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The incidence of brain diseases has increased yearly, threatening human life and health seriously. The Electroencephalogram (EEG) has been playing an important role in clinical practice for diagnosing brain diseases. However, due to the interference of noise and the limitations of manual observation, experts need to spend a lot of time and energy on EEG interpretation, and also is affected by subjective factors, which is prone to misjudgment. Therefore, the establishment of EEG-assisted diagnosis system is of great significance for the clinical diagnosis of brain diseases. With the application of artificial intelligence in EEG auxiliary system, researchers have proposed a series of EEG automatic analysis and anomaly detection algorithms based on deep learning. However, the existing algorithms still have some shortcomings such as inadequate extraction of potential spatio-temporal features in EEG signals. In this paper, the method based on GATs-LSTM is proposed. The comparative analysis of the final experiment shows that, It has demonstrated superior performance on the benchmark dataset with sensitive and specificity as 99.21%, 99.73% and 94.15%, 95.67%. The proposed work shows great results on the benchmark datasets and a big potential for clinics as a support system with medical experts monitoring the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Logs contain runtime information for both systems and users. As many of them use natural language, a typical log-based analysis needs to parse logs into the structured format first. Existing parsing approaches often take two steps. The first step is to find similar words (tokens) or sentences. Second, parsers extract log templates by replacing different tokens with variable placeholders. However, we observe that most parsers concentrate on precisely grouping similar tokens or logs. But they do not have a well-designed template extraction process, which leads to inconsistent accuracy on particular datasets. The root cause is the ambiguous definition of variable placeholders and similar templates. The consequences include abuse of variable placeholders, incorrectly divided templates, and an excessive number of templates over time. In this paper, we propose our online log parsing approach Cognition. It redefines variable placeholders via a strict lower bound to avoid ambiguity first. Then, it applies our template correction technique to merge and absorb similar templates. It eliminates the interference of commonly used parameters and thus isolates template quantity. Evaluation through 16 public datasets shows that Cognition has better accuracy and consistency than the state-of-the-art approaches. It also saves up to 52.1% of time cost on average than the others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shales in the Carboniferous–Permian Fengcheng (FC) and Lucaogou (LCG) formations in Junggar Basin are important organic rich rocks containing significant oil resources. To evaluate the difference in sedimentary environment conditions and hydrocarbon-generating potential between the FC and LCG formations. Total organic carbon (TOC), Rock-Eval pyrolysis, solvent extraction, column fractionation, stable carbon isotope, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of saturated hydrocarbons and organic petrology from the source rocks of FC and LCG formations. were analyzed. The biomarker composition indicates that during the deposition of FC, LCG-1 to LCG-2, the sedimentary environment for the source rock formations changed with gradual decrease of salinity, from anoxic to dyoxic/suboxic in redox conditions, and from strong stratification to weakened stratification of water. The FC Formation source rock, with main telalginite (planktonic green algae), archaebacteria and minor terrestrial organic matter, deposited in the environment characterized by high salinity and strongly reducing condition. Its TOC content is relatively low with a high original hydrocarbongenerating potential of unit organic material. The LCG Formation source rock deposited in the environment with low salinity and large variations, the organic matter is mainly sourced from telalginite (planktonic green algae), lamalginite, bacteria and higher plants, resulting in strong heterogeneity of the source rock. The abundance of TOC is high, but the original hydrocarbon generation potential of unit organic matter is lower than that of FC Formation. The results provide a geochemical basis for further study of saline-brackish water sedimentary environment shales in the Junggar Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remediation of cadmium (Cd) pollution is one of the priorities of global environmental governance and accurate detection of Cd content is a key link in remediation of Cd pollution. This study aimed to compare three methods (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS)) for the determination of Cd with different tissues of various ramie varieties, and distinguish the advantage and disadvantage of each method. In total, 162 samples of ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.), which is an ideal plant for heavy metal remediation, were detected and the results showed that the three methods were all suitable for the de-termination of Cd content in ramie. ICP-OES and ICP-MS were simpler, faster, and more sensitive than GF-AAS. ICP-MS could be recommended for the determination of samples with various concentrations of Cd. ICP-OES could be used for measurement of samples with > 100 mg/kg Cd content, while GF-AAS was suitable for the detection of samples with very high (> 550 mg/kg) or very low (< 10 mg/kg) Cd content. Overall, considering the accuracy, stability, and the cost of measurement, ICP-MS was the most suitable method for determination of Cd content. This study provides significant reference information for the research in the field of Cd pollution remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wake of a submarine is a crucial element that greatly affects its stealth and hydrodynamic performance. To investigate the propagation and evolution characteristics of submarine wakes in a stratified fluid, particularly under free surface conditions, a numerical method to simulate the linearly stratified environment was developed. A thermocline model based on Boussinesq assumption was introduced to match the continuously stratified fluid. The volume of fluid (VOF) method was utilized to capture free surface waves, while a fully structured grid and the SST k - ω turbulence model were combined to solve the complex flow of submarines. Grid independence study in homogenous flow near the free surface was initially conducted. Furthermore, the hydrodynamic performance, wake evolution characteristics, free surface signatures as well as decay of velocity under different stratification levels were analyzed. Results demonstrated that the numerical method employed was efficient in simulating stratified flows. Moreover, it showed that density stratification had a significant impact on the hydrodynamics and wake characteristics of a submarine, especially under strong density stratification circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous foam based on renewable materials has attracted extensive attention in green energy conservation and sustainable development. However, there is still a requisite for biomass-based porous foam that could meet the demand for excellent mechanical and high thermal insulation performances for building insulation. Herein, we demonstrated a facile strategy to prepare a porous foam made from a chitosan matrix reinforced by SiC whisker, which shows good performance in building insulation and mechanical strength. The prepared porous foam has a low density (20.1–54.4 kg m−3) and high porosity (>97.0%). The density of the chitosan-SiC porous foam can be controlled by varying the suspension solid and SiC whisker content in the preparation process. Furthermore, the influences of SiC whisker content on the mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of the porous foams were also investigated. When the content of SiC whisker is 30 wt%, the prepared porous foam has the highest compression modulus of about 89.8 kPa and also low thermal conductivity of 0.0354 W m−1 K−1. Moreover, the prepared porous foam shows excellent water vapor permeability with a vapor resistance factor of 2.94, which is beneficial for moisture transfer in buildings. This work provides a facile way to manufacture biomass based porous foam, which is potential for energy saving in buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to identify members of potato GATA gene (StGATA) family and to provide information for further study on the regulatory role of StGATA transcription factors in potato growth and development and biotic and abiotic stresses. Based on the whole potato genome data, the members of potato GATA transcription factor family were identified and systematically analyzed by bioinformatics online analysis website and software. In total, forty-nine GATA proteins from Solanum tuberosum were identified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these GATA proteins could be divided into 5 subfamilies. The gene structure and conserved motif analysis revealed that many genes have more than one intron. Forty-nine StGATA genes were distributed on 12 chromosomes randomly. A cis-element analysis inferred that StGATAs contain abiotic stress-related elements. A heatmap showed that many StGATAs are generally expressed in tissues at different developmental stages. A representative member StGATA9 was selected for screening its expression characteristics to identify whether it was induced by Ralstonia solanacearum, abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) treatment. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays indicated that StGATA9 was induced by R. solanacearum. And StGATA9 was up-regulated by different concentrations of ABA and MJ. Tissue localization showed that StGATA9 was mainly expressed in phloem of leaf vascular bundles and stem vascular system. These results provide a theoretical basis for further experimental cloning and functional verification of the gene, while provides a theoretical basis for the study of molecular mechanism of resistance to bacterial wilt in potato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Pediastrum has been observed in the Anjihaihe Formation (E2+3a) shale through organic petrology studies. Additionally, analyses of total organic carbon and rock pyrolysis (Rock–Eval) revealed that the E2+3a shale predominantly comprises oil-bearing type I and II kerogen at a low-maturity stage. The organic matter (OM) in the shale is primarily contributed by Pediastrum, indicating excellent original hydrocarbon generation potential. Hydrous pyrolysis was conducted on a Pediastrum-rich sample, and the liquid product was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) of the saturated fraction. It was discovered that n-C27 might serve as a characteristic biomarker indicating Pediastrum development. During warm and humid climatic conditions, rivers transport significant amounts of freshwater and terrigenous organic matter (OM) into the lake, leading to an increase in felsic minerals and a relative decrease in carbonate minerals. This, in turn, reduces water salinity, resulting in a relative increase in the abundance of Pediastrum. Conversely, during earlier hot and arid climatic conditions, the input of terrigenous OM decreases, and evaporation leads to increased salinity. When the water’s salinity exceeds the “salinity critical point”, the Pediastrum content decreases. Finally, this study presents a formation and evolution model for the E2+3a shale in the Junggar Basin.Graphical Abstract: In this study, Pediastrum has been observed in the Anjihaihe Formation (E2+3a) shale through organic petrology studies. Additionally, analyses of total organic carbon and rock pyrolysis (Rock–Eval) revealed that the E2+3a shale predominantly comprises oil-bearing type I and II kerogen at a low-maturity stage. The organic matter (OM) in the shale is primarily contributed by Pediastrum, indicating excellent original hydrocarbon generation potential. Hydrous pyrolysis was conducted on a Pediastrum-rich sample, and the liquid product was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) of the saturated fraction. It was discovered that n-C27 might serve as a characteristic biomarker indicating Pediastrum development. During warm and humid climatic conditions, rivers transport significant amounts of freshwater and terrigenous organic matter (OM) into the lake, leading to an increase in felsic minerals and a relative decrease in carbonate minerals. This, in turn, reduces water salinity, resulting in a relative increase in the abundance of Pediastrum. Conversely, during earlier hot and arid climatic conditions, the input of terrigenous OM decreases, and evaporation leads to increased salinity. When the water’s salinity exceeds the “salinity critical point”, the Pediastrum content decreases. Finally, this study presents a formation and evolution model for the E2+3a shale in the Junggar Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abscisic acid (ABA) is known as an important hormone regulating plant stress resistance, such as salt, drought and heavy metal resistance. However, the relationship between ABA and cadmium (Cd) enrichment in ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.) is still unclear to date. This study aimed to reveal the effect of ABA on Cd enrichment in ramie, and we received the following results: (1) Under Cd treatment, the Cd uptake of ramie increased with the increase of Cd concentration, but the chlorophyll content decreased. Under Cd treatment, the ABA content was highest in roots of ramie, followed by that in old leaves, and lowest in new leaves. Long-time treatment of high Cd concentration reduced the ability of endogenous ABA biosynthesis. (2) Spraying ABA on ramie plants (SORP) and adding ABA directly to the culture solution (ADCS) with low concentration can promote the growth of ramie and increase the amount of Cd uptake, and the effect of SORP is better. (3) The molecular reason for the decrease of chlorophyll content due to Cd stress, may be resulted from the down-regulated expression of the chlorophyll synthesis genes (BnPAO and BnNYC1) and the up-regulated expression of the chlorophyll degradation genes (BnCHLH, BnCHLG, BnHAP3A and BnPPR1). The elevated ABA content in ramie plants may due to the up-regulated expression of the ABA synthesis related genes (BnABA1, BnNCED3, and BnNCED5) and the genes (BnABCG40, BnNFXL2, BnPYL9, BnGCR2, BnGTG1, BnBGLU1, BnUTG1, BnVHAG1 and BnABI5) that encoding ABA transport and response proteins, which was consistent with the enhance the Cd uptake in ramie. Our study revealed the relationship between ABA and Cd uptake in ramie, which provided a reference for improving the enrichment of Cd in ramie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet users heavily rely on web search engines for their intended information. The major revenue of search engines is advertisements (or ads). However, the search advertising suffers from fraud. Fraudsters generate fake traffic which does not reach the intended audience, and