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Background: To reduce the effects of climate change, the current fossil-based energy system must transition to a low-carbon system based largely on renewables. In both academic literature and non-academic discourse concerning the energy transition, resilience is frequently mentioned as an additional objective or requirement. Despite its frequent use, resilience is a very malleable term with different meanings in different contexts. Main text: This paper seeks to identify how resilience is understood in the field of the energy system and whether there are similar aspects in the different ways the term is understood. To this end, we review more than 130 papers for definitions of energy system resilience. In addition, we use different aspects to categorize and examine these. The results paint a diverse picture in terms of the definition and understanding of resilience in the energy system. However, a few definition archetypes can be identified. The first uses a straightforward approach, in which the energy system has one clearly defined equilibrium state. Here, resilience is defined in relation to the response of the energy system to a disturbance and its ability to quickly return to its equilibrium. The second type of resilience allows for different equilibriums, to which a resilient energy system can move after a disruption. Another type of resilience focuses more on the process and the actions of the system in response to disruption. Here, resilience is defined as the ability of the system to adapt and change. In the papers reviewed, we find that the operational definition of resilience often encompasses aspects of different archetypes. This diversity shows that resilience is a versatile concept with different elements. Conclusions: With this paper, we aim to provide insight into how the understanding of resilience for the energy system differs depending on which aspect of the energy system is studied, and which elements might be necessary for different understandings of resilience. We conclude by providing information and recommendations on the potential usage of the term energy system resilience based on our lessons learned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many definitions of the term clinical pharmacy exist, but a number of ambiguities remain. In order to clarify the European Society of Clinical Pharmacy (ESCP) position on what defines clinical pharmacy, a consultation exercise was conducted among ESCP members with the findings used as the basis for an updated definition. The updated definition clarifies that clinical pharmacy (1) represents both a professional practice and field of research, (2) aims to optimise the utilisation of medicines in order to achieve person-centered and public health goals, (3) as a practice encompasses cognitive, managerial and interpersonal activities targeting all stages of the medicines use process, and as a field of research generates knowledge that informs clinical decision-making, health care organisation or policy, (4) as a practice is restricted to pharmacists, (5) can be practiced regardless of setting, and (6) encompasses pharmaceutical care but is not restricted to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to examine the questions of what criteria definitions of Artificial Intelligence (AI) use to define AI, what the disagreements that revolve around the term AI are based on, and what correlations can be drawn to other parameters. Framed as a problem of classification, a random sample of 45 definitions from various text sources was subjected to a qualitative content analysis. The criteria found are concluded in five dimensions, namely (1) learning ability, (2) human likeness, (3) state of "mind", (4) complexity of the problem, and (5) successfulness. Further, the results support the view that there is no consensus neither on which of these criteria are crucial to define AI nor on how these criteria must be fulfilled. By opposing the frequencies of the dimensions found with the metadata collected, it can be seen that most of these, e.g., country, scientific field, or gender of the author, are statistically independent of content variables, while the medium in which the definition was published shows a strong correlation. Since different mediums target different purposes and different readers, it must be taken into account that writing a definition of AI is to be seen in the context of its distribution area and its goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this review is to define a conceptual border between workaholism and work addiction. Five online databases (ScienceDirect, MEDLINE, Academic Search Complete, Emerald Insight, and APA PsycArticles) were used to search for scientific papers. The search was limited to the papers published between 2007 and 2021. Seventy-nine papers published during the period from 2008 to 2021 were included in the systematic review. Most of the authors who attributed workaholism to the group of addictions described it as a state of being overly concerned about work, driven by an uncontrollable work motivation and investing much time and effort into work that leads to negative consequences. Seven symptoms (salience, tolerance, mood modification, conflict, withdrawal, relapse, and problems) were proposed as key aspects comprising the phenomenon. The authors who described workaholism as a behavioral pattern or a personal characteristic mainly defined it as a tendency to work excessively in a compulsive way and explained the phenomenon in terms of aspects of excessive and compulsive work. In this way, two separate phenomena of workaholism and work addiction emerged which had their own definitions and specific features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European urban areas have different practices for the planning of transportation systems, for the decision-making processes of new regulations, the implementation of transportation solutions, and for the cooperation between operators. In this paper, the specific conditions and potential solutions in the field of electric micromobility (e-micromobility) are analyzed. The elaborated method consists of two parts. In the first part, an expert workshop is conducted, where urban mobility experts from different fields share their experience of e-micromobility and its relevance to policy-making. Additionally, an expert survey is developed to set an urban definition of e-micromobility up and to bring its most relevant parameters into focus. In the second part, a framework assessment including planning, regulatory, and practical realizations related to the usage of new mobility services is created. The findings can serve as an input to recommendations, roadmaps, implementation guidelines, and policy documents for urban planners and