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Institutional ethnography (IE), a term coined by sociologist Dorothy Smith, explores the nuances of institutions and their complex relationships in sociology. IE is an approach to studying and analysing social organization, and it provides a more holistic understanding of 'invisible' relationships that govern institutions and how those relationships interact with each other. Health sciences researchers in patient care, patient experience, and allied health professionals have recently become more interested in the use of this methodology and how to incorporate it into their research. However, in health professions education (HPE) there is little use of IE. We hypothesize this may be because of limited practical knowledge of this methodology. This paper serves as an introduction to the use of IE in HPE, describing the differences between IE and traditional ethnographies, recognizing the common pitfalls when utilising IE, and incorporating texts into IE. While ethnographies may be daunting to researchers less familiar with these approaches, the tips in this paper will provide an introduction and help educators and researchers successfully navigate the use of IE in health profession scholarship and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of growing nationalisms and Euroscepticism, this paper develops the original concept of 'Everyday Europeanhood' on a theoretical level, building on related concepts, such as Skey and Antonsich's 'Everyday Nationhood', Billig's 'Banal Nationalism', Anderson's 'Imagined Communities' and Beck's 'Cosmopolitan Vision'. It applies the concept to the European Universities Initiative (EUI), seen as a tool to promote European identity, based on a common sense of belonging conveyed through everyday practice, among students and staff in European University Alliances. It is argued that, in the light of previous top-down European initiatives designed to symbolically reinforce a sense of shared European identity, the EUI seems more in phase with bottom-up 'everyday' processes of identity development. Taking the European University Alliance 'FORTHEM' as an example, core features, aspects, actions and outputs achieved so far within this alliance are categorised in the light of four dimensions of 'Everyday Europeanhood': 'Talking Europe', 'Choosing Europe', 'Performing Europe' and 'Consuming Europe'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report on an 18-month ethnographic field study inside the newsroom of a popular newspaper in Belgium, chronicling the endeavours of editors and journalists as they shift from a classic division between print and online beats to an integrated digital first-based newsroom. Throughout the paper, we stress the messiness and contingencies of changing the fixed structures of working journalists who are forced to undergo radical changes in their daily work, and how top-down communication affects their disposition towards, acceptance of and commitment or resistance towards the shift. We establish three types of newsroom tension (vertical, horizontal and diagonal), as well as five recurring steps faced by all hierarchical levels of the newsroom in its innovation attempts (contemplation, preparation, frustration, negotiation and adaptation). We conclude that flawed communication impacts dispositions towards innovation at various stages of the integration process and fuels tensions between various hierarchical levels. With journalistic practice in a constant state of flux, in-depth ethnography-based studies remain vital to analyse newsroom innovation and change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores issues about the concepts of social capital and multiculturalism, and how their use impact on the lives of South Asian women. The aim of the paper is to contribute to current research on ethnicity and social capital by providing insights into the lived experiences of South Asian women in minority ethnic communities. It raises questions about power and structural inequalities based on gender and race, and points out how the two concepts are fraught with difficulties. It is suggested that multiculturalism simultaneously encourages and erodes relations of trust, obligations and reciprocity that feature prominently in definitions of social capital. Social capital and multiculturalism can therefore be thought of as existing in a relationship of tension. The paper begins by asking whether social capital is enabling or disabling and outlines the ways in which it has been conceptualized and its applicability to ‘the community’ and women in general. It directs us to the gender-blind analysis of social capital which has been contested by feminist scholars who point to the inherent paradox it generates. It is argued that multiculturalism operates at different levels, and in the context of minority ethnic communities multiculturalism can result in compounding structural inequalities and the oppression of women. On a more optimistic note the paper suggests that women, even under the most oppressive conditions, are able to create networks and organizations to challenge unacceptable cultural practices. Cet article examine les enjeux relatifs au capital social et au multiculturalisme et la manière dont leur utilisation influence la vie des femmes originaires du sous-continent Indien. Le but est d'apporter une contribution aux recherches actuelles sur l'ethnicité et le capital social en donnant des aperçus des expériences vécues par les femmes du sous-continent Indien des groupes ethniques minoritaires. La question du pouvoir et des inégalités structurelles fondées sur les concepts de race et de genre seront examinées; on démontrera que ces deux concepts sont remplis de difficultés. Nous suggérons que le multiculturalisme encourage et mine à la fois les relations de confiance, les obligations et la réciprocité éléments majeurs dans la définition du capital social sont à la fois encouragées et minées par le multiculturalisme. On peut donc penser qu'il y a une relation de tension entre le capital social et le multiculturalisme. D'emblée, nous posons la question de savoir si le capital social est positif ou négatif; et précise les modalités de sa conception, utilisation et de son applicabilité à la communauté et aux femmes en général. Ceci nous amène à analyser le concept du capital social sans différenciation sexuelle, concept contesté par les féministes pour qui il comporte un paradoxe inhérent. Nous soutenons que le multiculturalisme opère à plusieurs niveaux et, dans le contexte des communautés ethniques minoritaires, il peut mener à une accumulation des inégalités structurelles et à l'oppression des femmes. Sur un ton plus optimiste, l'article suggère que les femmes — mêmes sous des conditions des plus opprimantes — sont capables de créer des réseaux et des