increases the cost of the advertisers. Therefore, it is critical to detect fraud in web search. Previous studies solve this problem through fraudster detection (especially bots) by leveraging fraudsters' unique behaviors. However, they may fail to detect new means of fraud, such as crowdsourcing fraud, since crowd workers behave in part like normal users. To this end, this paper proposes an approach to detecting fraud in web search from the perspective of fraudulent keywords. We begin by using a unique dataset of 150 million web search logs to examine the discriminating features of fraudulent keywords. Specifically, we model the temporal correlation of fraudulent keywords as a graph, which reveals a very well-connected community structure. Next, we design DFW (detection of fraudulent keywords) that mines the temporal correlations between candidate fraudulent keywords and a given list of seeds. In particular, DFW leverages several refinements to filter out non-fraudulent keywords that co-occur with seeds occasionally. The evaluation using the search logs shows that DFW achieves high fraud detection precision (99%) and accuracy (93%). A further analysis reveals several typical temporal evolution patterns of fraudulent keywords and the co-existence of both bots and crowd workers as fraudsters for web search fraud. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of VO2 films with different thicknesses (from about 25 nm to 250 nm) were prepared on sapphire substrates by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The deposition times varied from 15 min to 150 min. The metal to insulator transitions (MIT) of the films were studied. The optical transmittance of the films to infrared light (with a wavelength of 4.0 µm) at room temperature (30°C) varied significantly with film thickness, ranging from 86.53% to 41.01%. The modulation property also changes with thickness, decreasing from 22.89% to 14.74%. The phase transition temperature remained approximately 70°C during heating, and approximately 53°C during cooling, despite a tenfold increase in the deposition time, and the resulting thickness of the films. Raman spectroscopy of the films indicated that the intensities of the characteristic peaks corresponding to V2O5 increase with the increasing of film thickness. Temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy indicated that the peaks corresponding to VO2 undergo reversible changes during heating and cooling of the films, while the peaks corresponding to V2O5 remain unchanged throughout. Careful control of the V2O5 content of the films (by varying the duration of the deposition process) allows control over their transmittance and optical modulation properties without changes in the phase transition temperature. This provides a new method of controlling the optical properties of these materials and shows promise for their potential applications in thermochromic windows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optical properties of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) with varying degrees of artificial scratches have been studied with the aim of reproducing the change of visibility of an aircraft's PMMA optical windows after being damaged in their service environment. A novel maintenance method that can perfectly restore the optical property of PMMA has been identified and employed in the repair of the scratches that are formed on the surface of PMMA. This convenient and low-cost method entails polishing PMMA with different types of sandpaper to remove the scratches, and then spin-coating the repair solution in order to restore the optical properties of PMMA. The effect of this repair mechanism and parameters of the repair process were studied. The results indicated that the optical performance of PMMA is closely related to the mesh size of sandpaper, and improper parameter selection destroys the general effect of the repair. When the number of sandpaper mesh is low, the size of the abrasive particle is relatively larger, which can cause deeper friction marks on the surface of PMMA optical windows. Surface treatment using 5000 mesh sandpaper lowers surface roughness (Ra=0.566 nm), and optical transmittance in visible range can be restored to more than 88%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humic-like substances (HULIS) are an important mixture of organic compounds, which account for a great part of water-soluble organic compounds in ambient aerosols. In this study, individual carboxylic and hydroxylic species in HULIS extracts of PM2.5 samples collected in Hong Kong during summer were measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry with prior chemical derivatization. Significantly higher levels of HULIS were observed on days mainly impacted by regional pollution (regional days, 4.11 ± 1.76 μg m−3) than on days under local emission influences (local days, 0.56 ± 0.30 μg m−3). Positive matrix factorization was applied to identify the major sources and apportion their contributions to HULIS. Simultaneous monitoring and analysis data from four different sampling sites showed that sources