decision-makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Business Process Standardization' (BPS) is a practice intended to achieve consistency across underlying organizational processes, in support of service-delivery excellence and optimization of costs and benefits. Given the growing importance of BPS, there is need in both research and practice for clearer conceptual understanding of the notion. Following a systematic literature review approach, prior work on Business Process Standardization is synthesized and extended using tool-supported qualitative data analysis techniques, to derive an evidence-based, holistic conceptualization of BPS. We distil seven stages of BPS execution, propose a refined definition for BPS, and identify measures that gauge the several conceptual themes of BPS. The findings provide solid theoretical foundations, and practicable guidelines for future BPS researchers and practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the importance of definitions in the context of academic discussion, highlights the inconsistent terminology used to describe e-learning, and examines a range of different definitions of e-learning used by academic authors since 2011. Following an outline of the methodology, the paper identifies 15 unique definitions of e-learning in peer-reviewed papers published between January 2011 and December 2022. The 15 definitions are analysed for significant properties, and these properties are reviewed to assess whether they are essential components of e-learning. The paper then proposes a functional definition of e-learning, including all essential elements of e-learning and eliminating elements that may be present in some, but not all, instances of e-learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: International uniformity of definition and classification are crucial for diagnosis and management of cauda equina syndrome (CES). They are also useful for clinicians when discussing CES with patients and relatives, and for medicolegal purposes.Methods: We reviewed published literature using PubMed on definition and classification of cauda equina syndrome since 2000 (21 years). Using the search terms 'cauda equina' and 'definition' or 'classification', we found and reviewed 212 papers.Results: There were 17 different definitions of CES used in the literature. There were three well-defined methods of classification of CES. The two-stage system of incomplete CES (CESI) versus CES with retention (CESR) is the most commonly used classification, and has prognostic value although the details of this continue to be debated.Conclusion: We used the existing literature to propose a clear definition of CES. We also drew on peer-reviewed published literature that has helped to amplify and expand the CESI/CESR dichotomy, adding categories that are both less severe than CESI, and more severe than CESR, and we propose clear definitions in a table form to assist current and future discussion and management of CES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to present an overview of the definitions of "plant-based and "vegetarian diets" adopted by different organizations worldwide, proposing new standard definitions and discussing the notion of vegetarianism as a restrictive dietary pattern. Methods: An extensive literature review on the different definitions of vegetarian and plant-based diets was conducted. Definitions of different international vegetarian and vegan organizations were also taken into account. Objective definitions for vegetarian and plant-based diets, as well as for their subcategories, were proposed. Other aspects related to how vegetarian diets are viewed and defined were also discussed. Results: We proposed that a vegetarian diet should be defined as "a dietary pattern that excludes meat, meat-derived foods, and, to different extents, other animal products". This definition would include, among others, ovolactovegetarian and vegan diets. The proposed definition for a plant-based diet was "a dietary pattern in which foods of animal origin are totally or mostly excluded". Other types of diets, such as flexitarian and pescetarian diets, could be considered plant-based. A vegetarian diet should not be considered restrictive. Instead, terms such as alternative or non-conventional could be used to define it and to distinguish it from the conventional diet adopted by most of the Western population. Conclusion: This paper was able to elaborate objective definitions of vegetarian and plant-based diets. Standardizing nomenclatures may reduce misinterpretation and confusion in this field of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the positive ways in which argumentation can improve political thinking is through providing definitions. We can establish definitions through argumentation, filtering out ideas that are irrelevant or unacceptable, and collecting features that offer a comprehensive understanding of a crucial concept. In this paper, we use argumentation to illuminate the concept of extremism. We proceed in this way: first, we discuss the relationship between argumentation and definitions. Second, we look at the current state of affairs by exploring contemporary definitions of "extremism" and by identifying several problems in the definition literature. Third, we assume the burden of proof in providing a definition that avoids problems we have identified. Fourth, we discuss other closely-associated concepts and their definitions—terrorism, radicalism, and fundamentalism, explaining how these concepts are distinct from our definition of extremism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The Working Group undertook a critical, comprehensive synthesis of the response shift work to date. We aimed to (1) describe the rationale for this initiative; (2) outline how the Working Group operated; (3) summarize the papers that comprise this initiative; and (4) discuss the way forward. Methods: Four interdisciplinary teams, consisting of response shift experts, external experts, and new investigators, prepared papers on (1) definitions and theoretical underpinnings, (2) operationalizations and response shift methods, (3) implications for healthcare decision-making, and (4) on the published magnitudes of response shift effects. Draft documents were discussed during a two-day meeting. Papers were reviewed by all members. Results: Vanier and colleagues revised the formal definition and theory of response shift, and applied these in an amended, explanatory model of response shift. Sébille and colleagues conducted a critical examination of eleven response shift methods and concluded that for each method extra steps are required to make the response shift interpretation plausible. Sawatzky and colleagues created a framework for considering the impact of response shift on healthcare decision-making at the level of the individual patient (micro), the organization (meso), and policy (macro). Sajobi and colleagues are conducting a meta-analysis of published response shift effects. Preliminary findings indicate that the mean effect sizes are often small and variable across studies that measure different outcomes and use different methods. Conclusion: Future response shift research will benefit from collaboration among diverse people, formulating alternative hypotheses of response shift, and conducting the most conclusive studies aimed at testing these (falsification). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the proof-theoretic definition of ground developed by Poggiolesi in a range of recent publications and argues that her proposed definition fails. The paper then outlines an alternative approach where logical consequence relations and the logical operations are defined in terms of ground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food fraud is an emerging field of study in academic literature. The aim of this paper is to evaluate whether current understanding of food fraud in literature is in congruence with incidents of food fraud in the Netherlands. The discussion that follows is based on an analysis of 53 empirical cases on food fraud investigations conducted at the Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), the nationwide enforcement body tasked with investigating food fraud. The findings elucidate the differences between food fraud and other (food) crime and highlight the discrepancies with academic definitions to date, most notably with respect to incidents of 'food laundering' and by emphasizing the existence of intentional facilitators. We thus suggest adjusting the scope of what type of behavior can be considered as food fraud by conceptualizing three forms of food fraud: food laundering, fraudulent food enhancement, and facilitative food fraud. Food laundering encompasses the use of illegal material as food, whereas fraudulent food enhancement describes a situation where legal food is value-enhanced through deceitful cost-cutting measures. Facilitative food fraud captures the role of facilitative actors that operate illegally and intentionally for economic advantage. Based on these concepts, we suggest a modified definition as follows: food fraud is committed by any actor who is intentionally involved in illegal acts for economic advantage, thus causing or facilitating illegal food to be laundered into the supply chain or for food to be fraudulently value-enhanced. Future research should focus on testing these concepts and this definition with empirical studies from different regions and regulatory settings, and introduce additional data sources outside of enforcement, such as employee or victim surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Dyslexia Association definition of dyslexia was updated 20 years ago and has been referenced frequently in research and practice. In this paper, researchers from the Florida Center for Reading Research consider the components of the definition and make recommendations for revisions. These include recognizing the persistence of word-reading, decoding, and spelling difficulties, acknowledging the multifactorial causal basis of dyslexia, clarifying exclusionary factors, and denoting comorbidity with other developmental disorders. It is also suggested that the academic and psychosocial consequences of dyslexia be highlighted to reinforce a preventive service delivery model. Lastly, the inclusion of dyslexia within a specific learning disability category is supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines existing frameworks for understanding domestication and proposes a domestication landscape framework. Driven by the selection pressures of captivity and/or mutualism within a domesticator-dominated environment, domestication is the generations-long multidirectional process through which a domesticate accumulates new genetic and behavioral traits, potentially causing reproductive isolation between wild and domestic forms of the domesticate organism. Rather than understanding domestication as fixed states in a wild/domestic binary, domestication can be best understood as a dynamic multidimensional process of growing and declining domesticator influence on a domesticate’s genes and behavior. The categories, of wild, feral, tame, and domestic exist as blurry regions within a two-dimensional landscape that species will traverse at variable speeds. An organism’s path will vary depending on its environment and the particular domestication relationship at play. Domestication occurs through two potential pathways, either through captivity or through mutualism, though both may no longer be required once a domesticate’s dependence on the domesticator becomes clearly established. For the purposes of domestication, captivity requires intentional containment and resource dependence or reproductive control. When driven by mutualism, the domestication process does not require intent and, thereby, can occur with non-human domesticators. Alongside the coordinative consensus principle, the domestication landscape model can help achieve more functional pluralism between disciplines within domestication studies when organisms’ levels of genetic and behavioral influence are provided. Finally, this model suggests that while dingoes may have at one point been domesticated, it may be appropriate to view them as wild and perhaps even native organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper responds to the nine response papers to the initial paper in this series. This paper also presents a revised working definition of applied psychophysiology which is in concert with many of the responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the digital content industry (DCI) has been booming in recent years, there is no generally accepted definition of the industry. On the basis of reviewing prior studies on the subject, this paper traces the origin of the concept, explains the meaning of the industry, summarizes why some commonly-seen definitions were concluded, looks at their similarities and differences, and defines the relationship between DCI with other similar concepts like content industry, creative industry, copyright industry, information industry and information service industry. The paper then proposes the authors' understanding of DCI—an industrial cluster where cultural creation integrates with the information technology in various areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rhabdomyolysis (RML) is an interdisciplinary condition due to muscle cell injury followed by the release of cell components into circulation. Etiology of RML has a broad range; a serious complication is acute kidney injury (AKI). Despite its high relevance, there is no established formal definition for RML. Objectives: A systematic