.9 ± 0.9 and 5.8 ± 1.0; mean difference = 0.0; 95% CI -0.1, 0.2). ICCs ranged from 0.81 (Activity Limitation) to 0.88 (Emotional Function). The electronic PACQLQ took 26 s longer (95% CI 11, 41; p < 0.001). Few participants (3-11%) preferred the paper format. MiniPAQLQ and PACQLQ scores were significantly correlated (all p < 0.05) for Overall (r paper = 0.33, r electronic = 0.27) and Emotional Function domains (r paper = 0.34, r electronic = 0.29).Conclusions: These electronic QOL questionnaires are valid, and asthma-related QOL of children and caregivers is related. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited diversity is a term employed in the context of Ragin's Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), but it describes a phenomenon which is widespread in social contexts: cases are usually not distributed evenly across all the possible combinations of factors linked to some outcome. Instead, they are often clustered together. To deal with limited diversity, the three solution types parsimonious, intermediate, and complex (or conservative) solution have been proposed. There is an ongoing debate as to the merits of each solution type. This paper contributes to the debate by focussing on what the implications of choosing each solution type are. In making this choice, researchers have to make certain assumptions, and the paper discusses what these are and how they vary depending on which solution type is being implemented, drawing on invented examples and examples from published work to bring out the consequences of these assumptions. It concludes that it is not obvious that any one solution type is superior, certainly not to the degree that the others always have to be ruled out. They rely on different kinds of assumptions and models of causation. Thus, depending on the research situation, it may be helpful to analyse different scenarios, including one(s) where we assume that our initial assumptions are wrong. Ideally, researchers are able to take steps to reduce or eliminate limited diversity since none of the existing solution types are without problems. However, since this is not always possible, it is best to be aware of the consequences of choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective learning depends on effective feedback, which in turn requires a set of skills, dispositions and practices on the part of both students and teachers which have been termed feedback literacy. A previously published teacher feedback literacy competency framework has identified what is needed by teachers to implement feedback well. While this framework refers in broad terms to the potential uses of educational technologies, it does not examine in detail the new possibilities of automated feedback (AF) tools, especially those that are open by offering varying degrees of transparency and control to teachers. Using analytics and artificial intelligence, open AF tools permit automated processing and feedback with a speed, precision and scale that exceeds that of humans. This raises important questions about how human and machine feedback can be combined optimally and what is now required of teachers to use such tools skillfully. The paper addresses two research questions: Which teacher feedback competencies are necessary for the skilled use of open AF tools? and What does the skilled use of open AF tools add to our conceptions of teacher feedback competencies? We conduct an analysis of published evidence concerning teachers' use of open AF tools through the lens of teacher feedback literacy, which produces summary matrices revealing relative strengths and weaknesses in the literature, and the relevance of the feedback literacy framework. We conclude firstly, that when used effectively, open AF tools exercise a range of teacher feedback competencies. The paper thus offers a detailed account of the nature of teachers' feedback literacy practices within this context. Secondly, this analysis reveals gaps in the literature, signalling opportunities for future work. Thirdly, we propose several examples of automated feedback literacy, that is, distinctive teacher competencies linked to the skilled use of open AF tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive research on the multi-bridge extension of cascaded rectifier stages is deemed important to meet the requirements of high-voltage and high-power applications. Two control structures for capacitor voltage balancing in cascaded rectifier stages are analyzed in this paper. On this basis, the balance strategy for the multi-bridge extension of single-phase cascaded rectifiers is explored. The balance method of ultra-fast balance modulation trajectories is introduced into single-phase multi-bridge cascaded rectification, and the optimal control strategy is selected through simulation verification and comparative analysis. During the actual experiments, some disturbance factors were introduced into the system, causing an instantaneous unbalanced state. However, through the control strategy proposed in this paper, the system can quickly regain balance. Through simulation validation and analysis of the experimental results, the reliability and innovation of this control strategy have been demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the concept of the "middle technology trap" as a critical challenge for China in transitioning from a middle-income to a high-income economy. It argues that overcoming this trap is