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This paper examines both theoretically and empirically the link between pro-social behaviours, individual attitudes regarding waste prevention and disposal, and individual recycling behaviour in Italy at the end of the 1990s, in a period in which policy makers started to make the population aware of the importance of waste prevention, disposal and recycling. In the theoretical framework, following Czajkowski et al. (Environ Resour Econ 66:647–670, 2017), we develop a utility function that represents the individual level of satisfaction, which is influenced by certain aspects related to environmental quality. In the empirical analysis, using the 1998 wave of the multipurpose household survey (MHS) conducted by the Italian Central Statistical Office and probit models, we show a positive relationship between pro-social behaviours, waste concern and recycling behaviour that is robust to the inclusion of social capital variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the theory of social capital and strategic revolution, this paper selects 3006 family enterprises in China from 2015 to 2020, establishes a fixed effect panel model, and discusses the impact of the digital economy on the green innovation efficiency of family enterprises from the perspective of rationalization and upgrading of industrial structure. It is found that the relationship between digital economy and green innovation efficiency of family enterprises is inverted U-shaped. The digital economy affects the green innovation efficiency of family enterprises by promoting the rationalization and upgrading of industrial structure. The inverted U-shaped relationship between the two is more significant in the eastern region, the first and the second echelon provinces. Therefore, this paper improves green innovation efficiency of family enterprises from three aspects: digital economy, rationalization and upgrading of industrial structure, so as to finally realize the evergreen and sustainable development of family enterprises. It provides important policy implications for China to realize the green economic transformation and the goals of "carbon peak" & "carbon neutrality" under the global digital tide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents findings from a year-long network ethnography into the strategies, networks, and outcomes of More Than a Score (MTAS)—a campaign against standardised testing in UK primary schools. Focusing specifically on the parent-based groups of the organisation, we use theorisations of symbolic capital to challenge traditional understandings of how capital can be leveraged for group advancement. We argue that MTAS frames itself as a grassroots organisation, using this image to promote its agenda amongst possible allies. Parent groups serve a critical role in accentuating the 'grassroots' image, as they bring a level of credibility to this claim. At the same time, the individuals who run these groups also bring technical skills, professional experiences, and connections that provide logistical and expert capital to the range of MTAS's strategies and agendas. In doing so, their political and social capital as 'parents' provide a sort of legitimising capital to MTAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer participation is critical to achieving successful food safety governance. However, in the field of food safety governance, consumer participation faces the dilemma of collective action. Based on social capital theory, this study introduces a total of 1229 questionnaires from online food consumers in China were collected by randomly distributing electronic questionnaires to online shoppers, and tests the effect and mechanism of social capital on consumer participation in food safety governance. By using ordered regression and multinomial logit models, the empirical results show that social capital can reduce the adverse effects of free-riding on consumers' participation in food safety governance and in fact will ultimately encourage consumers to participate in food safety governance. Furthermore, social capital will enhance people's participation in food safety governance through two paths: promoting consumers' sharing of food safety information and promoting consumers' direct supply of safe food. The conclusion of this paper provides inspiration for the promotion of consumer participation in the public affairs related to food safety governance in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the introduction to the Special Issue on "Fertility and social inequalities in migrant populations." The Special Issue contains twelve empirical papers that deal with both international migrants and internal migrants, both women and men, both older migrant populations spanning several generations as well as recent immigrant groups, such as refugees, and include analyses of both behavior and intentions. The data used comprise macro indicators and individual-level data as well as qualitative material. Regional contexts include classical immigration countries in Europe and Oceania as well as relatively recent destinations. The papers draw on several comparative perspectives—migrants at destination, emigrants and stayers at origin, migrants with different numbers of children upon migration, and different migrant generations—to address three large questions. Six papers explore the role of time and sequencing in migrant fertility, in relation to both period effects and sequencing of births in the life course, as well as the role selection into migration plays in female and male migrants' fertility behavior. Four papers focus into how regional variation in the receiving contexts shapes fertility behavior, highlighting the role of migrant type, human capital, and social capital. Two papers look at how childbearing is associated with different degrees of economic assimilation, i.e., maternal employment. Overall, this Special Issue demonstrates the large heterogeneity in fertility among migrant and ethnic minority groups. Social inequalities shape fertility differentials, which in turn influence subsequent life courses of migrants and ethnic minority group members. Future research on migrant assimilation should pay more attention to variation in demographic behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While inequalities in science are common, most efforts to understand them treat scientists as isolated individuals, ignoring the network effects of collaboration. Here, we develop models that untangle the network effects of productivity defined as paper counts, and prominence referring to high-impact publications, of individual scientists from their collaboration networks. We find that gendered differences in the productivity and prominence of mid-career researchers can be largely explained by differences in their coauthorship networks. Hence, collaboration networks act as a form of social capital, and we find evidence of their transferability from senior to junior collaborators, with benefits that decay as researchers age. Collaboration network effects can also explain a large proportion of the productivity and prominence advantages held by researchers at prestigious institutions. These results highlight a substantial role of social networks in driving inequalities in science, and suggest that collaboration networks represent an important form of unequally distributed social capital that shapes who makes what scientific discoveries. While inequalities in science are common, most efforts to understand them treat scientists as isolated individuals, ignoring the network effects of collaboration. Here, the authors develop models that untangle the network effects of productivity and prominence of individual scientists from their collaboration networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This analysis of the social-technical relationship and innovation among farmers provide important information about the factors which can influence the success of an NGO intervention. To address these questions, the papers have been grouped as conceptual frameworks, the role of NGOs, development policy, the environment and the "dark side" of social capital. Many development projects are designed by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) with the goals of improving well-being for vulnerable populations. Keywords: A13; O13; O18 EN A13 O13 O18 603 609 7 06/02/23 20230601 NES 230601 The idea for this special issue is an output of an international workshop titled "Social Capital and Rural Development" on March 22-23, 2018 in Izmir, Turkey. [Extracted from the article]