review, focusing on RML definition, providing a recommendation for clinicians. Method: Systematic literature research in PubMed and Embase (1968-07/2018). Results: The database research presented 8136 articles in PubMed and 2151 in Embase. After screening, 614 papers were retained for statistical analysis. A retrospective study was the most used design (44%). A definition of RML was stated in 231 studies (37.6%), including a precise creatine kinase level (CK) cut-off most frequently (67.1%). In 53/231 (22.9%) studies the CK cut-off was > 5 × upper limit of normal (ULN), and in 64/231 (27.7%) studies > 1000 IU/L. Further components of definitions were elevated CK without specific thresholds, and clinical symptoms. Exclusion criteria referring to the definition of RML were established in 113 studies, including myocardial, renal, cerebral and neuromuscular characteristics. Conclusion: At present, we recommend a clinical syndrome of acute muscle weakness, myalgia, and muscle swelling combined with a CK cut-off value of > 1000 IU/L/ or CK > 5 × ULN for the standard definition of a mild RML. Additionally measured myoglobinuria and AKI indicate a severe type of RML. Exclusion criteria as well as the chronological sequence need to be considered for a conclusive RML definition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investments in early childhood care and education (ECCE) have contributed to a growing demand for internationally comparable data. Yet data on access to quality ECCE are not routinely collected in many countries, leading to limited information on equitable access to ECCE, quality of provision, and the impact on learning and wellbeing outcomes. This paper outlines the current status of global measurement of access to quality ECCE and identifies issues with definitions, availability, and accuracy of ECCE data across countries and outlines paths forward. We argue that estimates of access to ECCE should be based on children's participation in quality ECCE across multiple program types, rather than enrollment or attendance alone, given the critical importance of dosage and participation for ensuring positive benefits from ECCE. Governments, international organizations, and researchers all have roles to play in setting standards to define and monitor ECCE, generating workable tools for measuring nationally, and globally investing in national monitoring systems and routine household surveys to obtain accurate estimates of access to quality ECCE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the complexity of cyberbullying, this paper aims to address the linguistic and legal aspects of cyberbullying from an interdisciplinary perspective. Based on authentic data collected from real cases, we will expound on features, defining properties and legal remedies of cyberbullying in the countries that contribute to this special issue, such as Nigeria, France, Poland and China. Firstly, we will present an overview of cyberbullying and its definition, along with cyberbullying's attributes. Next, we will cover the various forms of cyberbullying, such as hate speech, harassment and trolling. Each of these forms of cyberbullying result in numerous outcomes, many of which are serious and, in the worst case, can result in a victim's death. A discussion of such consequences and the legal remedies for cyberbullying will be provided. On a final note, the contributors seek to enrich the forthcoming studies on cyberbullying by offering suggestions towards descriptive adequacy of cyberbullying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appearance in 1945 of the idea of the open texture of empirical concepts, which anticipated Friedrich Waismann's thesis of a many-level-structure of language, led to a re-evaluation of "context". It widens the sense of context that we are accustomed to mentioning as being Wittgenstein's conception of meaning in his later philosophy. The new idea Waismann brought into the landscape is how to "clarify the context", which is in a way a very non-Wittgensteinian question as well as an "explanation of context", where open texture plays a key role. But despite the amount of literature about open texture, this idea of Waismann is still not properly understood. Open texture must be situated as an obstacle to exhaustiveness of definition for internal reasons not only because of unforeseen conditions that could always arise in the future, but also by virtue of an a priori aspect of the texture of concepts. Thus, the main goal of this paper is to propose an interpretation of open texture as an immanent property of a concept, that is, as something that is underlying its nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the past decades, behavioral medicine has attained global recognition. Due to its global reach, a critical need has emerged to consider whether the original definition of behavioral medicine is still valid, comprehensive, and inclusive, and to reconsider the main tasks and goals of the International Society of Behavioral Medicine (ISBM), as the umbrella organization in the field. The purpose of the present study was to (i) update the definition and scope of behavioral medicine and its defining characteristics; and (ii) develop a proposal on ISBM's main tasks and goals. Method: Our study used the Delphi method. A core group prepared a discussion paper. An international Delphi panel rated questions and provided comments. The panel intended to reach an a priori defined level of consensus (i.e., 70%). Results: The international panel reached consensus on an updated definition and scope of behavioral medicine as a field of research and practice that builds on collaboration among multiple disciplines. These disciplines are concerned with development and application of behavioral and biomedical evidence across the disease continuum in clinical and public health domains. Consensus was reached on a proposal for ISBM's main tasks and goals focused on supporting communication and collaboration across disciplines and participating organizations; stimulating research, education, and practice; and supporting individuals and organizations in the field. Conclusion: The consensus on definition and scope of behavioral medicine and ISBM's tasks and goals provides a foundational step toward achieving these goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This position paper of the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) and the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO) addresses the rationale for separate diagnostic and intervention thresholds in osteoporosis. We conclude that the current BMD-based diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis be retained whilst clarity is brought to bear on the distinction between diagnostic and intervention thresholds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term attention has been used to mean so many different things that some have despaired of it being useful at all. This paper is devoted to bringing a modicum of order to the chaos through the time-honored device of categorization. The chief purpose of this paper is to introduce a comprehensive descriptive taxonomy of the nuanced ways the term attention may be employed. It is presented in table form, followed by elucidations and illustrations of each of its items. But first, I offer reasons why a taxonomy of attention is needed and explore some of its possible benefits. After presenting the taxonomy, I sketch by way of example how it might be applied to two interesting questions: is the umbrella term attention still useful?; and, what is it that ties the subdefinitions of attention together yet distinguishes them from other kinds of cognition? