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Mistreatment of women during childbirth at health facilities violates their human rights and autonomy and may be associated with preventable maternal and newborn mortality and morbidity. In this paper, we explore women’s perspectives on mistreatment during facility-based childbirth as part of a bigger World Health Organization (WHO) multi-country study for developing consensus definitions, and validating indicators and tools for measuring the burden of the phenomenon. Focus group discussions (FGDs) and in-depth interviews (IDIs) were used to explore experiences of mistreatment from women who have ever given birth in a health facility in Koforidua and Nsawam, Ghana. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and thematic analysis conducted. A total of 39 IDIs and 10 FGDs involving 110 women in total were conducted. The major types of mistreatment identified were: verbal abuse (shouting, insults, and derogatory remarks), physical abuse (pinching, slapping) and abandonment and lack of support. Mistreatment was commonly experienced during the second stage of labour, especially amongst adolescents. Inability to push well during the second stage, disobedience to instructions from birth attendants, and not bringing prescribed items for childbirth (mama kit) often preceded mistreatment. Most women indicated that slapping and pinching were acceptable means to “correct” disobedient behaviours and encourage pushing. Women may avoid giving birth in health facilities in the future because of their own experiences of mistreatment, or hearing about another woman’s experience of mistreatment. Consensus definitions, validated indicators and tools for measuring mistreatment are needed to measure prevalence and identify drivers and potential entry points to minimise the phenomenon and improve respectful care during childbirth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper comments on the provision of birthing services in Sichuan and Shanxi Provinces in China within a policy context. The goal was to understand possible unintended and harmful health outcomes for women in the light of international evidence, to better inform practice and policy development. Data were collected from October 2005 to April 2007 in 25 hospitals across 13 counties and one city. Normal and caesarean birth records were audited, observations made of facilities and interviews conducted with officials, administrators, health workers, women who delivered in hospital facilities and women who delivered at home. We argue that in the context of a neo-liberal health economy with poorly developed government regulatory policies, those with the power to pay for maternity care may be vulnerable to a new range of risks to their health from those positioned to make a profit. While poor communities may lack access to basic services, wealthier socio-economic groups may risk an increase in maternal morbidity and mortality through the overuse of avoidable intervention. We recommend a stronger evidence base for hospital maternity services and changes to the role of the State in countering systemic problems. Cet article examine les services de maternité des provinces chinoises du Sichuan et du Shanxi dans un contexte politique. Il s'agissait de cerner d'éventuels effets indésirables pour les femmes à la lumière des données internationales, afin de mieux informer la pratique et la définition des politiques. Les données ont été recueillies d'octobre 2005 à avril 2007 dans 25 hôpitaux de 13 comtés et une ville. Les dossiers des accouchements normaux et par césarienne ont été contrôlés, les équipements et les fonctionnaires ont été observés, des entretiens ont été organisés avec des administrateurs, des agents de santé, des femmes qui avaient accouché à l'hôpital ou à la maison. Dans le contexte d'une économie de santé néolibérale avec des politiques régulatrices gouvernementales mal définies, il apparaît que les individus ayant les moyens de payer des soins de maternité peuvent être vulnérables à un nouvel éventail de risques sanitaires créés par ceux qui souhaitent faire des bénéfices. Alors que les communautés pauvres n'ont parfois pas accès aux services essentiels, les groupes socio-économiques plus aisés risquent de subir une hausse de la morbidité et de la mortalité maternelles en raison du recours excessif à des interventions superflues. Nous recommandons d'appuyer les services hospitaliers de maternité sur une base factuelle plus solide et préconisons de changer le rôle de l'État pour corriger les problèmes systémiques. Este artículo trata de la prestación de servicios de parto en las provincias de Sichuan y Shanxi, en China, en un contexto de políticas. El objetivo era entender posibles resultados de salud imprevistos y peligrosos para las mujeres en vista de la evidencia internacional, con el fin de informar mejor las prácticas y la formulación de políticas. Se recolectaron datos desde octubre de 2005 hasta abril de 2007, en 25 hospitales de 13 condados y una ciudad. Se realizaron auditorías de los registros de partos normales y por cesárea, se observaron los establecimientos de salud y se realizaron entrevistas con funcionarios, administradores, trabajadores de la salud, mujeres que dieron a luz en instalaciones hospitalarias y mujeres que dieron a luz en su hogar. Argumentamos que, en el contexto de una economía de salud neo-liberal con políticas reguladoras gubernamentales mal formuladas, aquéllas con el poder para pagar por atención de maternidad posiblemente sean vulnerables a una nueva gama de riesgos a su salud de aquéllos posicionados para hacer ganancias. Aunque las comunidades pobres carecen de acceso a los servicios fundamentales, es posible que los grupos socioeconómicos más adinerados afronten una tasa más elevada de morbimortalidad materna debido al uso excesivo de intervención evitable. Recomendamos una base de evidencia más sólida para los servicios obstétricos hospitalarios, así como cambios a la función del Estado en contrarrestar los problemas sistémicos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a synthesis of current knowledge about post-traumatic stress symptoms following childbirth. In particular it presents a two dimensional conceptual framework for understanding the development of symptoms based upon predisposing (pre-pregnancy/pregnancy), precipitating (perinatal) and maintaining (postnatal) factors, which relate to internal (within individual), external (environmental) and interactional factors. In addition key methodological issues and areas for further research are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]