essential for China to achieve high-quality economic development and sustain its growth momentum. The study compares China's technological landscape with that of both developed economies and those stuck in the middle-income trap, identifying the necessity of transitioning from applied to original technology for economic leapfrogging. Through comprehensive analysis, it is highlighted that China's current technological capabilities, although leading in certain areas, predominantly remain at an intermediate level, characterized by a significant reliance on foreign core technologies and a lack of original technological innovation. The paper further explores historical contexts, policy implications, and strategic reforms required to navigate this trap, emphasizing the importance of an open policy, the cultivation of a robust innovation ecosystem, and the strategic role of government in facilitating technological progress and industrial upgrading. It draws on the experiences of developed economies and successful latecomers, advocating for a "new whole nation system" that embraces openness and global integration, rather than isolation. By analyzing the complex interplay between technology diffusion, talent migration, industrial policies, and the global geopolitical landscape, this study provides insights into the systemic reforms and strategic initiatives China must undertake. It stresses the need for a balanced approach between leveraging external technologies and fostering domestic innovation capabilities to escape the middle technology trap and secure a position as a global technology leader. The findings contribute to the broader discourse on technology-led development strategies and offer policy recommendations for economies facing similar technological and developmental challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comparative efficiency analysis of hashing algorithms from a perspective of their use in systems based on the zero-knowledge succinct non-interactive argument of knowledge (zk-SNARK). Hash functions sha256, sha3, poseidon, mimc, and blake2, most commonly used in modern distributed ledgers, are considered. For parameter measurement experiments, an infrastructure using the ZoKrates toolbox is developed. Based on experimental data, the limits of practical applicability of the algorithms to the problem of proving knowledge of a hash preimage with zk-SNARK circuits in distributed ledgers are determined, and related efficiency problems are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper represents the Reliable Mobility Management of RPL (RM-RPL) protocol, specifically developed to overcome the limitations of the Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) in mobile IoT environments. RM-RPL incorporates a sophisticated mechanism to prevent the formation of loops, enabling mobile nodes to operate as both routers and parents within the network. It introduces a novel objective function that optimizes the selection of parent nodes and includes a mechanism to adjust the protocol's behavior when nodes are stationary. Furthermore, an algorithm is devised to acknowledge critical packets properly. The proposed model provides superior support for mobility, efficient routing, and dependable data transmission, rendering it highly suitable for diverse IoT applications. Through comprehensive evaluations, RM-RPL demonstrates exceptional performance in challenging scenarios characterized by large-scale networks, high density, and dynamic conditions. Comparative analysis reveals that RM-RPL significantly enhances the packet delivery ratio and exhibits commendable power consumption, end-to-end delay, and handover delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the potential dimensions on which exclusion and injustice may occur in energy transitions is age. Age-based patterns of exclusion—ageism—has recently been conceptualized in the context of decarbonization as energy ageism. This paper offers a comparative empirical analysis of the senior citizens' outlook towards an imminent energy transition as well as the impact of energy poverty in two European countries: Norway and Poland. Results: Drawing on interviews and focus groups with Polish and Norwegian seniors, we present the differences and similarities between the two countries, and the determinants of energy ageism, as well as the concept's overall applicability and empirical usefulness. We find that socioeconomic conditions outweigh ageism, that is, the resilience of senior citizens in dealing with energy poverty during a transition is conditioned by their material standing and welfare state robustness rather than age based. An important factor is household heating technology, combined with economic vulnerability can push some individuals into energy poverty, while others using alternative sources of heat can navigate through energy crises unscathed. Conclusions: We note the importance of mainstreaming social inclusion considerations in energy policy and of targeted digital competence building which can enhance senior citizen integration in the energy transition. Lower levels of digital competences among senior citizens certainly play a role and need to be addressed with education programs to increase participation. In both countries, household heating is a major issue and heating sources are strong predictors of energy poverty and regulatory measures and subsidies should be designed at national, regional, and