of HULIS in Hong Kong were mainly regional with small spatial variations. Secondary aerosol formation (both organic and inorganic) had a predominant contribution (52.7%) to HULIS during the whole sampling period. It accounted for 1.88 ± 0.91 μg m−3 of HULIS on regional days, which was about 5 times higher than its contribution (0.39 ± 0.34 μg m−3) on local days. Of the three identified primary sources, biomass burning had the largest contribution on both regional (34.9%) and local days (24.6%). Marine vessels were also a significant contributor, especially on local days (20.3%). Vehicle exhaust, on the other hand, showed a negligible contribution to HULIS (2.1%) in Hong Kong in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoids contained in ramie (Boehmeria nivea) root are important resources for officinal use. The plant seedling can grow optimally and develop an easy-harvesting adventitious root system in a hydroponic system. This research was carried out to unravel the regulation mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis under hydroponic culturing condition, which hitherto remained unknown. Root samples of the ramie plants grown in soil and hydroponic conditions at different developmental stages were collected and pooled for transcriptome sequencing, and the expression levels of flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes and total flavonoid content were quantified. A total of 43,541 unigenes were finally annotated and the expression of 9 key unigenes were confirmed by qRT-PCR. The flavonoid biosynthesis-related gene BnF3H was significantly up-regulated in the roots of hydroponic ramie, and higher total flavonoids content in the hydroponic ramie roots was also observed. The large dataset of transcripts and unigenes provided abundant genetic information for identifying flavonoid biosynthesis genes in ramie roots. Our results suggest flavonoid biosynthesis in ramie roots is positively affected in aquatic environment, and hydroponic culturing could have a potential for enhancing total flavonoids content in ramie roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complex is the most common E3 ligase, and the SCF complex (CRL1) has the most diverse functions. Cullin1(CUL1) is a scaffolding protein for assembly of the complex. SCF has been shown to participate in the non-biological stress response pathways. In this study, a classic CUL1 protein was identified in Solanum tuberosum, StCUL1. A full-length cDNA of the StCUL1 gene was obtained from ED13 (a potato variety) by Ralstonia solanacearum inoculation using the RACE method. Sequence analysis indicated that the gene comprised 2662 bp, with an open reading frame of 2229 bp encoding 743 amino acids. The expression levels of the StCUL1 gene in potato treated with R. solanacearum and exogenous hormones (such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid methyl ester and abscisic acid) at different time points were determined by real-time PCR. The results indicated that StCUL1 was induced not only by pathogenic bacteria, but also by exogenous hormones, with sustained high expression. However, there were some differences in the modes of expression. Tissue localization analysis indicated that its expression was tissue specific, and it was mainly in the phloem of the vascular system of stems and leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Packet classification has been studied for decades; it classifies packets into specific flows based on a given rule set. As software-defined network was proposed, a recent trend of packet classification is to scale the five-tuple model to multi-tuple. In general, packet classification on multiple fields is a complex problem. Although most existing softwarebased algorithms have been proved extraordinary in practice, they are only suitable for the classic five-tuple model and difficult to be scaled up. Meanwhile, hardware-specific solutions are inflexible and expensive, and some of them are power consuming. In this paper, we propose a universal multi-dimensional packet classification approach for multi-core systems. In our approach, novel data structures and four decomposition-based algorithms are designed to optimize the classification and updating of rules. For multi-field rules, a rule set is cut into several parts according to the number of fields. Each part works independently. In this way, the fields are searched in parallel and all the partial results are merged together at last. To demonstrate the feasibility of our approach, we implement a prototype and evaluate its throughput and latency. Experimental results show that our approach achieves a 40% higher throughput than that of other decomposed-based algorithms and a 43% lower latency of rule incremental update than that of the other algorithms on average. Furthermore, our approach saves 39% memory consumption on average and has a good scalability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Qiongdongnan Basin and Zhujiang River (Pearl River) Mouth Basin, important petroliferous basins in the northern South China Sea, contain abundant oil and gas resource. In