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In early 2021, the new definition of the term "nanomaterial" proposed by the European Commission (EC) was subject to a stakeholder consultation and in June 2022, the EC published its updated definition. Based on an independent analysis of the different versions of the definition and the results of the stakeholder consultation, the aim of this paper is to identify key aspects to be considered when deciding whether a material should be regarded as a nanomaterial. More than 130 comments submitted during the stakeholder consultation by various organizations, companies, citizens, and authorities were analyzed. We find that the introduction of new terms such as "solid particles" has added clarity to terms used in the former definition. Our analysis shows that stakeholders seemed inclined to maintain the default number-based 50% threshold value, but were opposed to (1) the possible flexibility of varying the threshold in specific sectorial legislation, (2) the default inclusion of carbonaceous materials < 1 nm, and (3) the use of volume specific surface area (VSSA) other than for excluding materials from being defined as nanomaterials. Overall, we find that the updated definition addresses many of the limitations of the former definition. However, the updated definition also creates new challenges that will have to be addressed via development of new regulatory guidance. Apart from the relatively minor change of the VSSA threshold from 5 to 6 m2/cm3, it generally seems that no arguments from the stakeholder consultation made the EC reconsider its position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of definition is a central building block of mathematics. In addition to specific definitions, it is desirable that students learn about meta-mathematical aspects of definitions such as their role of classification, and about characteristics of definitions such as arbitrariness. We investigated how such meta-mathematical aspects emerge when students are led to construct a definition such as point of inflection or tangent line, and how the constructing process interacts with meta-mathematical aspects. We used Abstraction in Context as theoretical framework because of its suitability to analyze processes of knowledge construction. We found that meta-mathematical aspects of definitions influence and are influenced by students' processes of constructing definitions. We argue that awareness of meta-mathematical aspects improves students' conception of mathematical definitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the nature of openness, and what role has it played in education over the years? The concept of openness has traditionally been very difficult to define, and its history in education has often been ignored, obscured, or misrepresented in the literature, media, and popular culture. This paper provides an operational definition of openness and highlights the history of openness in education over the last century. This serves as a useful lens for better understanding the nature of openness and from which to examine the role of openness in education in new ways. This history legitimizes openness as an approach to education with historical significance, and establishes a precedent for certain types of instructional strategies and educational models that are common today. The paper concludes with a push for educators to continue thoughtfully integrating openness within the current educational system in a practical, experimental way. This will continue the integration of these systems and result in one that retains the strengths of both traditional and open approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study empirically analyses the definition of a 'missing person' for England, Wales and Northern Ireland, which is part of a wider policy concerning missing persons published by the College of Policing (2016). Four hundred six participants (i.e. police officers and civilian staff) were asked for their viewpoint on (a) the suitability of the current definition, (b) the limitations of the definition and (c) components that should be included in a future definition. Sixty-five per cent of participants did not consider the current definition suitable and identified components they considered inappropriate as well as components they wished to add to a missing person definition. The findings are discussed in relation to the wider context of policy process and policy implementation, as well as the need for a coordinated response across public sectors, and comparability between countries within the EU and internationally. This paper advances policy learning by identifying challenges resulting from utilising the policy and concludes with recommendations in order to inform future policy discussions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oscar Horta has argued that speciesism is wrong by definition. In his view, there can be no more substantive debate about the justification of speciesism than there can be about the legality of murder, for it stems from the definition of "speciesism" that speciesism is unjustified just as it stems from the definition of "murder" that murder is illegal. The present paper is a case against this conception. I distinguish two issues: one is descriptive (Is speciesism wrong by definition?) and the other normative (Should speciesism be wrong by definition?). Relying on philosophers' use of the term, I first answer the descriptive question negatively: speciesism is a purely descriptive concept. Then, based on both its main functions in the philosophical and public debates and an analogy with racism, I answer the normative question negatively: speciesism should remain a purely descriptive concept. If I am correct, then speciesism neither is nor should be wrong by definition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The reported incidence of post surgical hypoparathyroidism (HypoPT) varies greatly. Previous research suggests that the definition of HypoPT