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The transformation of the governance model from a rule of virtue to political realism in China has been a topic of great interest to scholars. In this study, I examine military culture during the Zhou Dynasty and investigate the changes in ethics based on factors such as cultural values, social customs, and political structure to understand the process by which moral values have changed as the governance model transformed from rule of virtue to political realism. I found that military ethics have changed from governance through the use of rituals during the Western Zhou Dynasty to what was called "deception makes an army" during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Confucius and Mencius intentionally refrained from further discussing military actions because of their consistent belief of ethical governance, thus creating a theoretical gap. This study explores the military ethics in Confucianism by analyzing Xunzi. Xunzi transformed the negative attitude toward war promoted by Confucius and Mencius and argued that war does not contradict the values of humaneness and justice because people supporting these values condemn those who violate such values. One must prevent violence and eradicate evil through war, rather than using war for personal incentives to protect the normal operation of a society. Xunzi promoted the use of temporary military actions as a means for restoring social order, changing the traditional Confucian antiwar perspective of “those who are benevolent have no enemy” advocated by Confucius and Mencius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three methods for ethics instruction are used in Taiwanese military education: the ‘bag-of-virtues’, value-clarification and virtue-ethics methods. This article explains, analyzes and discusses each of these, thereby giving an introduction to how military ethics is taught – and thought of – within the Taiwanese military system. Recommendations are given for how to improve the parts of the system that do not seem to live up to the stated intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this study, I examined what channels of socialization influence the moral behavior of cadets. We conducted a regression analysis of the effects of parents' attitudes to moral education, the standard and potential curriculum of schools, peer groups, and communication media on individual ethics and discipline using 399 sample participants. The participants were recruited through a questionnaire survey on cadets from academy of military, naval, and air force, and four-year based students from R.O.C. National Defense University. The analysis results showed that the cultivation of morality among cadets was directly influenced by the school's potential curriculum (i.e., intern cadres and officers in company) and their parents' attitudes to moral education during early childhood. The results also indicated that the influence of teaching by example was more significant than that of teaching by precept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]