Rural communities are intensively based on social capital, the potential of which might seem limited in terms of the possibility to expand beyond rural areas. Today, entrepreneurs, the main actors in achieving and sustaining rural development, have a unique opportunity in the exploitation of social capital in rural areas by utilizing the digital platforms. These new online entrepreneurs have become critical to the success of rural areas as they mobilize online resources to exploit the full potential of their local products in the global economy, thus remaining local while acting global. This process is illustrated by the development of the alternative food network as well as social networks that connect rural potential to the rest of the world. This paper aims to understand the role of such social networks in e-commerce by analysing entrepreneurial characteristics and the ecosystem of their enterprises through case studies. In addition, the network characteristics of chosen enterprises are examined under three main subjects: (i) types of relations with rural residents; (ii) relations with suppliers (both producers and logistics); and iii) the extent of their networks in the e-marketplace. Online entrepreneurs whose business is related to rural agricultural products are selected as case study examples. The data are derived from the results of interviews, and visuals are used to map out their entrepreneurial networks and ecosystems. The conclusions of this paper are: (i) by using online channels, rural entrepreneurs are able to broaden their market; (ii) agricultural lands are being protected since rural entrepreneurs use the potentials of local natural resources; and (iii) these enterprises are financially self-sustaining. The positive impact on local rural development by online rural entrepreneurs is obvious. However, to expand this impact on a regional scale, the promotion of public policies and planning are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the pressures of fluctuating external environments, organizations are constantly seeking ways to be responsive and able to improve their performance with lower costs. Employer–employee relationships have changed rapidly in recent years, and there is growing interest in considering human resources as a form of capital, and a strategic factor for business excellence. A focal point for HR professionals is employee loyalty, recognized as pivotal in realizing long-term organizational goals. This paper delves into the concept of Wasta social capital and its pivotal role in fostering employee loyalty and innovation within the unique cultural context of the Arab world. It is argued here that Wasta social capital is the fundamental dynamic that stimulates employee loyalty in the workplace. This conceptual paper provides new insights through understanding the significant role Wasta social capital plays in affecting employee loyalty in a collectivist culture, differing from the conventional business-context factors of loyalty. Obtaining a deeper understanding of employee loyalty and how it is developed in Arab-world business contexts can promote innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mainstream type of intergenerational inheritance of family firms in China is typically based on the "son inheriting his father's business" model. However, the current research on the intergenerational inheritance of family businesses mainly focuses on the impact of the personal capabilities of the successor, rather than the successor's interpersonal relationships such as marriage. This paper uses literature analysis and case studies to study the impact of the successor's marriage on the family business by refining the indicators of what constitutes a well-matched marriage. The findings show that the marriage of the second generation has a significant impact on the intergenerational inheritance of the family business, as such marriage helps to expand the social capital of the second generation of the family and improve the performance of the business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of digital economy, the digital innovation of manufacturing enterprises has become the main trend of development. This paper constructs an effective and reliable hierarchical framework for identifying critical factors of digital innovation in manufacturing enterprises based on the three stage hybrid DEMATEL–ISM–MICMAC method. Through literature reading and expert judgment, this paper determines the 19 factors that affect the digital innovation of manufacturing enterprises. The DEMATEL technique is used to establish the causal relationship between the factors, the ISM technique is used to stratify the factors, and the MICMAC technique is used to divide the types of influencing factors according to the driving force and dependence, and analyze the correlation between each level and its influence on the digital innovation of manufacturing enterprises. The results show that social capital, learning organization, digital technology, and knowledge are the most important influencing factors in the process of digital innovation in manufacturing enterprises. In particular, the two key factors of social capital and learning organization should be paid attention to by manufacturing enterprises. This research can help the managers of manufacturing enterprises to find out the key influencing factors of the digital innovation of manufacturing enterprises, and give targeted suggestions to promote the process of enterprise digitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global pandemic was traumatic for everyone, and it revealed the vast inequity in public services to which people have access. Fortunately, community schools had been coordinating services to meet the needs of their families prior to the pandemic, and when schools closed in 2020, they kicked into high gear to provide for those needs. This paper reports on interviews with 15 community school coordinators in Baltimore conducted at the end of the pandemic period to find out how they went about meeting community needs. Findings indicate that coordinators played a crucial role in getting families' basic needs (i.e. food, shelter, clothing) met, but they also built trusting relationships, generating social capital in their neighborhoods set in racially segregated neighborhoods as a result of decades of redlining and policies meant to isolate Black communities. In the end, this paper argues that community school coordinators need more support to convert the social capital into further advocacy alongside the families with whom they work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaboration networks are not intrinsically unstable and fragile, ego-network stability cannot be taken for granted. Extant research has highlighted the determinants of ego-network stability; nevertheless, it is still unclear how behavioral factors affect a firm's ego-network stability in a collaboration network as a consequence of a decision-maker's bounded rationality. Drawing from the behavioral theory of the firm and attention-based view, this paper explores how ego-network stability is affected by performance feedback and investigates the influence of CEOs' information advantage and power on firms' responses to performance feedback. Using longitudinal data on Chinese publicly listed firms in the pharmaceutical industry from 2007 to 2020, we find that the magnitude of a firm's outperformance relative to its aspirations harms its ego-network stability. The magnitude of a firm's underperformance relative to its aspirations has a U-shaped relationship with its ego-network stability. Moreover, CEOs' social capital and power strengthen the negative relationship between the magnitude of a firm's outperformance relative to its aspirations and its ego-network stability, and CEOs' social capital flattens the U-shaped effect of the magnitude of a firm's underperformance relative to its aspirations on its ego-network stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With academic and institutional interest in environmental justice growing, the forthcoming efforts in this field warrant thorough analysis of the interactions between state and non-state actors. This article provides an empirical response to more critical views placing skepticism on the efficacy of achieving environmental justice through the official framework of the state and advocate for the pursuit of environmental justice “beyond” the state’s designated institutions, namely various non-state actors (NSAs), such as non-governmental organizations