municipal level to assist vulnerable groups in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One-stage object detection is a technique that uses a single deep neural network to detect objects in an image or video. This method trains the network from start to end to recognize objects and determine their location in a single forward pass. This method's speed and efficiency are its key benefits since they do away with the requirement for many stages or proposals and shorten calculation times. By limiting our survey to only recent one-stage object detection models, the paper was able to fulfil our objectives. In this paper, various object detection models are explored, and comparative analysis has been done, it is concluded that the main difficulty in one-stage object detection is striking a balance between accuracy and speed, as the network must make accurate predictions for numerous objects in real-time while still accurately detecting objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is an important way to realize rural revitalization and sustainable development to guide rural settlement transition (RST) in an appropriate way. This paper uses actor network theory (ANT) to construct a theoretical framework for the study of RST. Taking two typical villages with different transition paths in rural areas of North China Plain as examples, this paper reveals the mechanism of RST and makes a comparative analysis. The results show that: 1) after identifying problems and obligatory passage point, key actors recruit heterogeneous actors into the actor network by entrusting them with common interests, and realize RST under the system operation. 2) Rural settlements under different transition paths have similarities in the problems to be solved, collective actions and policy factors, but there are differences in the transition process, mechanism and effect. The actor network and mechanism of RST through the path of new rural community construction are more complex and the transition effect is more thorough. In contrast, the degree of RST of retention development path is limited if there is no resource and location advantage. 3) Based on the applicable conditions of different paths, this paper designs a logical framework of 'Situation-Structure-Behavior-Result' to scientifically guide the identification of RST paths under the background of rural revitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study introduces the Five-Year Plan as an assignable Chinese experience for attaining comprehensive development to provide policy reference for goal-based development related to sustainability. Before illustrating a dynamic localized implementation path of merging the UN Development Strategy and China's national planning policies, the paper uses quantitative comparative analysis to depict an overview of this dynamic. Two key features, goal integration and development efficiency, were then built to characterize China's multidimensional development goal implementation capacity. Then, we implemented a high-dimensional fixed-effects model to examine how different stages of development impacted the likelihood of achieving our goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a substantially increased interest in biomedical research impact assessment over the past 5 years. This can be studied by a number of methods, but its influence on clinical guidelines must rank as one of the most important. In cancer, there are 43 UK guidelines (and associated Health Technology Assessments) published (up to October 2006) across three series, each of which has an evidence base in the form of references, many of which are papers in peer-reviewed journals. These have all been identified and analysed to determine their geographical provenance and type of research, in comparison with overall oncology research published in the peak years of guideline references (1999-2001). The UK papers were cited nearly three times as frequently as would have been expected from their presence in world oncology research (6.5%). Within the United Kingdom, Edinburgh and Glasgow stood out for their unexpectedly high contributions to the guidelines' scientific base. The cited papers from the United Kingdom acknowledged much more explicit funding from all sectors than did the UK cancer research papers at the same research level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares two common environmental regulations: size control and intensity control. We compare the impacts of the two environmental regulations on firm competitiveness and market structure. Our findings show that size control and intensity control both improve firm competitiveness but through very different mechanisms. Intensity control motivates firms to innovate and develop cost-saving and environmentally friendly input and product portfolios to reduce pollution and improve competitiveness, which is consistent with the Porter hypothesis. In contrast, size control creates no incentive for surviving firms to innovate or reduce pollution, and it acts as a windfall benefit that grants these firms a less competitive market and thus firm competitiveness, a mechanism that is underexplored by the Porter hypothesis. Intensity control also results in a less competitive market but to a much smaller extent than size control. Therefore, intensity control performs better than size control from the perspective of social welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]