is not consistent in the literature. We therefore conducted a systematic review to investigate how HypoPT is defined and whether this definition, as well as the selected threshold for hypocalcemia affects the incidence. Methods: Using a predefined search string we identified all articles in PubMed reporting on the incidence of postsurgical HypoPT from 1st January 2010 to January 2017. Results: We identified 89 articles that employed 20 different definition of HypoPT. The incidence of HypoPT varied from 0.0% to 20.2%. The definitions were not associated with incidence of HypoPT. Use of prophylactic post-operative calcium supplements, however decreased the risk of HypoPT (p = 0.03), and there was a trend towards a lower risk of HypoPT when using a definition of hypocalcemia below lower limit of the reference range (p = 0.09). Conclusion: The large number of definitions of HypoPT, as well as the huge variation in incidence point to a problem suggests that the awareness of HypoPT should be raised. Use of prophylactic post-operative calcium supplements may decrease risk of HypoPT. This, however, may be due to reverse causality as awareness of the risk of HypoPT may promote the use of calcium supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Task design is increasingly recognised as crucial for enhancing student learning of mathematics. Even so, and despite the significance of mathematical activity related to proofs and counterexamples in school mathematics, the task design principles underpinning students' success in proof-related activity remains under-explored in mathematics education research. What is more, although the affordances of using dynamic geometry environments (DGEs) have been established in the literature, task design in DGEs remains somewhat under-studied. In this paper, we address both these issues by theoretically developing, and empirically testing, task design principles for supporting students' heuristic refutation (revising conjectures/proofs through addressing counterexamples) in DGEs. We use the existing literature to elaborate three design principles: using tasks whose conditions are purposefully implicit, providing tools that enhance the production of counterexamples, and increasing students' recognition of contradictions. To test these principles empirically, we analyse two sets of task-based interviews, one with a triad of secondary school students and the other with a pair of undergraduates, where tasks designed according to the principles were implemented. Our analysis shows that using the tasks enabled the students to engage successfully in heuristic refutation. The matter of examining mathematical definitions when handling counterexamples emerged as an issue for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We performed a narrative review with the focus on laser settings and surgical procedure with thulium laser. Our primary goal was to define the most valid settings of each surgical procedure to overcome the inconsistency about nomenclature of thulium surgery and to ensure comparability of future publications. A literature search of articles on thulium laser treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was conducted between 2009 and 2019. We proposed a new classification standard for laser settings and associated surgical procedure. Each article was analyzed and categorized as concordant or discordant referring to the new classification. In total, 74 papers were included in this narrative review. Overall, 43% and 42% of included studies reported discordant laser parameters and surgical description, respectively. Most of the studies on vaporization were categorized as discordant because they reported a medium/low laser setting instead of high power. Conversely, 93.3% of studies on enucleation were deemed as discordant for laser setting because they reported high power parameters instead of medium-low power setting. Most of the studies on laser enucleation and vapo/enucleation were considered discordant for surgical procedure since authors did not mention the use of mechanical vs. laser method for enucleation. The current literature lacks a uniform definition and standardization of the terminology of thulium laser settings and surgical techniques to guarantee comparability between different approaches. We found a huge heterogeneity in 10 years of surgery with thulium laser. We proposed a new classification of laser setting and procedural description for categorization of thulium laser surgery for BPH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are various background issues that need to be discussed whenever the topic of conversation turns to religion and atheism. In particular, there are questions about how these terms are to be used in the course of the conversation. While it is sometimes the case that all parties to a conversation about religion and atheism have agreed what they mean by 'religion' and 'atheism', it is often enough the case that such conversations go poorly because the parties mean different things by 'religion' and 'atheism'. In this paper, I discuss a range of questions about the meanings of 'religion' and 'atheism' that should be taken into account when we are asking global questions about 'religion' and 'atheism'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates on a theoretical level that a text model that is organized using textual definitions as its elements may represent content more adequately compared to a model using terms and their relationships as its constructs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate certain aspects of Weyl's account of implicit definitions. The paper takes under consideration Weyl's approach to a certain kind of implicit definitions i.e. abstraction principles introduced by Frege. Abstraction principles are bi-conditionals that transform certain equivalence relations into identity statements, defining thereby mathematical terms in an implicit way. The paper compares the analytic reading of implicit definitions offered by the Neo-Fregean program with Weyl's account which has phenomenological leanings. The paper suggests that Weyl's account should be construed as putting emphasis on intentionality of human mind towards certain invariant features of the elements of initial domains of discourse that are involved in equivalence relations. Definition of terms like direction, shape, number etc. is achieved by a kind of transformation of those invariants into ideal objects that is involved in intuition. Then the paper argues that at the period of 1926 Weyl's writings on implicit definitions, he is inclined to endorse symbolic construction as a way to explicate the objectivity of certain processes as those that are carried out in case of implicit definitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We may define words or concepts, and we may also, as