and community based organizations. What role do NSAs have in the realization of environmental justice? This paper will provide a comparative case study to analyze this question along three key factors: the degree of social and economic capital among NSAs, the outcomes for NSAs that the alignment of the state with international environmental institutions produces, and state-capital hegemony, in Kenya and South Africa. Both nations have adopted basic environmental justice policies and have hosted sustained environmental grassroots movements working towards environmental justice objectives, with Kenya appearing to have achieved a greater legacy of success in bringing environmental justice movements to fruition. The findings reveal the crucial impacts of non-state actors’ social and economic capital as well as state-capital hegemony on the success of environmental justice movements. The article also problematizes the relationship between environmental justice and sustainable development models which prioritize economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citations acknowledge the impact a scientific publication has on subsequent work. At the same time, deciding how and when to cite a paper, is also heavily influenced by social factors. In this work, we conduct an empirical analysis based on a dataset of 2010–2012 global publications in chemical engineering. We use social network analysis and text mining to measure publication attributes and understand which variables can better help predicting their future success. Controlling for intrinsic quality of a publication and for the number of authors in the byline, we are able to predict scholarly impact of a paper in terms of citations received 6 years after publication with almost 80% accuracy. Results suggest that, all other things being equal, it is better to co-publish with rotating co-authors and write the papers' abstract using more positive words, and a more complex, thus more informative, language. Publications that result from the collaboration of different social groups also attract more citations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the relationship between multidisciplinarity and research performance in the academic context. The paper explains how scholars' scientific performance is affected by the multidisciplinarity of the network of colleagues with whom they conduct their research. Furthermore, this paper explores the potential moderating role of academics' social capital, assuming that relational dynamics can mitigate the potential problems associated with disciplinary diversity. To build the proposed model, the paper draws on previous literature on diversity and social capital. The resulting hypotheses are tested through a quantitative study developed on the basis of a sample of scholars in the field of management. Information about multidisciplinarity and research performance was extracted from the Scopus database, while social capital variables were measured through social network analysis techniques. Econometric estimations were used to test the proposed relationships. The findings suggest that the effect of multidisciplinarity and researchers' performance can be depicted as an inverted U-shaped relationship, so an optimal intermediate level of diversity can be found. Estimations also show that relational, cognitive and structural social capital moderates this curvilinear relationship, making it possible to achieve higher research performance at higher levels of multidisciplinarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing the numbers of Indigenous people enrolled in research higher degrees in Australia is important for building the Indigenous academic workforce, broadening the scope of knowledge production in academic institutions and ensuring effective research outcomes for Indigenous Australians. While the numbers of Indigenous research higher degree students are increasing, universities still have a lot to do to bring that number up to parity. In this paper, we explore the value of a pre-doctoral program developed for Indigenous people interested in doing a PhD that provides them the information they need to inform their choices about undertaking a doctoral project. As the only program of this kind in Australia, this research contributes to the emerging literature on the factors that have an influence on why Indigenous people choose to undertake PhD programs and the effectiveness of initiatives to support their pathway to higher degree research. The research outcomes build on the evidence base for improving initiatives across the university sector, highlighting the need for tailored, Indigenous-led pre-doctoral support programs for Indigenous students, the value of cohort experiences and the importance of universities that value Indigenous people and their knowledge systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gambling is commonly associated with social and economic disadvantage. In this paper we examine the impact of gambling on homeownership, using Australian panel data. We find that gambling is associated with a lower probability of homeownership. Specifically, our endogeneity corrected estimates show that an increase in problem gambling is associated with between 1.6 and 1.8 percentage point decrease in the probability of owning a home depending on the model. Our result show that financial stress and social capital are channels through which gambling influences the probability of homeownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the influence of human capital and social capital on business model design through the study of the main factors related to the entrepreneur's profile, his network, and the possibility to have access to external resources. The dataset consists of 107 Tunisian companies for the period from December 2014 to March 2016. We use a quantitative survey conducted from a questionnaire. Our results reveal that (i) the experience, the entrepreneur's skills, and entrepreneurship education have a positive and significant impact on business model design; (ii) the family support, support structure, customer, and stakeholder's orientation have a positive and significant impact; and (iii) the effect of the access to external resources, and particularly informational ones, is ostensibly significant on business model design. The access to financial resources, however, has no effect. Overall, this research suggests that the nascent entrepreneur must be aware of his networks (customer, other stakeholders, family support and support structure) and external resources, namely, information resources, and finally he must also have the skills, experience, and level of entrepreneurship education in designing a BM. Thus, the nascent entrepreneur can have an idea about these phenomena through the results found in our research which are also a relevant guide for new Tunisian entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trust is a valuable resource that varies between countries. This paper suggests that consumers' trust in retailers and service providers, facilitating interactions and transactions between sellers and buyers in impersonal markets, is best understood as generalized trust. The paper is based on 28 037 respondents' evaluations of consumer conditions in 30 European countries. The material reveals large country-to-country variations in the percentages of residents who trust public authorities to protect their consumer rights. Moreover, there are large differences in the percentages who trust retailers and service providers to respect their rights as consumers. A multilevel path analysis supports the paper's main hypothesis that fair and effective consumer authorities enhance generalized trust in the markets. The analyses also demonstrate that fair and effective consumer institutions contribute to more equality in the markets. It is argued that consumer markets are important arenas for the maintenance and production of trust and social capital. And that generalized trust produced in markets will probably extend to, and be valuable for, the wider society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the efficacy of a development model designed to enhance social capital where social capital is seen as a catalyst to increased economic opportunities. The study covers smallholder livestock producers in Malawi and the Philippines. The key question examined in this paper is whether communities that received this specific development intervention significantly increased their access to social capital over time and whether this social capital is positively