this study, on basis of discussing impact of oil-base mud on TOC content and Rock-Eval parameters of cutting shale samples, the authors did comprehensive analysis of source rock quality, thermal evolution and control effect of source rock in gas accumulation of the Qiongdongnan and the Zhujiang River Mouth Basins. The contrast analysis of TOC contents and Rock-Eval parameters before and after extraction for cutting shale samples indicates that except for a weaker impact on Rock-Eval parameter S, oil-base mud has certain impact on Rock-Eval S, Tmax and TOC contents. When concerning oil-base mud influence on source rock geochemistry parameters, the shales in the Yacheng/Enping, Lingshui/Zhuhai and Sanya/Zhuhai Formations have mainly Type II and III organic matter with better gas potential and oil potential. The thermal evolution analysis suggests that the depth interval of the oil window is between 3 000 m and 5 000 m. Source rocks in the deepwater area have generated abundant gas mainly due to the late stage of the oil window and the high-supper mature stage. Gas reservoir formation condition analysis made clear that the source rock is the primary factor and fault is a necessary condition for gas accumulation. Spatial coupling of source, fault and reservoir is essential for gas accumulation and the inside of hydrocarbon-generating sag is future potential gas exploration area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seismic waves are subject to velocity dispersion when they propagate in fluid-saturated porous media. In this work, we explore the velocity dispersion behavior of P- and SV-waves in multi-phase fluid-saturated porous reservoirs while taking into account the effects of multi-phase pore fluids on the effective viscosities that control the wave-induced fluid flow. The effective viscosities associated with the hydrocarbon saturation of a synthetic sandstone reservoir saturated with different pore fluid mixtures are calculated using the Refutas model. We then analyze the frequency-dependent velocity, dispersion variation rate and characteristic frequency for different fluid saturation cases by employing Chapman's dynamic equivalent-medium theory. The results demonstrate that the hydrocarbon proportions and types in multi-phase mixed pore fluids significantly affect the magnitude and characteristic frequencies of velocity dispersion features for both the P- and S-waves. The dispersion anomalies of SV-waves are in general larger than those of the P-waves. This indicates that the velocity dispersion anomalies of SV-waves are equally sensitive to fluid saturation as the P-waves and should not be neglected. The velocities at lower frequencies (e.g., 10 and 100 Hz) within the seismic frequency range show a more remarkable decrease with increasing hydrocarbon proportion than those at higher frequency (1000 Hz). The numerical examples help to improve the understanding of the frequency-dependent AVO inversion from seismic reflection data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-specific remorin genes have been identified in angiosperms, gymnosperms, ferns, and mosses. Several remorin genes are highly conserved in plant genomes, and their basic characteristics have been determined. Remorins have multiple biological functions, including in antibacterial defense, signal transduction, damage repair, and resistance to environmental stresses. In the present study, a full-length cDNA clone of the StREMa4 remorin gene was isolated from Ralstonia solanacearum-infected potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivar 'ED13' plants through the rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Sequence analyses revealed that StREMa4 comprised 803 bp, including a 591 bp open reading frame that encoded a protein consisting of 197 amino acids. The StREMa4 protein was highly homologous to remorins from potato and other Solanaceae species. Real-time PCR analyses revealed that in addition to being up-regulated by Ralstonia solanacearum, StREMa4 expression was induced by exogenous hormones (i.e., salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, and abscisic acid), with some differences in the expression patterns. Tissue localization analyses indicated that StREMa4 expression was tissue-specific, occurring primarily in the phloem of stem and leaf tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sources and enrichment of organic matter in a sediment core in the first member of the Xiagou Formation (Kg) from the Chang 2-2 borehole of the Jiuquan Basin, NW China, have been examined using Rock-Eval, maceral, carbon isotopes and biomarker data. This data indicates that highly variable organic matter sources and preservation conditions in response to climate change. TOC content, HI, and δC value were strongly correlated with the abundance of gammacerane, woody organic matter content, steranes/hopanes ratio, and C sterane content. This correlation demonstrates the importance that the control of the salinity of the depositional environment and organic matter sources can have upon the enrichment, type, and carbon isotopic