organisations pour contrer les pratiques culturelles inacceptables. capital social, multiculturalisme, femmes, communantés, ethniqnes minoritaires, oppression, agence politique [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between social background, choice of university programme and academic culture among Danish university students. Statistically and sociologically, university students are often treated as a homogeneous group, but the ever-increasing number of students in higher education demands a closer examination of the hidden heterogeneity in the students’ social origin and educational strategies. Using a mixed-method approach (register data and ethnographic observations and interviews) the paper focuses on the students’ class origins and on different cultural practices in three Danish university programmes. It is shown that the Danish university field is characterized by a significant variation in social selectivity from programme to programme, and it is argued that these different social profiles correspond with distinctively different cultural practices in the programmes. Correspondingly, the students have distinctively different strategies towards education and future work life. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper deals with the role of earth shrines in generating and maintaining social order and cohesion in a Dogon village on the Bandiagara escarpment (Mali, West Africa), in a context of scarcity. Earth shrines are erected at significant points in the landscape and in remote times symbolised the foundation of the territory. They form part of the ritual control of space by reinforcing, through sacrificial practice, a symbolic boundary that encloses and protects the village space. Through their yearly reactivation, this practice firstly enables the Dogon to strengthen their relationship with their god, their ancestors and the spirits that own the place and, secondly, it aims to renew social relationships and maintain the cohesion and continuity of the society whilst simultaneously conveying a sense of well-being. This paper examines the materiality, efficacy and activation principles of Dogon earth shrines that operate through the intervention of complementary living substances: millet and blood. These earth shrines function on an ontological principle of containment by which people protect themselves, act and dwell in the world. That is to say, they endow active principles and play a part in forming a local cosmology in a harsh and changing world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Editorial. French sociologist and internationally renowned public intellectual Pierre Bourdieu died in 2002. He developed a remarkable capacity for critical social analysis and epistemic reflexivity. He also organized a network of progressive social scientists into the group "Raisons d'agir" and launched a publishing house of the same name to bring sociological analyses of contemporary civic issues to a broader public. Bourdieu also succeeded in developing a highly individual brand of sociology. His scholarship was a synthesis of philosophy, social anthropology and sociology underpinned by a passionate commitment to social justice. An acute interest in social inequality and the ways in which it is masked and perpetuated became an enduring contribution preoccupation that influenced his writings.

This paper is concerned with processes of international enquiry. It focuses upon the relationship between a research problem and access to conduct research in a country. It uses data from an ethnographic study of primary education in a Northern Indian District. Conceptually drawing upon the insider-outsider debate within the sociology of knowledge, the paper raises issues about the relationship between the research problem, accessing knowledge and being an outsider to a research setting. It considers problems facing a particular form of outsider - a foreigner. The paper maintains that when researchers who are outsiders embark on designing research in non-western international educational settings, then questions considering the relationship between the research problem, access strategies and the culture of the research setting are vital. Grappling with such questions allows for the development and promotion of new forms of partnership, alongside a deeper understanding of culture and context, when developing comparative and international research policy agendas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how care provision takes place in families across countries and generations and what are its implications for the individuals and families involved. Drawing on the experiences of women of Italian origin who have migrated at different times, the paper shows that families are complex and fluid entities capable of adapting to different circumstances, such as geographical dispersal and rapid cultural changes. Rather than being in decline, as some social capital theorists seem to suggest, the paper demonstrates that families are resilient units that continue to perform numerous emotional and practical tasks for the individuals who form them. However, even it is argued that families can be seen as a locus of social capital of different forms, the paper also shows how maintaining family connections and fulfilling family obligations both constrains and empowers the individuals involved in them, especially women who tend to do a bigger share of this type of work. Cet article examine la manière dont les familles se chargent de diverses responsabilités à travers les pays et les générations et étudie ce qui en résulte pour les individus et les familles. A partir des expériences de femmes italiennes qui ont émigré à des époques différentes, l'article démontre que la famille est une entité fluide et complexe capable de s'adapter à des circonstances différentes telles que la dispersion géographique et les changements culturels rapides. Certains théoriciens du capital social soutiennent que la famille est en déclin; cet article démontre qu'au contraire la famille est une entité sociale qui a du ressort et qu'elle continue à remplir de multiples tâches affectives et pratiques pour les individus qui les constituent. Cet article montre comment le maintien ion des liens et l'exécution des obligations familiales à la fois dynamise les individus concernés, surtout des femmes, qui ont tendance à accomplir une part plus importante de ce travail. familles transnationales, capital social, tâches sociales, Italiens, rôle de la femme et generation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention has been turned recently to the role that social capital may play in the promotion of immigration integration and social cohesion. The paper addresses an aspect of social capital that has been neglected: the application of social capital and its related concepts to