correlated with net farm income and improved livelihoods. We draw data from two case studies: Heifer International's Malawi Smallholder Dairy Development Project (MSDD1) and the Philippine Raising Income of Families through Sustainable Agri-Business Project (RICSA). The examination of these two cases increases our understanding of how implementation and contextual variables may influence changes in social capital and livelihoods. The study applies social network analysis (SNA) to understand the connection between asset-based/human capacity interventions and social capital. SNA provides a quantitative measure of networks and households' position within those networks as indicators of social capital. Real net income which includes the value of home consumption is used as a proxy for 'improved livelihoods.' A quasi-experimental design is used to determine whether social capital and income variables change significantly over time and whether social capital is correlated with income. The results revealed significant differences across the two cases. In the Malawi case, the intervention significantly contributed to social capital formation. In the Philippine case study, the social capital did not demonstrate a significant difference. The dissimilarity between the two cases shows that it takes time to deepen bonds of trust and reciprocity and to extend networks as conduits of knowledge, information and economic opportunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debate on the pros and cons of employee attachment to social networking sites (SNS) has led to social media policy paralysis in many organizations, and often a prohibition on employee use of SNS. This paper examines corporate users' attachment to SNS. An analysis of 316 survey responses showed that corporate users' socialization in large public SNS was steeped in perceived work-related benefits, which in turn nourished their SNS attachment. Social use outperformed informational use in generating perceived work-related benefits from SNS. Weak ties in large heterogeneous networks resulted in strategic and operational benefits, whereas the effects of strong bonding in homogenous networks were limited to operational benefits. The paper contributes to research on SNS use by corporate users and the debate on the effect of SNS use for work. The findings will benefit SNS strategists of organizations and policymakers to exploit the benefit potential of public SNS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our lives are remembered as an assemblage of overlapping stories – some of them prosaic and unremarkable, others more fraught, contingent and consequential – but most remain unfinished, punctuated only by their telling: to particular people, in particular ways, for particular purposes. In this spirit, a first-person account is provided of the making and impact of what has become the most-cited article in the 50-year history of Theory and Society. Originally drafted as a chapter of the author's PhD dissertation, the article sought to provide the concept of social capital with an intellectual history, to forge an analytical framework integrating two (heretofore) largely separate realms of scholarship applying social capital theory to economic development, and to suggest some ways in which this framework, grounded in findings from across the social sciences, might be applicable to policy and practice. The paper itself emerged over two years from the generous input of many junior and senior scholars, several of whom were not based at the author's university (and thus had few incentives to provide it). Pre-publication, the article's positive reception – first amplified by a high-profile reviewer and then a widening circle of influential development researchers – played a decisive role in helping the author secure the first (and thus far only) opening for a sociologist in the World Bank's Development Research Group. Post-publication, the paper's key elements – theoretical, methodological, and substantive – became the foundation for a career at the nexus of (interdisciplinary) research, policy, implementation, evaluation, teaching, and mentoring across an array of sectors. It was an article that changed a life – and by extension, a lot of other lives. The story continues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the scope of services and challenges in implementing Time Bank in India. This community-based initiative allows people to exchange skills and services without the involvement of money. A qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured telephone interviews with 20 participants aged 18 to 35. Thematic analysis revealed four major themes: Services, Challenges, and Limitations of Time Bank, Factors Affecting Help-Seeking Behavior, and Community and Gender Dynamics. Participants expressed interest in offering a wide range of services, from household tasks to professional services. However, challenges and limitations were also identified, such as a lack of awareness and understanding of the concept, social stigma, and concerns about trust, privacy, and safety issues. The study underscores the need to consider cultural and social factors while implementing community-based initiatives. Despite these challenges, participants believed Time Bank could be a valuable platform for building social connections and community support. The study's implications highlight the need for further research on the impact of Time Bank on social capital and the sustainability of the initiative in different cultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the theoretical approaches of social capital and institutional trust, this paper seeks to identify contextual factors and conditions behind teacher behaviours which aim to alter the results of standardised tests in the Italian low-stakes accountability system. Numerous studies report significant factors associated with student cheating, but research into the factors of teacher-led opportunistic actions is scarce. Logistic regression models with fixed-effects at classroom level, with interaction terms, were carried out to identify factors increasing the likelihood of teacher misbehaviour. Models included approximately 79,100 primary, lower and upper secondary classrooms. Indicators of teacher cheating were estimated through algorithms based on suspicious answer strings from standardised tests. The results suggest that teacher cheating may be understood as a form of support for the most vulnerable students, since it is, to a greater extent, found helping low-income students, grade-retained students, as well as students in socially homogenous school settings. The findings also reveal that teacher cheating is consistently related to collectively share non-civic-minded behaviours and practices undertaken by teachers, which do not match legal requirements, such as within-school social segregation and exclusion of students from tests. Heterogeneous effects show that, even in classrooms with external controllers, the lower the civic capital in a school, the more misbehaviour are found. Relevant implications for research, social theory and policy are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effects of institutional distance and geographic distance on Chinese venture capital (VC) investment and subsequent exit and further investigates how social capital, that is, networks and trust, moderates such effects. We document significant dampening effects of both institutional and geographic distances on the likelihood of VC investment, while such effects are mitigated by the level of trust. The dampening effect of institutional distance (geographic distance) on VC investment is enhanced (weakened) by VC firms' network strength. These findings suggest that networks and trust play different roles in moderating the effects of institutional and geographic distances on VC investment in China, which has a unique institutional environment and flourishing VC industry. Further analysis on exit outcomes shows that institutional distance leads to lower likelihood of successful exits, and the dampening effect of institutional distance on the likelihood of successful exits cannot be mitigated by networks or trust. Plain English Summary: Chinese VC firms are less likely to invest in institutionally and/or geographically distant provinces. Types of social capital, such as networks and trust, play different roles in moderating the distance effects. VC firms' network strength aggravates the negative effect of institutional distance but mitigates the negative effect of geographic distance on VC investments. In contrast, trust