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The present study examined the relationship between film fans' willingness to pay by film crowdfunding (WPFC) and the incentives of film crowdfunding (FC) in China, which include material and non-material rewards. Moreover, this paper examined the mediating effects of film fans' perceived conveniences and risks of film crowdfunding platforms (FCPs) and the moderating effect of fans' individual characteristics such as gender, age, monthly income, monthly investment, and monthly expenditure on watching movie on the relationship between WPFC and incentives of FC. An online questionnaire was developed to investigate film fans in China, and 505 valid reports from film fans with a monthly expenditure for movies higher than zero were included in the data analysis. Structural equation modeling showed that most Chinese fans tend to sponsor projects published in FCPs, and their WPFC were affected by perceived values of non-material feedback but not by perceived values of material feedbacks. Moreover, film fans' perceived risks of FCP have significant mediating effects on the relationship between WPFC and incentives of FC, whereas their perceived convenience of FCP did not have a significant mediating effect. Furthermore, film fans' gender, age, monthly income, monthly investment, and monthly expenditure for watching movies had a moderating impact on these relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the returns to general labour market experience and firm-specific tenure, using data from China. Specifically, it focuses on explaining the gender wage difference from the perspective of general human capital and specific human capital. It applies the Heckman maximum likelihood estimator and Topel two-step estimation methodology to correct sample selection bias and individual heterogeneity. After correcting the errors, the authors find that returns to experience are higher for men than women, especially for married men and women. Furthermore, the return to tenure is higher than that to general experience. For men, the former is about 6% higher than the latter. But for women, tenure contributes 7–8% more to the wage growth than experience. The return of general experience mainly contributes to gender wage difference in China. Empirical results also show that the cross section analysis downward biases the returns to potential experience and a simple Topel-2S estimation in the panel study upward biases the returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In its 2005 White Paper on Gender Equality, China announced that its legal system offers women workers complete protection of their rights and interests. However, this strong political declaration has to face an uncomfortable 'reality check'. New forms of gender discrimination at the workplace have emerged in more subtle ways, and usually under the disguise of protecting women, as authorities have outlawed traditional types of prejudice based on gender. This article draws on a survey of opinions in 25 cities about women in the workplace, to demonstrate how pervasive attitudes to men and women in China have systemically worked against women at work in the new reform era. The article goes on to examine the effectiveness of existing gender equality laws, and identifies their weaknesses. In China promoting gender equality is a course of promoting long-lasting changes in society. In the final part of the article, the authors make concrete suggestions to legislators, judiciary, and international donors on remedying workplace inequalities in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the aftermath of the Great Recession, the concern with exclusionary and unethical business practices has led to the growing popularity of social entrepreneurship, which focuses on the creation of social value, not wealth. In this article, I reflect on social entrepreneurship in China, a unique context given the strong communist party leadership and the transition to a market economy. To begin, I discuss the legal and political framework for social entrepreneurship in China, followed by an overview of the sector’s characteristics, including age, size, social issues emphasized, leader characteristics, and the role of women. Next, I provide examples of three social enterprises in China that illustrate the diverse possibilities for this sector as a force for social and institutional change. I conclude with some suggestions for strengthening China’s social enterprise ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ethnic health inequalities for males and females among the elderly have not yet been verified in multicultural societies in developing countries. The aim of this study was to assess the extent of disparities in health expectancy among the elderly from different ethnic groups using quality-adjusted life expectancy. Design: A cross-sectional community-based survey was conducted. A total of 6,511 rural elderly individuals aged ≥ 60 years were selected from eight different ethnic groups in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China and assessed for health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The HRQoL utility value was combined with life expectancy at age 60 years (LE60) data by using Sullivan's method to estimate quality-adjusted life expectancy at age 60 years (QALE60) and loss in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) for each group. Results: Overall, LE60 and QALE60 for all ethnic groups were 20.9 and 18.0 years in men, respectively, and 24.2 and 20.3 years in women. The maximum gap in QALE60 between ethnic groups was 3.3 years in males and 4.6 years in females. The average loss in QALY was 2.9 years for men and 3.8 years for women. The correlation coefficient between LE60 and QALY lost was -0.53 in males and 0.12 in females. Conclusion: Women live longer than men, but they suffer more; men have a shorter life expectancy, but those who live longer are healthier. Attempts should be made to reduce suffering in the female elderly and improve longevity for men. Certain ethnic groups had low levels of QALE, needing special attention to improve their lifestyle and access to health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that gender and development policy and practice would be enhanced by embracing the challenges to conventional definitions of sex and gender that 'queer theory' poses. The author draws on insights from cultural studies, and discusses the experience of lesbian and gay activists from China as well as Europe and Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]