minority ethnic families in impoverished neighbourhoods. This paper discusses the ways in which contextual elements in a neighbourhood may facilitate or impair the building of social capital for minority ethnic immigrant families. Research from focus group interviews conducted among Hispanic families in predominantly Hispanic neighbourhoods in Los Angeles show how residents face multiple challenges in social capital building due to physical, psychological, socio-cultural and economic constraints on their everyday family and community life. Contrary to popular conceptions that promote social capital building as the solution to social fractures caused by immigration and ethnic diversity, findings illustrate how communicative conditions experienced by minority Hispanic ethnic families may affect the constitution of their bonding, bridging and linking social capital processes. The potential impact of social capital on social cohesion will vary depending on the ways in which its effects are enhanced or diminished by the context of local neighbourhoods and the communication environ in which families are embedded. Cet article étudie la manière dont les éléments contextuels dans un quartier peuvent faciliter ou empêcher la construction du capital social pour les familles immigrées des minorités ethniques. La recherche sur la base d'entretiens avec des groupes ciblés (focus groups) menés auprès de familles hispaniques dans des quartiers à prédominance hispanique à Los Angeles montre comment les résidents doivent faire face à de multiples défis dans la construction du capital social en raison de contraintes physiques, psychologiques, socio-culturelles et économiques sur leur vie quotidienne familiale et communautaire. Contrairement à l'idée courante qui veut promouvoir la construction du capital social comme solution aux fractures sociales dues à l'immigration et la diversité ethnique, les résultats montrent que les conditions de communication vécues par les familles minoritaires hispaniques peuvent influer sur la constitution de leur capital social (création de liens affectifs, de passerelles et d'alliances). L'impact potentiel du capital social sur la cohésion sociale varie selon la manière dont ses effets sont augmentés ou diminués par le contexte local des quartiers et l'environnement de communication auquel les familles sont intégrées. contexte de communication, immigration, integration, minorités, communautés, capital social, familles hispaniques, cohésion sociale [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the processes involved in evaluating a Sure Start programme in one inner city area. The evaluation was set up in the spirit of participatory action research in which the researchers aimed to work in partnership with key stakeholders to both enable and sustain supportive evaluative processes. The evaluation supported the aspirations espoused by the national Sure Start agenda to improve the lives of children under four, their parents and communities through an expressed commitment to partnership working. The paper draws on ethnographic reflections to describe and analyse the processes involved in setting up the evaluation over two years. Issues of trust, ambiguity and conflict associated with partnership working are explored. In particular the emotional components of relationships required to work in partnership are described as a means of managing ambiguity and conflict and promoting trust. Emotional labour is taken as a conceptual starting point to analyse the relationships and the organisational conditions required to sustain partnerships. Further psychoanalytic and sociological studies are drawn upon to aid the analysis and in particular to understand the emotional components of partnerships in the relatively uncharted waters of inner city regeneration work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narratives of wartime suffering, communist evils, and maltreatment by the 'West' have started featuring prominently in the political discourse across eastern Europe in the past decade and half. Permeating the public sphere, such narratives imply complex victimhood and often gain a hegemonic status. Why have such victimhood narratives become so pervasive? And what has been their purpose across eastern Europe? This interdisciplinary article provides a conceptual and empirical explanation of how hegemonic narratives of victimhood have been used to enhance ontological security and as an instrument of power-seeking political leaders, especially (but not exclusively) right-wing populists. It shows that although the local attachment to memory and history is often portrayed as irrational, victimhood as a narrative has clear benefits regarding national ontological security as the self-understanding of a state and a tool to justify policies. Using concrete examples, the articles identify three main sub-narratives of direct, historical and structural victimhood linked to World War II, communism and the precarious relationship with the 'West', arguing that the combination of historical traumas and the post-1989 transformations explain the pan-regional proliferation of victimhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discussion continues from a paper by Robert Dingwall in this journal on the ethical regulation of social research. This paper focuses exclusively on the conduct of ethnographic research. Here it is argued that current practice of ethical review is itself sociologically and anthropologically impoverished. Ethnographic field research does not merely pose practical problems in relation to anticipatory regulation, but also exposes the inadequate understanding of social life embedded in the assumptions of contemporary regulatory regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I question a number of assumptions often made within mainstream sociology about time, the nature of society and about methodology. The first is that quantitative methods and especially statistically based analyses are always more scientific and/or reliable bases for action than well-researched and argued (in a literal sense) qualitative judgements collectively made in situ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contains a re‐reading of Simmel and Goffman with an eye to the mobility practices of the contemporary city. The paper offers a ‘new’ perspective on mobility in the contemporary city by re‐reading two sociological ‘classics’ as there is a need to conceptualise the everyday level of flow and mobility in the midst of an intellectual climate dominated by grand theories of networks and globalisation. In the re‐reading of Simmel and Goffman, the aim is to reach an understanding of how contemporary material mobility flows and symbolic orders and meanings are produced and re‐produced. You may argue that other academic disciplines such as anthropology and