can help overcome investment obstacles due to institutional and geographic distances. Regarding exits from portfolio companies, VC investments in institutionally distant provinces have lower likelihood of successful exits, which cannot be mitigated by greater VC network strength. The findings suggest that to attract VC investment, local governments should foster market-friendly institutions, regulations, and policies. For institutionally and/or geographically distant provinces, enhancing social trust can help overcome the distance effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I present a case of dispute resolution from Pakistan where kinship leaders play a key role in resolving local disputes. Scholars often cite that such practices provide evidence of a failed state. However, I show how these traditional practices elucidate ongoing processes of boundary management. On the one hand, these practices reveal the efforts by non-state leaders to carve out their autonomy by taking on a role traditionally played by the state. In fact, their ability to management local/state boundaries is linked to how they manage boundaries within their communities. The state, in turn, recognizes or legitimates these boundaries when it is politically convenient or allows them to save face. I document such negotiations in my research and show how they are critical to understanding how villagers see the state and vice versa. The Pakistani case is important as the ubiquity of its alternate dispute resolution system problematizes the taken-for-granted status of the state and makes visible the mechanisms by which the boundaries between the state and society are continually negotiated and the implications for the citizen/state relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Community Sponsorship Scheme (CSS) was introduced in 2016 by the UK Government to enable members of civil society to be directly involved in helping refugees settle in the UK. The CSS is intense and time-consuming, and a lot of effort is directed at helping one family to rebuild their lives in safety. Since the introduction of the scheme, nearly 1000 refugees have been resettled across the UK. The data used in this paper was collected as part of a three-year study intended to provide an independent formative evaluation of the CSS. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 145 volunteers and 33 individuals from the wider community at five locations where refugees have been placed, this article examines how acts of solidarity, community networks and civic engagement have mobilised ordinary citizens who advocate in favour of the refugee cause. The findings support the argument that motivations to volunteer are both altruistic and egocentric, predominantly delivered by older female volunteers. The article demonstrates that volunteers involved in the CSS have played a fundamental role in bridging social capital with wider members of the host communities. It concludes that the CSS is an innovative model of refugee resettlement that is breeding a new type of volunteering that empowers British civil society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While many researchers suggest that relational conflict has adverse performance effects in family firms, the exact mechanisms through which conflict harms performance are rarely empirically investigated. This paper explores the role of family social capital in the relationship between relational conflict and family firm performance. We hypothesize that the negative relationship between relational conflict and family firm performance is partially mediated by family social capital, while family ownership moderates the relationship between relational conflict and family social capital. In a sample of 175 U.S.-based small and medium-sized family firms recruited through Prolific Academic, we find that relational conflict harms firm performance indirectly through the erosion of family social capital. However, no evidence of a direct negative effect of relational conflict on performance is found. Our results also indicate that the negative relationship between relational conflict and family social capital is intensified by family ownership. We discuss the implications and contributions and present relevant directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes a seminal contribution to the ethnic entrepreneurship literature by analyzing the journeys of a single migrant community across three ethnic enclaves in three host-nation contexts. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 52 immigrant Punjabi-Pakistani entrepreneurs who started businesses in immigrant enclaves in the UK, Denmark, and Norway. "Three waves" of migrant entrepreneurs were identified based on their demographics, periods of migration, levels of education, access to social and financial resources, and the impact of the host country's social and institutional structures. The typology presented distinguishes the first wave, the older generation, as "pushed-displaced," the second wave of the mid-aged generation as "pulled-transnational," and the third wave of recent graduates and mid-career professionals as "pushed-frustraters." The findings revealed the raison d'être for cross-national embeddedness variation in the host country's economic, social, and institutional contexts, and individuals' experiences of racial discrimination and exclusion. The results highlight that adopting an ethnic enclave strategy by lending the social capital and access to an "acquainted mentor," usually from the first-wave entrepreneurs, has been the key success factor for the start-up, survival, and growth of the second- and third-wave immigrant businesses. The paper provide guidelines to make the appropriate social and regulatory interventions needed to eradicate racial discrimination and institutional barriers to stimulate immigrant entrepreneurship in these countries. Plain English Summary: Understanding the importance of immigrant entrepreneurship in today's globalised world is crucial for economic, political, and social development. This study is one of the first in the field to explore one immigrant community's entrepreneurship experiences across three different countries. A typology of three different types of immigrant entrepreneurs is identified based on time and space: namely, the displaced, the transnational, and the frustrated. The results show that the UK presents more adverse and racialised experiences for immigrant business start-up in comparison to Denmark and especially., Norway. This paper contributes to discourse of intra-ethnic variation, transnationalism, and mixed embeddedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As socio-ecological systems undergo regional environmental change, there is a need to create adaptive governance that can manage uncertainty through the coordination of actors. Social capital can help overcome some of these challenges to facilitate a transition to adaptive governance, but social capital has often been treated as a catch-all phrase without offering strong theoretical or empirical contributions to how social processes influence governance outcomes. This paper addresses this gap by offering empirical insights into the conditions that activate individuals’ linking social capital to form new institutions to adapt to environmental change in two small-scale fishing communities in southern Chile. We used a mixed methods approach to examine the relationship between linking social capital and whether or not our individuals in our study adapted their diving practices or joined new organizations as a form of adaptation. We then use ethnography to illuminate the community-level factors and mechanisms that fostered the ability for individuals to use their linking social capital to transition governance and why a collaborative transition was successful in one community, but not the other. This paper suggests that leadership, shared visions, and a culture of cooperation underpin successful governance transitions, while intra-community conflict inhibits transitions even when linking social capital is present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social capital being the network of relationship plays a significant role in managing risk and crisis situation saving human lives from an adverse effect and impact of disasters. The authors and scholars across many countries through their disaster studies show that social capital with the form of bonding, bridging and linking rescued the victims of disasters, evacuated the most vulnerable people to safer places, provided food and