Aristotle and others have thought, define the things for which words stand and of which concepts are concepts. Definitions of words or concepts may be explicit or implicit, and may seek to report preexisting synonymies, as Quine put it, but they may instead be wholly or partly stipulative. Definition by abstraction, of which Hume's principle is a much discussed example, seek to define a term-forming operator, such as the number operator, by fixing the truth-conditions of identity-statements featuring terms formed by means of that operator. Such definitions are a species of implicit definition. They are typically at least partly stipulative. Definitions of things, or real definitions, are, by contrast, typically conceived as true or false statements about the nature or essence of their definienda, and so not stipulative. There thus appears to be an obvious and head-on clash between taking Hume's principle as an implicit and at least partly stipultative definition of the number operator and taking it as a real definition, stating the nature or essence of cardinal numbers. This paper argues that this apparent tension can be resolved, and that resolving it sheds light on part of the epistemology or essence and necessity, showing how some of our knowledge of essence and necessity can be a priori. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of contemporary forms of slavery is often problematically demarcated by reference to transatlantic enslavement as the definitive archetype. Such an approach overlooks other historic slaveries and neglects the totality of the maangamizi—the African holocaust. This article addresses the problematics of positioning the transatlantic system as the paradigm and unpacks the constituent elements of de jure slavery to construct an understanding of slavery as a condition as well as a status. By identifying the core features of de jure chattel slavery through time, this paper displaces the assumption that legal status is determinative, giving meaning to the concept of slavery in the contemporary world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faced with a declining birthrate and aging population, the Japanese government has been adopting policies to promote the R&D of next-generation robots (hereinafter 'NGRs') which are seen as key to solving issues of labor shortage and enhance global competitiveness of the Japanese economy. However, the legal environment surrounding NGRs is not developer-friendly, and may hamper their proliferation and use. In order to address this issue, the first section of this paper explains the legal status of NGRs in Japan, followed by a section focusing on the legal regulations in Japan which involve the developers, manufacturers, distributors, and operators of NGRs. The final section outlines the current situation of various policies adopted by the Japanese government to enhance and accelerate the development of NGRs. The aim of this paper was to show how NGRs are regarded under the laws of Japan and what legal barriers the NGR-related parties confront, and provide insight into how the Japanese government is trying to promote the development of NGRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Publizistik: Vierteljahreshefte für Kommunikationsforschung is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Carnap and Goodman developed methods of conceptual re-engineering known respectively as explication and reflective equilibrium. These methods aim at advancing theories by developing concepts that are simultaneously guided by pre-existing concepts and intended to replace these concepts. This paper shows that Carnap's and Goodman's methods are historically closely related, analyses their structural interconnections, and argues that there is great systematic potential in interpreting them as aspects of one method, which ultimately must be conceived as a component of theory development. The main results are: an adequate method of conceptual re-engineering must focus not on individual concepts but on systems of concepts and theories; the linear structure of Carnapian explication must be replaced by a process of mutual adjustments as described by Goodman; Carnap's condition of similarity can be analysed into two components, one securing a relation to the specific extensions of the pre-existing concepts, one regulating the transition to the new system of concepts; these two criteria of adequacy can be built into Goodman's account of reflective equilibrium to ensure that the resulting concepts promote theoretical virtues while being sufficiently similar to the concepts we started out with. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultural turn of the 1980s suggests re-visiting the definition of Dance Movement Therapy (DMT) for the purposes of understanding the power the language has in shaping the profession. Such re-examination of the original American Dance Therapy Association (ADTA) definition and its historical development reveals an ambivalence that upholds a dualistic view of the profession; a troublesome idea for a practice based in body-mind integration. This paper is not a critique of the ADTA or the field, but is meant to act as a springboard for discourse on how the very description of the work can contribute to level of recognition of the profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to provide a definition of the the notion of complete and immediate formal grounding through the concepts of derivability and complexity. It will be shown that this definition yields a subtle and precise analysis of the concept of grounding in several paradigmatic cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is no agreement among scientists and science educators on whether heat should be defined as a 'process of energy transfer' or 'form of energy.' For example, students may conceive of heat as 'molecular kinetic energy,' but the interpretation of this alternative conception is dependent on educational researchers' methodology and definition of heat. The objective of this paper is to review the alternative conceptions of heat as presented in empirical studies and to examine the possible sources of this subjectivity or causes of this problem. This paper analyzes the alternative conceptions of heat based on five categories: 'residing in object,' 'ontological category,' 'movement,' 'cause and effect,' and 'condition.' The findings suggest that it could be difficult to understand the alternative conceptions when there is disagreement on the definition or description of heat. Furthermore, alternative conceptions may be traceable to linguistic usage or definitions in textbooks. Therefore, it is possible to have a misinterpretation of students' alternative conceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an open, personal, fresh approach to the future of Analytical Chemistry in the context