human geography have made important contributions to this understanding. What has not been done, however, is to show how these two sociological thinkers can move beyond mere application to this field of study. With their sociological sensitivity, they rather carry important insights that will benefit the sociology of mobility. Arguably Simmel and Goffman offer the opportunity to connect the global flows to the everyday level of social practice, as well as linking more basic/classic sociological theory to contemporary issues of mobility. The reason to ‘look back’ is therefore to capture some of the past's ‘sociological imagination’ and relate it to an important social phenomenon of the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Community, Work & Family is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Networks have recently become fashionable in social analysis but most of the new network approaches have paid scant attention to the long history of reflections upon the potential of networks as an analytical device in the social sciences. In this paper we chart the developments in networking thinking in two disciplinary areas – social network analysis and social anthropology – in order to highlight the enduring difficulties and problems with network thinking as well as its potential. The first half of the paper explores the uses of network approaches over the past fifty years, situating theoretical and methodological questions in their broader disciplinary contexts. The authors then show how emerging issues from both bodies of work offer the promise of new kinds of networking thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social scientific attention has recently focused upon the private regulation of Britain's burgeoning night-time economy by door supervisors or ‘bouncers’ as they are more commonly known. Contributing ethnography to this literature, this paper explores bodily risk among doorstaff in Southwest Britain. The commonly perceived association between doorwork and high levels of violence renders this a demonised occupation yet doorstaff may also be in physical danger when policing urban nightspots. Centrally, this participant observational study—grounded in the phenomenological ‘foreground’ or lived experience of risk — explores bodily danger within the door supervisors' routine night-time contexts. Interrelated social, cultural and economic factors associated with the attenuation, minimisation or avoidance of physical harm are also noted. Describing voluntary and other-imposed occupational health risks, including physical violence and illicit drug-taking, furthers an appreciative understanding of why doorstaff may simultaneously be in danger and dangerous. More formally, this paper, in underscoring the importance of the ‘lived body’, also supports recent theoretical calls for an embodied sociology. Sociological reflection on health, risk and society, it will be argued, must be grounded in the inescapable corporeality and emotional vicissitudes of actual flesh and blood bodies less it ride roughshod over complex social reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we shift from conventional academic writing toward something similar to a dialogue, an encounter, a few hours spent in a virtual café where we chat and systematically try to excavate our respective ethnographic endeavours. Such experimentation in format is needed, we argue, in order to re-approach the questions characterising in-depth ethnographic work from a different, possibly fresher, perspective, and to communicate those more directly and freely. Rather than embedding our doubts, fears and wishful thinking in academic formalism, we spell those out aloud, as a composite and unfinished flow that touches upon relevant literature but is still raw and grounded in our current and respective fieldwork. Relying on our differentiated works with Roma people in Italy, France and Romania (2004–ongoing), in our dialogue we talk about the challenges of positioning; the construction of new (self)identities; the building of relationships of trust, care and affect, and their break; the role of ethnographic knowledge in activist work; the risk and the certainty of failure; the difficulties associated with entering and leaving the field. The aim of our dialogue is not to offer answers to questions that have been at the centre of the ethnographic discipline since the start, but to open a space of incremental and reciprocal learning that may serve as an inspiration for other young ethnographers like us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes ethnographic methods in accounting and education research. This paper is to introduce ethnography to those within the accounting education research community who are unfamiliar with this approach. Ethnography is a particular type of qualitative approach to social science which is associated with the discipline of anthropology and with some traditions within sociology. It comes in many forms, and the history of anthropology in particular is littered with vituperative debates about how an ethnography should properly be conducted. This overview will provide a fairly succinct outline of the meaning of ethnography and some of the key issues associated with it, and illustrate these issues in terms of my own experiences, but not the research findings themselves, of conducting this type of research in relation to accounting, including aspects of accounting education. Anthropology emerged as part of the nineteenth-century European fascination with the classification and display of exotica.

The significance of the concept of the social situation for analysis of the structure and process of ethnic relations has gained credence in recent social anthropological approaches to ethnicity. This focus on analysis at a lower level of social organization than the overall society is congruent with an increased concern with subjective and perceptual notions of ethnicity. It is at this level of abstraction that the variable meanings of ethnicity, the differing criteria for ascription of ethnic identities, the fluidity of ethnic boundaries, and the varying relevance of ethnic and other social identities are most apparent. A situational approach to ethnicity manifests the essential variability in its significance for social relations in different social contexts and at different levels of social organization. Such a perspective avoids the problem of reification of the concept of ethnic group that follows from its identification with an objectively defined cultural inventory or with common normative patterns of behavior that are assumed to be consistently adhered to. This paper is a review and synthesis of the ideas of social anthropologists who have all explicitly emphasized the relevance of social situations for the analysis of ethnicity and ethnic relations.