drinking water and other basic amenities to the victims of disasters, provided homes to the homeless and solaced to those who were psychologically depressed. However, the literature review further specified that while bonding and bridging social capital extended support to the victims of disasters in abundance, the linking social capital on the other hand supported only to those who are in close contact with the persons and institutions in power and authority. Review of literature is done purely through qualitative research methodology which has had read 86 relevant articles published within the last 10- to 12-year period of time. This review paper both contributes to the social capital literature and helps those responsible for planning and policy framework to effectively manage future disasters and safeguard lives and properties and enhance capacities of the most vulnerable people to absorb shocks and stress successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of internal social capital on the composition of the crowd of backers attracted by US-born vis a vis immigrant entrepreneurs. Our estimates are based on an original dataset of 2,231 Kickstarter campaigns and show that immigrant entrepreneurs attract comparatively fewer backers located in the host country but receive more contributions from backers located in other countries. Overall, this allows immigrant entrepreneurs to achieve a fundraising performance similar to that of local-born entrepreneurs. We show that entrepreneurs' social capital developed within the reward-based crowdfunding platform positively moderates the previous relationships. Plain English Summary: Crowdfunding helps immigrants mobilising their home-county network and collect funding for their business ideas. Immigrants who supported other campaigns before launching their own attain better fundraising performance than local-born entrepreneurs We analyse 2,231 campaigns launched on Kickstarter and show that immigrant entrepreneurs attract comparatively fewer backers located in the host country but receive more contributions from backers located in other countries, and particularly in their home country. Overall, this allows immigrant entrepreneurs' campaigns to be as successful as those launched by local-born entrepreneurs. Immigrant entrepreneurs that have been active on the crowdfunding platform by supporting others' campaigns before the launch of their own campaign attract more backers and have higher likelihood of success compared to local-born entrepreneurs. The paper highlights an effective channel of financing for immigrant entrepreneurs seeking external capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social processes in modern multicultural societies require a better conceptual understanding of the mechanisms of cultural events' impact on social welfare. Due to a number of objective reasons, one of the critical challenges in this complex research area is the lack of empirically based predictive models. The current paper provides an alternative approach—a bottom-up (from agents to social systems) modeling how cultural events can shape social cohesion measured by social capital and cultural features probabilistic clustering in the population. In this paper, based on prior empirical observations, proposed agent-based modeling can help (i) understand and interpret some empirical findings, and (ii) foresee outcomes of otherwise very costly real-life social experiments. To this end, this paper presents an agent-based simulation model to demonstrate the simple mechanism of how cultural events can impact the empirically observed complex dynamics of social capital. Presented model is implemented in the NetLogo simulation environment, where simple agents' behavioral properties are simulated following basic empirical observations. Implemented simulation approach upgrades Axelrod's classical model of cultural dissemination in three main ways. First, it models agents' neighborhood interactions not only in the simulated agents' physical space but in the cultural features space as well. Second, the model simulates the dissemination of cultural events' impact (not only) through pair-based neighborhood interaction but also through wide-range social media and networks broadcasting. Third, it implements some agents' inherent propensity toward differentiation (uniqueness) that generates divergence in the virtual space of characteristic behavioral cultural features. Simulation results provide not only proof of concept but also reveal underlying cultural conditions for the emergence of different behavioral patterns of social capital cohesion or fragmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to help fill the gap in midrange theory for the religion-health connection, this paper reviews relevant literature on religious capital as well as social capital, a concept with which religious capital is sometimes incorrectly conflated. It identifies elements and mechanisms for each type of capital, including both quality and quantity, and describes evidence for their relationship with health. Expanding, unifying, and integrating these theoretical elements can help better understand the underlying mechanisms of the relationship between religion and health, with concomitant policy implications such as faith-based interventions as well as spur additional research on the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper goes beyond the most popular perspective of family social capital among existing research and examines the effect of peer social capital on adolescent academic achievement. Using the official data from a Chinese university and taking into account the endogeneity problems, this paper finds that peer academic performance has a significant effect on human capital accumulation among university students. We have different findings, however, from research abroad. First, peer social capital has an indirect rather than a direct effect. Second, the influence of initial randomly assigned peers tends to increase over time. However, this increase of influence is only present among peers from similar social class backgrounds. Among peers from different backgrounds, the influence remains almost unchanged. In addition to this, the influence of peer social capital is not significantly different among students from different social class backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teacher evaluation's relationship with instructional improvement is under-theorized in the literature. To address this gap, this paper uses a conceptual framework rooted in human, social, and material capital to analyze and synthesize findings from research conducted since 2009 on whether and under what conditions teacher evaluation stimulates change in teachers' instruction. We find that teacher evaluation can facilitate instructional improvement if evaluators understand teaching and the teacher evaluation system and teachers and evaluators trust each other and have opportunities to develop social capital regarding instruction. In addition, adequate time and a userfriendly online data system appear to facilitate the use of teacher evaluation to stimulate changes in teachers' practice. This paper thus presents a theoretical framework, rooted in theory and empirical research, that may prove useful to scholars and practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this editorial to a collection of papers on ethics in small firms, the case is made for greater use of high quality empirical research on business ethics. Sociological perspectives have much to offer to the field of business ethics that continues to be dominated by normative, moral philosophy. The second contribution of the paper is to argue for a reorientation away from the large multi-national firm as a benchmark subject of business ethics research. One important point of view to be included is that of the small firm, which remains the dominant organisation form throughout all the OECD countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social capital, embedded in the networking relationship, is critical for firm performance. SMEs, especially in emerging economies, should effectively use their limited resource and network relationships to deal with increased uncertainties in the business environment. Accordingly, this paper investigates the effect of social capital on innovation, marketing communication expenditure, and entrepreneurial orientation (EO). The research employs a binary logistic model based on data collected from a survey of 645 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Vietnam. The survey focused