composition of organic matter. In the Jiuquan Basin's relatively high temperature and arid climate, high salinity lakes with high primary productivity of algae, planktons, and bacteria, and good organic matter preservation conditions (anoxic bottom water) resulted in the enrichment of isotopically-light algae-bacterial organic matter. In the Jiuquan Basin's regions with a relatively low temperature and wet climate, fresh lakes with low primary productivity of algae, planktons, and bacteria received significant terrigenous high plants input, resulting in the deposition of a low abundance of isotopically heavier terrestrial organic matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper conducts a partial integrated guidance and control design for missile interception. With only the output available for feedback, a novel state observer is firstly proposed in the presence of unknown disturbances. The proposed observer reconstructs full system states in finite time. Interestingly, observer parameter is updated by an adaptive law. Then, a terminal sliding mode controller based on the proposed observer ensures the system states converge to zero in finite time, which is proved by the Lyapunov stability theory. The obtained result is applied to partial integrated guidance and control design of missile and hit-to-kill interception is achieved. Finally, a simulation example is presented, and a comparison to standard sliding mode observer is discussed to illustrate effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on controller and observer design for the longitudinal model of an air-breathing hypersonic vehicle (AHV) subject to actuator faults and limited measurements of the states. The feedback linearization method is firstly employed for a modified AHV model with actuator faults, and dynamic effect caused by the actuator faults on the linearized model is analyzed. Based on full state information, an adaptive controller is designed using the Lyapunov method, which guarantees reference command tracking of the AHV under actuator faults. Next, to estimate the unmeasurable states used in the adaptive controller, a sliding observer is designed based on the sliding control method and the Filippov's construction of the equivalent dynamics (FCED). Finally, the adaptive controller is combined with the sliding observer to generate the observer-based adaptive controller, which relies only on partial state information. Simulations demonstrate that the observer-based adaptive controller achieves desired tracking performance and good robustness in the presence of actuator faults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By analyzing the effect of cross traffic (CT) enforced on packet delay, an improved path capacity measurement method, pcapminp algorithm, was proposed. With this method, path capacity was measured by filtering probe samples based on measured minimum packet-pair delay. The measurability of minimum packet-pair delay was also analyzed by simulation. The results show that, when comparing with pathrate, if the CT load is light, both pcapminp and pathrate have similar accuracy; but in the case of heavy CT load, pcapminp is more accurate than Pathrate. When CT load reaches 90%, pcapminp algorithm has only 5% measurement error, which is 10% lower than that of pathrate algorithm. At any CT load levels, the probe cost of pcapminp algorithm is two magnitudes smaller than that of pathrate, and the measurement duration is one magnitude shorter than that of pathrate algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

World Wide Web (WWW) is a vast repository of information, including a great deal of geographic information. But the location and retrieval of geographic information will require a significant amount of time and effort. In addition, different users usually have different views and interests in the same information. To resolve such problems, this paper first proposed a model of geographic information gathering based on multi-Agent (MA) architecture. Then based on this model, we construct a prototype system with GML (Geography Markup Language). This system consists of three tiers-Client, Web Server and Data Resource. Finally, we expatiate on the process of Web Server. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characteristics of organic matter content, hydrocarbon generation and expulsion of carbonate rocks are discussed by analysis of organic carbon and pyrolysis. There is a strong inhomogeneity in distribution of organic matter in carbonate rocks. The organic matter abundance is higher in stylolites, carbonate varves or marls, while it is the lowest in matrixes (purer carbonate rocks around stylolites). Because of stable thickness and broad area, marls and carbonate varves may become good source rocks. At the same depth, stylolites, carbonate varves and matrixes generate and expel hydrocarbons almost at the same time. Expulsion efficiency of carbonate varve is the highest; that of rnatrixes is the lowest and that of stylolites is between marl’s or carbonate varve’s and matrix’s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]