In this paper the aim is to highlight the absence of a sociology of learning in relation to primary education. Further, it is argued that there is considerable scope for cooperation between psychologists and sociologists in tackling this issue and one way will be explored in which this could be achieved by drawing on social constructivist psychology and symbolic interactionist sociology. In support of this suggestion, some brief illustrative material is presented, drawn from a longitudinal ethnography of a pupil cohort progressing through a primary school in UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we look at the educational assumptions that underlie the notion of learning from experience and at the specific circumstance of teaching (participatory) action research in the context of higher education. We take the view that `learning from experience' is not merely a psychological mechanism, but a process of socialisation of its own kind. By first looking at the `basic understandings' of social situations and learning cultures we draw our attention to a reassessment of the significance of trivia. Accordingly, reflection on action has to pay attention to the small things in the social situation reflected upon. In addition, we use the findings from an earlier research done into what people consider as `real' learning and juxtapose them to the hidden curriculum of learning situations in institutional settings such as universities. We conclude our paper by pointing to the differentiation between learning about, in and for practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educational discourses have embraced therapeutic discourse, a psychology-based system of assumptions about the self, its boundaries, development and social relations. While scholars have debated the virtues of this therapeutic turn, there has been little empirical study of therapeutic discourse in teacher pedagogical discourse. This article, using theoretical frameworks of teacher learning and the sociology of therapeutic discourse and employing linguistic ethnographic methods, features close analysis of therapeutic discourse in teacher workplace conversations. The focal case, in which a teacher consults with her colleagues regarding a non-compliant student, features four episodes of therapeutic reasoning (ETRs) in which various therapeutic logics are employed. Analysis uncovered three central manifestations of therapeutic discourse especially pertinent to education: the role of emotions; perceptions of the self; and temporality. Attending to these manifestations in each ETR reveals conditions under which they may enhance or impede potential for teacher learning and pedagogic action. When therapeutic modes of reasoning are deployed by teachers to discuss their problems of practice, they are found to be multifaceted, elastic, and to bear potential for agentive teacher action under certain conditions. This article calls for a more nuanced, temporally-sensitive perspective on therapeutic discourse in education, and addresses implications for theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows how untouchability was framed as an ethnographic problem largely through a racial and Brahmanical perspective by looking at some of the main interventions made by British and Indian social scientists on this topic, such as H.H. Risley, G.S. Ghurye and Radhakamal Mukerjee. Dalit traditions, knowledge and theories about their origin were discarded and suffered an epistemicide. Reassessing the history of untouchability as an ethnographic concept is critical as the influence of these theories can still be perceived not only in common understandings about the origin of Dalits but also in the way sociology and anthropology are practised in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that covert ethnographic research has a legitimate and innovative voice in criminology, despite the increasing regimentation of ethical governance in social research. It also stresses that covert research has had a somewhat submerged and maligned history due to its perceived ethical transgression and is in need of rediscovery. It is argued that covert research, on closer inspection, has both a vibrant and diverse corpus of studies beyond the limited number of exemplars popularly associated with covert research. This paper explores the wide range of covert ethnographies in the study of deviance, criminality and illicit subcultures. It takes a critical stance on the appropriateness of an overly strict adherence to informed consent, and suggests that ethical safeguards can stifle creative forms of criminological ethnography. The paper contends that, although covert ethnography clearly occupies a niche position in criminology, it is a necessary part of the criminological imagination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Timor-Leste the fight against Indonesian occupation, social conservatism, the persistence of ethnic and cultural mores and the prioritisation of caste and adat have shaped gender relations in both public and private life. In the early struggle for power after independence women fought long and hard for recognition as important political actors and concomitantly the implementation of a policy of affirmative action to ensure their place in the new National Parliament—a battle initially sidelined and defeated by primarily international political androcentricity. Recent achievements of almost 30 per cent representation of women in the National Parliament demonstrate that women have come a long way in a very short time.1 Nevertheless, the problems of regional political and socio-economic incorporation have impeded the establishment of a full and complete citizenship for women. This paper considers how the politics of culture and traditional mores in a post-conflict situation can determine and shape the political struggle for gender equity both within and across the different generations of Timorese men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper extends earlier research into the responses of local authorities and schools to the requirements of the Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 (RRAA) in relation to minority ethnic pupils and exclusion practices. The original study drew on evidence from national exclusions data, a wide range of official documentation and visit data from 85 secondary, primary and special schools and pupil referral units (PRUs) in England. It focused on the disproportionality in rates of permanent and fixed term exclusion for minority ethnic pupils, particularly black Caribbean pupils and those from other black backgrounds. One-quarter of the difference between black Caribbean permanent exclusion rates and the rates for other pupils is explained by factors relating to deprivation. More recent national data available confirm that the disproportionalities continue. This suggests a lack of compliance with the requirements of the RRAA at the level of national agencies, local authorities and schools. The persistence of disproportionalities in exclusions by ethnic group can be considered institutionally racist outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This survey focuses on food history writing on nineteenth and twentieth-century Europe, by using a selection of book introductions, colloquium papers, critical reviews, and papers from specialized journals. It provides a chronological survey that starts in the 1980s, and ends with recent trends. It explores tensions between socioeconomic traditions and ethnological approaches, looks for the cultural, linguistic and other turns, and puts forward as a promising field of study the integrated approach of the food chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces this Special Number. The work of the Project Group Legal Pluralism at the Max Planck Institute for Sociology in Halle aims to continue the rapid expansion of recent decades of studies of legal pluralism. The recently much discussed phenomenon of globalisation has provoked a wide variety of local responses. Encounters are occurring between state laws, transnational laws, customary laws and religious laws, all of which are liable as a result to be transformed by processes of adaptation, appropriation and vulgarisation. This may lead to increasing pluralisation of laws, but can also in some cases produce homogenisation, or de-pluralisation. The notion of ‘law’ should not be limited to state, international and transnational law, but should be used to refer to all those objectified cognitive and normative conceptions for which validity for a certain social formation is authoritatively asserted. Law becomes manifest in many forms, and is comprised of a variety of social phenomena. Constellations of legal pluralism may include legal systems, unnamed laws and religious laws. Within such a constellation elements of one legal order may change in various ways under the influence of another. Co-existing bodies of law may cover different geographical and political spaces, and longer temporal periods than are formally acknowledged. Inter-system