on SMEs in Ho Chi Minh City, which is the biggest city in Vietnam and accounts for one-third of the country's gross domestic product. The research found significant evidence of the benefits of social capital on innovation, marketing communication expenditure, and EO. Specifically, we found significant relationships between personal network and marketing communication expenditure, between a business network with innovation and EO, and between network range and marketing communication expenditure. This research has important implications for managers and government agents. SMEs managers should effectively use what they receive from network relationships to improve the performance of firms. The findings clarify the characteristics of networks constituting social capital. Moreover, we respond to the call for more empirical study in the emerging economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is in dialogue with Lisa Marco-Bujosa's article titled, "Soul searching in science teaching: an exploration of critical teaching events through the lens of intersectionality" where the author takes up the ways that Faith's Jamaican immigrant Black woman identities are shaped and how she understood and enacted teaching for social justice. We share ideas that add more nuance to the author's analyses of Faith's beliefs and practices. In doing so, we reframe key concepts on (1) seeing immigrant background as cultural capital in the classroom rather than as an impediment to science teaching, (2) understanding the myth of meritocracy from a critical race theory lens, and (3) expanding transnational notions of the ideological and practical underpinnings inherent in teaching for social justice. We further examine how minoritized forms of cultural capital can work to disrupt oppressive ideology and practices in STEM education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues the relevance of analysing the origins of contextual effects to explain subjective well-being (SWB). Using the 2012 European Social Survey, the study applies social capital indicators to distinguish between-context and between-individual heterogeneity in three multilevel models of happiness and life satisfaction. Five indicators of social capital at individual and regional level are used to measure the trust, networks and norms dimensions of social capital. Random intercept and random slope hierarchical models are used to control for unexplained regional variability. The possibility of aggregated subjective perceptions conditioning, or interacting with, the effects of individual perceptions is also examined. The results show that the regional means of the social capital indicators are useful in explaining not only average levels of SWB (between-context heterogeneity) but also differences in the importance individuals attribute to their social capital (between-individual heterogeneity). The paper also proposes a research agenda to expand the frontier on contextual effects in the new science of well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates a unique, transdisciplinary participatory research and knowledge exchange methodology developed in the Drought Risk and You (DRY) project and offers it as a transferable framework for others engaging stakeholders and systemic connections with environmental risk. Drought in the UK is a complex, diffuse and hidden risk, involving multiple stakeholders and systemic connections across diverse sectors. Historically, drought risk management has been underpinned by specialist science and technology implemented by statutory stakeholders. This paper critically evaluates the social learning from a longitudinal research process that involved co-working with seven river catchment-based, multi-stakeholder groups. The DRY project was a creative experiment in bringing drought science and stories into the same space, aiming to reveal different knowledges—specialist science, practical sector-level insight, and local knowledge—as a new evidence base to support better decision-making in UK drought risk management. An evaluative multi-method research methodology was overlaid on this process, using surveys, within meeting reflective evaluations, and summative semi-structured narrative interviews. This paper reflects on participant experiences of the 'open' scientific modelling development, 'storying' approaches, and their iterative interaction. It outlines the enablers, inhibitors and required support for this engagement process, which aimed to facilitate integration of different forms of knowledge as evidence, with social and sustainability learning among diverse stakeholders at its core. The process offered opportunity for valuable experiential learning as researchers of the nuanced impacts of intersecting factors on participatory place-based methods. It showed that similar approaches to science-narrative dialogic processes can play out locally to integrate aspects of social and sustainability learning in different ways. This sustainability learning provided a valuable platform for creative multi-stakeholder scenario-ing possible drought futures for increased local climate resilience. It then proposes a transferable research framework that promotes participatory, place-based, narrative-science knowledge exchange for building local capital for managing systemic environmental risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper delves into the intricate interplay between human and social capital in shaping individual well-being. Drawing on the Mincerian model's foundation of linking wages, education, and experience, we investigate the extent to which these capital forms contribute to the well-being of individuals. Recognizing the limitations of traditional human capital theory, particularly its oversight of social networks and relationship dynamics, our study adopts a comprehensive approach. Utilizing advanced structural equation modeling, we analyze data sourced from the Moroccan General Census of Population and Housing in 2014. Our model encompasses the latent multidimensional concept of well-being as defined by Sen's framework. Through meticulous measurement and analysis, we authentically present a model that captures the nuanced connections among human and social capital variables, each containing multiple latent indicators. Our empirical findings illuminate various dimensions. Human capital, as represented by educational attainment and diploma type, significantly impacts well-being. Intriguingly, health indicators exhibit a distinct relationship pattern, suggesting a divergence from traditional human capital associations. Furthermore, the measurement model for social capital underscores the notable influence of marital status, particularly among married individuals, on overall well-being. Our results reveal that well-being, positioned as an endogenous latent variable, is positively affected by both human and social capital. This study not only substantiates the relevance of Sen's approach to well-being but also underscores the value of leveraging structural equation modeling for its comprehensive assessment. The findings reaffirm the theoretical underpinnings of the relationships between human and social capital variables and offer insights into policy implications aimed at enhancing the quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the urgent need to establish sustainable food systems, community-supported agriculture (CSA), in which consumers share risks with producers, has gained increasing attention. Understanding the factors that influence consumer participation in CSA is crucial, yet the complete picture and interrelations of these factors remain unclear in existing studies. This research adopts a scoping review and the KJ method to elucidate the factors influencing consumer participation in CSA and to theorize consumer participation. In particular, we focus on the dynamics of individual decision-making for participation, under the premise that individuals are embedded in socio-cultural environments. We examine the decision-making process based on the seesaw of expected gains and losses from participation, along with the reflexivity to the individual and the process of updating decision-making post-participation. Our study highlights how individual decision-making for participation is influenced by relationships with others within the embedded socio-cultural environment, as well as by attachment and connection to the community. It also shows that discrepancies between expectations and experiences post-participation, and the transformation of the social capital, promote the updating of