of the deep changes Science and Technology are anticipated to experience. Its main aim is to challenge young analytical chemists because the future of our scientific discipline is in their hands. A description of not completely accurate overall conceptions of our discipline, both past and present, to be avoided is followed by a flexible, integral definition of Analytical Chemistry and its cornerstones (viz., aims and objectives, quality trade-offs, the third basic analytical reference, the information hierarchy, social responsibility, independent research, transfer of knowledge and technology, interfaces to other scientific-technical disciplines, and well-oriented education). Obsolete paradigms, and more accurate general and specific that can be expected to provide the framework for our discipline in the coming years are described. Finally, the three possible responses of analytical chemists to the proposed changes in our discipline are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to establish a basic definition for micromuseums. Research was conducted among twenty-one micromuseums on eight Mediterranean islands guided by semi-structured interviews with curators of independent, private, and state micromuseums on the Maltese Islands, the Ragusan Province of Sicily, and other islands for comparative purposes. All gathered information was analysed, and the findings indicate that there are specific factors which contribute to defining a micromuseum and differentiate it from traditional establishment museums. In comparison to earlier literature on micromuseology, the study revealed that micromuseums, among other characteristics, focus on specific themes and collections not typically found in larger museums, operate with minimal visibility, have staff members who perform multiple roles, cater to niche audiences, employ curators who are experts in their field, and prioritize interactions between curators and visitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term long COVID (LC) effectively describes the broad long-term disease burden of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, encompassing individual suffering and significant socioeconomic impacts. However, its general use hampers precise epidemiological research, diagnostics and therapeutic strategies. Misinterpretations occur, for example, when population surveys are compared to studies using health record data, because both refer to these data as LC. This also emphasizes the need for different terminology. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) rapid guideline differentiates ongoing symptomatic COVID-19 from post-COVID conditions, yet real-world observations challenge these two subgroup definitions. We propose refining the term LC into three subgroups: ongoing symptomatic COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 induced or exacerbated diseases and post-acute COVID condition. This stratification aids targeted diagnostics, treatment and epidemiological research. Subgroup-specific documentation using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes ensures accurate tracking and understanding of long-term effects. The subgroup of post-acute COVID condition again includes various symptoms, syndromes and diseases like post-exertional malaise (PEM), dysautonomia or cognitive dysfunctions. In this regard, differentiation, especially considering PEM, is crucial for effective diagnostics and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose and Methods: Adherence to Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is associated with the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, in intervention studies, there is discordance in the interpretation of a MedDiet. The purpose of this paper was to examine, synthesize, and develop a narrative review, exploring the qualitative differences in the interpretation of a modernized MedDiet prescribed as an intervention in clinical trials for the management of T2DM, and how closely this aligns with a traditional MedDiet. The 'traditional' MedDiet is often described as a dietary pattern high in unprocessed plant foods (fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, wholegrain cereals, and olive oil); moderate consumption of wine; low moderate in fish/shellfish; and an infrequent consumption of red meat, animal fats, vegetable oils, and processed foods. Results and Conclusions: Synthesis of the reviewed literature demonstrates considerable variation in the qualitative interpretation of a MedDiet. We also identified inadequate reporting of MedDiet interventions, despite a number of studies referring to their intervention as a 'traditional' MedDiet. The majority of studies emphasized the same key dietary components and principles: an increased intake of vegetables, wholegrains, and the preferential consumption of white meat in substitute of red and processed meat and abundant use of olive oil. However, the reporting of specific dietary recommendations for fruit, legumes, nuts, bread, red wine, and fermentable dairy products were less consistent or not reported. Irrespective of the discordance in the interpretation of a MedDiet, a number of studies included in the present review reported improved glycaemic control and favorable cardiovascular outcomes with adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet. Nevertheless, greater clarity and depth of reporting amongst intervention studies is warranted for the refinement of a modernized MedDiet definition that is distinct from a prudent dietary pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relocation from vulnerability hotspots to alternative safer locations is being increasingly proposed as one of the climate change response options. Yet, its consistent adoption in the rhetoric and more importantly policy remains elusive. This paper evaluates the extent to which different actors in policy and planning arenas consider relocation as a viable response to climate change as inferred from the extent to which relocation rhetoric permeates documents designed to inform and guide adaptation. The study examines 56 local, state, and national climate change adaptation texts to determine how many are considering and/or referring to relocation, what language they employ, and in which context. The content analysis was performed to measure the occurrence and frequency of keywords relocation, retreat, migration, and abandonment, as well as their frequency. The results show a significant inconsistency and lack of coherence in the use of relocation rhetoric among examined contemporary adaptation documents that are impeding a more comprehensive consideration and the development of relocation policy and planning. To address this barrier, the author proposes a unifying definition of the term relocation within the context of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]