demarcations also vary in complex ways in their form and in the uses to which social actors put them. Legal orders (and not only state laws) recognise or do not recognise other orders in varying ways, these constructions having potentially some influence on social actors, the nature and extent of which are empirical questions in each case. The emergence, maintenance and change of constellations of legal pluralism are thus the result of dynamic processes. Such processes are examined in this volume, and the following papers contain illustrations of all these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic discrimination, defined as the differential treatment of individuals or their relatives on the basis of actual or presumed genetic differences, is an emerging issue of interest in academic, clinical, social and legal contexts. While its potential significance has been discussed widely, verified empirical data are scarce. Genetic discrimination is a complex phenomenon to describe and investigate, as evidenced by the recent Australian Law Reform Commission inquiry in Australia. The authors research project, which commenced in 2002, aims to document the multiple perspectives and experiences regarding genetic discrimination in Australia and inform future policy development and law reform. Data are being collected from consumers, employers, insurers and the legal system. Attempted verification of alleged accounts of genetic discrimination will be a novel feature of the research. This paper overviews the early stages of the research, including conceptual challenges and their methodological implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are problems associated with mainstream sociological and criminological research into youth violence. Conventional frameworks ignore the interpretive component of violence and thus fail to treat youth violence as a form of action in which motivations, moral impulses and feelings are constitutive of the action. Young people historically have had little opportunity to enter into dominant discourses about violence. This paper reports on the accounts of 29 young people who have been directly involved in violence. Those young people were asked to define violence and describe what personal and collective meanings they attach to their actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with two related methodological problems. First, presented with a complex social scenario of a meeting between the representatives of different social welfare agencies, how should we make sense of this meeting? Second, in the context of the potential insights that the complexity sciences offer for understanding the social world, how can we translate those models to make sense of complex social dynamics? The example of the meeting, taken from an ethnographic study of collaboration in social welfare, is used to situate debates about the use of complexity science in knowing the social world. Drawing upon the work of Luhmann, I argue that we need to re-think the insights complexity sciences in order to situate the problem of complexity in the social world itself. Doing so locates the problem of knowing the social world in the social world itself, and highlights the necessary role of ignorance both in social life itself, and in knowing the social world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does the social model of disability currently inform the delivery of services for people labelled as having profound and complex learning difficulties? What distinguishes practice which draws on the social model from that which is influenced by an individual model or a medical model of disability? This paper draws on the findings of a small scale interpretive research study and some of the current debates within disability studies to illuminate these questions. It concludes that the social model can and does positively impact on some practice and that it should be taught to all providers of services for this group. It further concludes that to include discussion about individual experience of impairment in such training may have negative consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the notion that our ideas of space are defined by their margins, this paper explores some of the social, symbolic and cultural means commonly used in particular contexts to determine both the definition of these perimeters and the various competing social structures implicit in their maintenance and function, or otherwise. In addition to first-hand accounts and ethno-graphies, the work draws on sources ranging from literature and journalism to architecture and social anthropology, all presented in terms of the author's long established, and much published, approach to SCOS events and the broader discontinuities of life in general. So, for example, the title of his proposed piece contains an oblique yet knowing reference to theories of relativity in that no matter how light the text may be, or lacking in gravity, it cannot easily be described within the space of ten and a half minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparative family sociology has had little to say about the Latin American family or household despite it links to a European colonial culture mixed with a distinct set of indigenous and historical circumstances. In this paper tentative judgements are put forward about the similarities and differences between the Western and Latin American household by examining four of its dimensions: the household's relative complexity, the separate residence of conjugal units, the incidence of households headed by women, and the incidence of household members being unrelated to the head. Data come from the World Fertility Survey household files gathered during the middle 1970s in six countries: Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, the Dominican Republic, Colombia and Peru. We find that household complexity in the six countries is intermediate between that of the West and East. Many of the households are extended laterally instead of vertically, because conjugal couples tend to reside in separate households, but often live with unmarried relatives as well. In addition, a high level of marital instability results in a significant proportion of households headed by women, many of them containing members of the extended family. Finally, whereas the circulation of young unmarried people of both sexes was common in rural areas in the West, being an unrelated individual in another's household is most common in urban areas among females between 15 and 19 years old. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on interim findings from an ethnography of a cycle mechanics' workshop, this article demonstrates how the work of the mechanics rests on not only specific and contextualised craft expertise but also on distributed networks of both people and things, within which highly specialist instances of expertise or competence manifest alongside more generic, even mundane, instances of subjectivised, experiential knowledge or habit. Through an analysis of ethnographic data using a composite theoretical framework, designed as a mosaic consisting of three different but equal components, the article provides descriptions and theorisations of everyday work that reconcile contextualised situated accounts of craft expertise with the wider sociotechnological and cultural networks within which such contextualised spaces are located. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professionalising outreach and evaluation work would enhance the quality and rigour of provision, benefit widening participation students and achieve regulatory requirements (Bowes et al. [2019]. The National Collaborative Outreach Programme End of Phase 1 report for the national formative and impact evaluations. Office for Students; Rainford [2020]. "Working with/in institutions: how policy enactment in widening participation is shaped through practitioners' experience." British Journal of Sociology of Education 42 (2): 287–303). This article presents practitioners' experiences of how social justice can often feel unaligned to the technical expertise required in rigorous project design and evaluation. Professionalising outreach would achieve both improved practice and meet practitioners' needs for development and a united professional voice. A professional body sharing standard methods of practice, offering CPD and skills would elevate outreach practitioners to a 'professional' standing (Eraut [1994]. Developing professional knowledge and competence. Falmer Press). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the performative turn in ethnography and the cultural and political implications of performance ethnographic studies. The phrase performative-I means a repositioning of the researcher. This performative-I positions the researcher to allow fragments of experiences to be articulated. In also involves reflection in transforming systems of dominance. It also creates a participatory agreement with other people in terms of social and linguistic aspects.

