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Wound healing presents a complex physiological process that involves a sequence of events orchestrated by various cellular and molecular mechanisms. In recent years, there has been growing interest in leveraging nanomaterials and peptides to enhance wound healing outcomes. Nanocarriers offer unique properties such as high surface area-to-volume ratio, tunable physicochemical characteristics, and the ability to deliver therapeutic agents in a controlled manner. Similarly, peptides, with their diverse biological activities and low immunogenicity, hold great promise as therapeutics in wound healing applications. In this review, authors explore the potential of peptides as bioactive components in wound healing formulations, focusing on their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and pro-regenerative properties. Despite the significant progress made in this field, several challenges remain, including the need for standardized characterization methods, optimization of biocompatibility and safety profiles, and translation from bench to bedside. Furthermore, developing multifunctional nanomaterial-peptide hybrid systems represents promising avenues for future research. Overall, the integration of nanomaterials made up of natural or synthetic polymers with peptide-based formulations holds tremendous therapeutic potential in advancing the field of wound healing and improving clinical outcomes for patients with acute and chronic wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of bone tissue engineering as a trend in regenerative medicine is forcing scientists to create highly functional materials and scaffold construction techniques. Bone tissue engineering uses 3D bio-printed scaffolds that allow and stimulate the attachment and proliferation of osteoinductive cells on their surfaces. Bone grafting is necessary to expedite the patient's condition because the natural healing process of bones is slow. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is therefore suggested as a technique for the production process due to its simplicity, ability to create intricate components and movable forms, and low running costs. 3D-printed scaffolds can repair bone defects in vivo and in vitro. For 3D printing, various materials including metals, polymers, and ceramics are often employed but polymeric biofilaments are promising candidates for replacing non-biodegradable materials due to their adaptability and environment friendliness. This review paper majorly focuses on the fused deposition modeling approach for the fabrication of 3D scaffolds. In addition, it also provides information on biofilaments used in FDM 3D printing, applications, and commercial aspects of scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oral administration of donepezil hydrochloride has low brain targeting efficiency especially due to the presence of the blood–brain barrier leading to poor quality of treatment. Hence, this study aimed to systematically design chitosan nanoparticles for direct nose-to-brain delivery of donepezil hydrochloride using the Quality by Design approach for better transport to the brain avoiding the blood–brain barrier. The optimized formulation showed 180.2 nm average particle size and 0.282 polydispersity index, + 16.6 mV zeta potential, more than 90% drug release, and more than 70% drug permeation in 24 h. The studies on in-vitro drug release and ex-vivo permeation showed a sustained release pattern fulfilling Korsemeyer Peppa's model. The confocal laser scanning micrographs showed the spherical nature of nanoparticles. The intranasal administration of donepezil hydrochloride nanoparticles in Wistar rats showed approximately 2.6 times more drug than donepezil hydrochloride solution given intranasally and approximately 10 times more drug than donepezil hydrochloride solution given orally in the brain respectively after 6 h. Further, confocal micrographs using Rhodamine B (fluorescent dye) loaded nanoparticles confirmed the localization of nanoparticles in the brain post-intranasal administration. The obtained results suggested that the chitosan nanoparticles are promising drug carriers for the nose-to-brain delivery of donepezil hydrochloride for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of wounds is a serious problem all over the world and imposes a huge financial burden on each and every nation. For a long time, researchers have explored wound dressing that speeds up wound healing. Traditional wound dressing does not respond effectively to the wound-healing process as expected. Therapeutic active derived from plant extracts and extracted bioactive components have been employed in various regions of the globe since ancient times for the purpose of illness, prevention, and therapy. About 200 years ago, most medical treatments were based on herbal remedies. Especially in the West, the usage of herbal treatments began to wane in the 1960s as a result of the rise of allopathic medicine. In recent years, however, there has been a resurgence of interest in and demand for herbal medicines for a number of reasons, including claims about their efficacy, shifting consumer preferences toward natural medicines, high costs and negative side effects of modern medicines, and advancements in herbal medicines brought about by scientific research and technological innovation. The exploration of medicinal plants and their typical uses could potentially result in advanced pharmaceuticals that exhibit reduced adverse effects. This review aims to present an overview of the utilization of nanocarriers in plant-based therapeutics, including its current status, recent advancements, challenges, and future prospects. The objective is to equip researchers with a comprehensive understanding of the historical background, current state, and potential future developments in this emerging field. In light of this, the advantages of nanocarriers based delivery of natural wound healing treatments have been discussed, with a focus on nanofibers, nanoparticles, nano-emulsion, and nanogels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has presently been explored widely in the field of pharmaceutical research to produce various conventional as well as novel dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, oral films, pellets, subcutaneous implants, scaffolds, and vaginal rings. The use of this innovative method is a good choice for its advanced technologies and the ability to make tailored medicine specifically for individual patient. There are many 3D printing systems that are used to print tablets, implants, and vaginal rings. Among the available systems, the fused deposition modeling (FDM) is widely utilized. The FDM has been regarded as the best choice of printer as it shows high potential in the production of tablets as a unit dose in 3D printing medicine manufacturing. In order to design a 3D-printed