decision-making processes. In addition, among the factors identified in this study for participation in CSA, the decision to participate was heavily influenced by expectations of "variety of ingredients," suggesting that other factors such as "food education and learning opportunities," "contribution to environmental and social issues," and "connections with people and nature" had little impact. Although there are limitations, the insights gained from this study offer profound implications for stakeholders and provide valuable insights for more sustainable and efficient CSA practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the relationship between neighbourhood level density of civil society organisations (CSOs), diversity, and deprivation. We compare the UK and Sweden, two countries with different civil society traditions and welfare state regimes. We use data on formal civil society organisations to examine whether diverse neighbourhoods have lower levels of civil society infrastructure. In the UK, contrary to what could be expected from Putnam's assertion that diversity has a negative effect on trust, thus limiting civil society activities at the neighbourhood level, we observe a positive relationship between the density of CSOs and diversity. In Sweden, we find different patterns. First, we observe a negative correlation between CSO density and diversity. Second, we find lower density of formal CSOs in areas with high diversity and high economic disadvantage and higher density in areas characterised by low diversity and high disadvantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show unintended consequences of quota regulations to get women on boards. Board members may have different characteristics, and even among women, there are variations. We assume that the characteristics of the board members have an influence on their contributions to boards, to businesses as well as to society. In this paper, we argue that different types of societal pressure to get women on boards have an influence on the social capital characteristics of the women getting multiple board memberships. The paper is drawing on institutional theory and social capital theory, and we distinguish between mimetic, normative, and coercive types of pressure. Through a cluster analysis of 58 Italian "golden skirts", we show that different types of societal pressure may lead to differences in social capital characteristics. The study has implications for the ongoing international debate about women and diversity on boards, and we propose developing a pressure theory for getting women on boards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, despite heavy constitutional protection, due to caste-based discrimination, millions of residents are still struggling to access their basic rights such as good food, quality of education, merit-based employment and basic living conditions. This paper illustrates the role of marginality (for more details please, see Braun and Gatzweiler 2014) in determining the accessibility of social capital and its functions to sustain basic needs in old-age. The coverage on discrimination and social hierarchy are some of the significant criterions in which functions of social capital are unproductive and further blocks the opportunities of adaptability in the later years. The paper addresses the issues of living arrangements and financial security among the elderly population. In conclusion, it recommends promotion of institutional care, pension protection and social safety measures for the creation of supportive environment for elderly population across all sections of the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farmland not only provides human being with food and industrial materials, but also has non-market value. However, few studies have explored the impact of livelihood capital configuration and their willingness to pay (WTP) for the farmland non-market value, from farmers' perspective. Based on the field survey data of 434 households in Jianghan Plain, China, this paper divided the research process into two stages to explore the impact of farmers' livelihood capital on their WTP by using binary logistics model and qualitative comparative analysis method of fuzzy sets (fsQCA). The results show that (1) The total livelihood capital of farmers was 2.667, with psychological capital 0.649, natural capital 0.621, social capital 0.127. 79.49% of the households were willing to pay for the farmland non-market value, and the most concentrated range of it is 50–200 yuan/hm2. (2) Both social capital and psychological capital had positive impacts on farmers' WTP for the non-market value of farmland protection. (3) There were two livelihood capital configurations that could improve the WTP of farmers. When lacking of human capital, physical capital and psychological capital, the improvement in farmers' financial capital and social capital will improve farmers' WTP. When the natural, financial, and psychological capital are poor, the rich human capital, physical capital and social capital will also increase farmers' WTP. In view of the results, policy implications on livelihood capital structure optimization and ecological compensation system differentiation were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determinants of health are influenced by genetics, lifestyle, social environment, medical conditions, etc. As an informal system, social capital plays an increasingly recognized role in individual health. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the direct and indirect effects of social capital on individual health in China. Using cross-sectional data from the China Family Panel Studies 2016, this paper explores the effects of cognitive and structural social capital on individual health from a micro perspective. The results show that both types of social capital have significant positive effects on individual health, and this effect remains after endogeneity is considered. The two types of social capital show obvious heterogeneity in age samples, urban and rural samples and north–south samples. In addition, the mechanism analysis shows that the health promotion effects of the two types of social capital are mainly derived from the effects of informal finance and access to medical resources. Based on the above findings, this paper puts forward policy recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity is a global issue due to climate change and increasing water demand. Water pricing policy is a critical instrument to stimulate farmers' water-saving actions. Different types of water-saving behaviors are closely related and interactional. It is thus necessary to study multiple water-saving behaviors together and their dynamic transformation with intensification of policy shock. Besides, whether the policy could work well depends much on the social-ecological system where farmers are embedded. This paper studies how social-ecological system impacts farmers' choice from multiple water-saving strategies and their shift of response strategies with further increase in water price. A field survey was conducted in semi-arid area of northwestern China that has suffered from severe water shortage and human-land conflicts for a long time. The results show that adoption of active-negative strategy rather than passive water-saving strategy is affected by productivity and predictability of resource system, number of users, norms, social capital, and collective choice rules. Adoption of active-positive strategy depends much on relative size and productivity of resource system, predictability of system dynamics, mobility of resource units, number of users, norms, social capital, and monitoring and sanctioning process. However, their effects have disparities, or are even opposite under different intensities of policy shock. When policy shock intensifies, mobility of resource units, number of users, resource importance, and monitoring and sanctioning process are identified as key factors to degrade farmers' water-saving strategy rather than maintain their original strategy. Both the size of resource system and the quality of social network promote farmers to upgrade response strategy. The results indicate that there is a complicated relationship between policy shock and water-saving responses in the framework of social-ecological system, explained by a series of mechanisms. The findings provide valuable implications for optimizing water pricing mechanism, designing targeted measures, and developing effective governance environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]