This paper examines the 1901-1902 ethnographic fieldwork of Bureau of American Ethnology anthropologist Frank Russell among the Pima of the Gila River Reservation in central Arizona. My goal is to reveal the multiple discourses and situations that influenced the course of this work, and show how these variables resulted in a cultural description that is unique to the particular circumstances that produced it. This is done by examining the material products of Russell's fieldwork as they exist today in archives and museums, including collected objects, photographs, field notes and correspondence. These items are best understood not as the full, empirical description of Pima culture that he intended, but rather as a series of unique outcomes that resulted from specific events, interactions and negotiations between individual people. Looked at in this way, Russell's work becomes a valuable record of federal anthropology, reservation life, and the interaction between the two as it happened along the Gila River during the early twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the construction and development of cross-cultural analysis tools for students in Colombian universities. Primarily, it is a reflective piece of research which shows how ethnographically based constructs when combined with appropriate curricular platforms can constitute valuable tools in the acquisition of complex concepts such as culture and power in the context of conflict societies. Through the use of storytelling and narrative, the dynamics of power and culture are explored in the context of a university-level classroom. Lastly, the students’ standpoint in relation to critical societal issues is partly embedded in the narratives as the product of incremental or add-on exchanges during and beyond classroom time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper begins with an ethnographic account of an African Caribbean quadrille dance workshop for older people in south-east London. It moves from ethnography to cultural history to consider the evolution of the quadrille in France and England, its subsequent transportation to Jamaica and its creolized transformations. This leads to a discussion of the two dance styles performed in the quadrille workshop: the ballroom style and the camp style. The aim is to shed some light on the relation between mimesis and alterity in the performance of the quadrille, from an African Caribbean perspective, in this twenty-first century context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the problem of the ontology of organizations and institutions. Texts are essential to the objectification of organizations and institutions and to how they exist as such. Texts in the constitution of organization and institution make it possible to extend ethnographic methods into the objectified, translocal relations of ruling. Texts are not only a source of information about organizations but they are also entrees into people's local practices of writing, drawing, reading, looking and so on. It suggests that exploring how texts mediate, regulate and authorize people's activities expands the scope of ethnographic method beyond the limits of observation. Institutional ethnography takes up a stance in people's experience in the local sites of their bodily being and seeks to discover what can't be grasped from within that experience, namely the social relations that are implicit in its organization. Of course, texts don't stand by themselves; they are embedded in courses of action the institutional or organizational character of which is accomplished textually.

The article focuses on unwillingness of Canadian state to control the circulation of immigrants and racialization of Caribbean farm law. During late 1970 and early 1980 a large number of workers from Caribbean countries entered into Southwestern Ontario. The workers are employed under state administered labor contracts. The contracts specify a period of employment to commence on the day of the arrival of workers in Canada. The contract can be terminated between six weeks to eight months after their entry. After the termination date of the contract the worker had no legal right to remain in the country. Later there was unwillingness on the part of the state to control the circulation of immigrant workers into and out of farm labor positions. The increasing reluctance to recruit immigrants to fill farm labor vacancies was a matter of conflict between the state and growers. Ontario growers began to consider the possibility of using migrant contract labor from the Caribbean. The proposals by growers and the Caribbean governments took two forms. One was to bring Caribbean workers, who were temporarily employed in the U.S. to Canada for several months and then send them back to the U.S. The other was to import workers directly from Caribbean and then return them back to Caribbean. The Canadian state considered requests on the part of Ontario growers to make use of migrant Caribbean labor. The labor would not be granted the right of permanent settlement. The admittance of persons allowed for permanent settlement was structured by a process of racialization. Racialism is an ideological process involves description of group boundaries and the attribution of social significance to inherent and biological or phenotypical characteristics.