tablet or other dosage forms, the physicochemical properties of polymers play a vital role. One should have proper knowledge about the polymer's properties so that one can select appropriate polymers in order to design 3D-printed dosage form. This review highlighted the various physicochemical properties of polymers that are currently used as filaments in 3D printing. In this manuscript, the authors also discussed various systems that are currently adopted in the 3D printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rye starch was explored in terms of its functional, morphological, pasting and thermal properties. Studied starch samples showed amylose content as corn starch (CS) > black rye starch (BRS) > white rye starch (WRS). Swelling power of rye starch [WRS (13.04 g/g), BRS (12.62 g/g)] was observed higher than corn starch [CS (10.27 g/g)] indicating it's comparatively high disintegrating ability. Morphological analysis reveals that rye starch granules varied from small to large in size along with spherical and lenticular shape. Low gelatinization temperature of rye starch showed that it could takes up water rapidly and gelatinized more easily. Pasting temperature was observed as WRS (67.8 °C); BRS (71.7 °C) and CS (77.4 °C) respectively. Higher pasting temperature implies the resistance level of corn starch towards swelling. Further, the potential of rye starch as excipient in tablet formulation was determined and compared with commercially used corn starch. Starch samples were used for granules preparation with paracetamol drug. Results observed from micrometric analysis of granules (bulk density, tapped density, Hausner's ratio, Carr's index and angle of repose) prepared using starch sample showed that rye starch also have capability to be used in tablet formulation at commercial scale. Disintegration time for tablets prepared using rye starch (WRS-4.04 min, BRS-4.48 min) was found lower as compared to corn starch formulated tablets (CS-5.51 min). Lower disintegration time of rye starch formulated tablets accelerated its in vitro drug releasing capacity (WRS-93.40, BRS-92.96) that could make it applicable to satisfy the rising demands for functional excipient, as a viable alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foam is a dispersal of gas in solid foam or liquid foam. Solid foams are generally formed through quick curing of liquid foams. Because of their positive characteristics, simplicity of application, and improved patient acceptability/compliance, foams are an appealing and promising delivery strategy for medical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical, applications. Recent breakthroughs in topical foams for cosmetic and dermal applications are described here, as well as categorization based on foam formulation and recent assessment techniques of critical physical properties of the topical foam. Despite the expanding amount of knowledge on topical foams for cutaneous applications, the majority of research has focused on the stability and structure of foam in contact with solid nonporous surfaces. It is still difficult to figure out how such foams destabilize when they come into touch with porous surfaces like skin or skin-like membranes. The foam-covered wide surface area and easily applied to the affected area. This type of delivery system also eliminates the chance of secondary infection that is associated with ointment and creams, which need to be applied to the affected area with help of fingers or an applicator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation is focused on improving oral bioavailability of poorly soluble and lipophilic drugs, curcumin (CRM) and duloxetine (DXH), through the solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS) and identifying their potential against attenuation of NP in chronic constriction injury (CCI)–induced rats through the solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS). The optimized batch of S-SNEDDS reported was containing CRM and DXH (30 mg each), castor oil (20% w/w), tween-80 (40% w/w), transcutol-P (40% w/w), and syloid 244 FP (1 g). The high dose of each of naïve CRM (NCH), naïve DXH (NDH), physical mixture of DXH and CRM (C-NCM-DXH), S-SNEDDS-CRM (SCH), S-SNEDDS-DXH (SDH), and S-SNEDDS-CRM-DXH (C-SCH-SDH) was subjected for MTT assay. The developed formulations were subjected to pharmacokinetic studies and results showed about 8 to 11.06 and 2-fold improvement in oral bioavailability of CRM and DXH through S-SNEDDS. Furthermore, CCI-induced male Wistar rats were treated with SSNEDDS containing CRM and DXH, S-SNEDDS containing individual drug, individual naïve forms, and their combination from the day of surgery for 14 days and evaluated for behavioral at pre-determined time intervals. On the terminal day, animals were sacrificed to assess tissue myeloperoxidase, superoxide anion, protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, total calcium levels, and histopathological changes. Pronounced effect was observed in rats treated with S-SNEDDS containing both drugs with respect to rats receiving any of other treatments owing to enhanced oral bioavailability through S-SNEDDS. Therefore, it can be concluded that S-SNEDDS of both drugs and their coadministration can accelerate the prevention of NP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piroxicam is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and other inflammatory diseases. Upon oral administration, it is reported to cause ulcerative colitis, gastrointestinal irritation, edema and peptic ulcer. Hence, an alternative delivery system has been designed in the form of transethosome. The present study describes the preparation, optimization, characterization, and ex vivo study of piroxicam-loaded transethosomal gel using the central composite design. On the basis of the prescreening study, the concentration of lipids and ethanol was kept in the range of 2-4% w/ v and 0-40% v/ v, respectively. Formulation was optimized by measuring drug retention in the skin, drug permeation, entrapment efficiency, and vesicle size. Optimized formulation was incorporated in hydrogel and compared with other analogous vesicular (liposomes, ethosomes, and transfersomes) gels for the aforementioned responses. Among the various lipids used, soya phosphatidylcholine (SPL 70) and ethanol in various percentages were found to affect drug retention in the skin, drug permeation, vesicle size, and entrapment efficiency. The optimized batch of transethosome has shown 392.730 μg cm drug retention in the skin, 44.312 μg cm h drug permeation, 68.434% entrapment efficiency, and 655.369 nm vesicle size, respectively. It was observed that the developed transethosomes were found superior in all the responses as compared to other vesicular formulations with improved stability and highest elasticity. Similar observations were noted with its gel formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]