This article contrasts the use of ethnographic research procedures in the study of schools in Great Britain and the U.S. It also reflects on differences between the anthropology and the sociology of education. In the course of this exploration the authors also hope to draw together much of the literature from the respective countries and disciplinary fields. There is an obvious and striking difference between British and U.S. school ethnography. Whereas the U.S. research on schools and classrooms has been conducted primarily by applied anthropologists, that in Great Britain has been done overwhelmingly by researchers who see themselves as sociologists. It is noticeable that several researchers working as sociologists were trained as anthropologists or began work in anthropology departments. Where British research has looked to North America it has been to U.S. sociology in genera--especially symbolic interactionism and ethnomethodology. The article also attempts to establish that the Atlantic really does divide school ethnographers into differing traditions. It establishes the truth of the authors' claim that school and classroom ethnography in the U.S. and Canada is predominantly anthropological in orientation, while that in Great Britain is more sociological.

In the late 1990s antiretroviral pharmaceuticals began to be used in the United States and Western Europe to prevent HIV infection in contexts of occupational exposure. One decade later, the application of Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) had been extended to include cases of exposure to sexual assault, injection-drug use, and consensual sexual intercourse deemed at high risk. This article explores the implementation of biomedicalized HIV prevention protocols at a public healthcare clinic in Mexico City, building on sociological-feminist approaches in Science and Technology Studies (STS) and drawing on interviews with key actors, as well as digital ethnography. We emphasise the stratified biomedicalization or, said otherwise, the differences in PEP and PrEP accessibility and consumption among different populations and groups. We also describe the fragile grip of institutionalised biomedical solutions when alternative 'moral economies' intersect with them, particularly in contexts like Mexico, where governmental funding for experimental research on biomedical innovations has been limited. This text reveals both the existence of contrasting technoscientific interventions along class and gender differences, and the multiple and vivid ways by which individuals appropriate and interpret global biomedical practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our current age of connectedness has facilitated a boom in interactive dynamics within social networking sites. It is, therefore, possible for the field of Social Work to draw on these advantages in order to connect with the unconnected by strengthening online mutual support networks among users. The aim of this article is to examine whether 'connectedness' in social networking sites improves online social capital and resilience of social service users. Through our analysis of social networks carried out on an experimental model, we observed the patterns of connectedness on Facebook of 50 social service end-users from Málaga, Spain. The detection of online communities through the modularity algorithm has allowed us to ascertain whether individuals' offline realities mirror their online realities. At the same time, we examined the influence certain interactions (likes, comments, etc.) have on leadership through online ethnography. Finally, online social capital, understood as the combination of connectedness and online interaction, has been correlated with users' resilience. The results reveal that both connectedness and interaction feed themselves and have correlations with resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the institutional perspective of a university, student strikes mark a time of heightened disorder. In this contribution, I turn this perspective around and analyse a student strike at the University of Goroka in the Papua New Guinea highlands as an order-making project instead. The observed student strike established an alternative regime among students, which was reinforced through a sense of having achieved a superior sophistication of order through the effective, and affective, alignment of minds and bodies into a single entity. Placing the achievement of collective unity in relation to what appears as Melanesian notions of order on one hand, and recent re-evaluations of the psychology of crowds within anthropology and sociology on the other hand, I explore conceptual connections in the work of 'mediation' between order making in Melanesia and contemporary (critiques of) affect theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "melting pot" theory suggests that prolonged interethnic contact leads to the disappearance of ethnic and/or cultural differences in society. Eventually, the argument holds, such contact between minorities and other subcultural groups with the mainstream society leads, first, to the assimilation of, and, then, to the disappearance of, ethnic distinctions. Sport has been perceived as an important mechanism in this process by which ethnic group members could be assimilated into mainstream society. However, recent anthropological work indicates that the melting-pot theory does not hold. Drawing from the works of several social scientists who have analyzed and are currently studying play forms among several ethnic cultures within the United States, this article presents data which challenge the tenability of the melting-pot theory. The data indicate that adopting cultures within the United States transform the nature of typically "American" sport forms to fit their own cultural schema and that the value orientations of the ethnic minority student-athletes reflect the values of their mother culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an approach to understanding health that acquires an original and autonomous development across different Latin American countries, despite being the result of reading and analysing national and international theoretical contributions from social sciences. The proposal seeks to integrate the epidemiologic perspective with those from the social sciences, sociology, and medical anthropology in particular, raising the need to place health problems in their socio-historic, cultural, political and economic context. From this framework, such aspects must be treated not only as epidemiological variables but, above all, as sociocultural and bio-ecological processes. It suggests to conceptually work from a perspective that investigates health-disease as a social process, an area of life in which most of the meanings, representations and practices that allow the reproduction of daily life are articulated. For that, we place the contributions in the field of Collective Health, present the main criticisms and limitations that have been raised to modern epidemiology and, from there, we develop theoretic-methodological proposals of ethno-epidemiology and sociocultural epidemiology directing the analysis towards the development of a superseding episteme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]